Lyra: piav qhia ntawm lub twj paj nruag, muaj pes tsawg leeg, keeb kwm, suab, siv, kev ua si

Muaj cov lus nrov uas siv yam tsis xav txog lawv lub hauv paus chiv keeb. Cov paj huam, comedies, nkauj, kev sib tham tuaj yeem ua suab paj nruag - tab sis qhov no txhais li cas tiag? Thiab qhov twg lo lus "lyric" nkag siab los ntawm ntau hom lus?

Lira yog dab tsi

Lub ntsej muag ntawm sab ntsuj plig epithet thiab lub sij hawm tib neeg tshuav rau cov Greeks thaum ub. Lub lyre yog ib qho khoom siv suab paj nruag, ua si uas yog ib feem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv qhia yooj yim rau cov pej xeem ntawm Ancient Greece. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov hlua ntawm classical lyre yog xya, raws li tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntiaj chaw, thiab cim lub ntiaj teb kev sib haum xeeb.

Rau kev sib txuas ntawm lyre, solo epic compositions tau nyeem nyob rau hauv chorus nyob rau hauv pej xeem thiab tej hauj lwm ntawm me me poetic cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ib tug xaiv lub voj voog, li no lub npe ntawm hom paj huam - lyrics. Thawj thawj zaug, lo lus lyra pom nyob rau hauv tus kws sau paj lug Archilochus - qhov kev tshawb nrhiav hnub rov qab mus rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua BC. Cov Greeks siv lo lus no los xaiv tag nrho cov cuab yeej ntawm tsev neeg lyre, nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv - kev tsim, uas tau hais hauv Iliad, barbit, cithara thiab helis (uas txhais tau tias vaub kib hauv Greek).

Ib qho cuab yeej cuab tam thaum ub, piv rau cov harp hauv kev muaj koob npe nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv thaum ub, nyob rau lub sijhawm tam sim no yog lub npe hu ua lub cim ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, lub cim thoob ntiaj teb ntawm cov kws sau paj lug thiab cov tub rog.

Cov cuab yeej cuab tam

Cov hlua lyre tau txais nws cov duab puag ncig los ntawm thawj cov khoom ua los ntawm tortoise plhaub. Lub cev tiaj tus tau them nrog lub cowhide membrane, nruab nrog ob lub horns los yog nkhaus ntoo racks ntawm ob sab. Ib tug crossbar tau txuas mus rau sab sauv ntawm lub horns.

Ntawm cov qauv tiav, uas zoo li lub dab tshos, lawv rub cov hlua ntawm tib qhov ntev ntawm yaj cov hnyuv los yog hemp, flax, tus lej ntawm 3 mus rau 11. Lawv tau txuas nrog lub bar thiab lub cev. Rau kev ua yeeb yam, cov Greeks nyiam 7-txoj hlua. Kuj tseem muaj 11-12-txoj hlua thiab cais 18-txoj hlua kev sim.

Tsis zoo li cov Greeks thiab Loos, lwm yam kev coj noj coj ua thaum ub Mediterranean thiab Zej Zog Sab Hnub Tuaj feem ntau siv lub tshuab hluav taws xob quadrangular.

Tom qab sab qaum teb Europe cov neeg ua haujlwm kuj muaj lawv qhov sib txawv. Tus qub German lyre pom hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo 1300th, thiab Scandinavian rotta hnub rov qab mus rau XNUMX. Lub medieval German rotta yog ua raws li tib lub hauv paus ntsiab lus raws li Hellenic piv txwv, tab sis lub cev, posts thiab crossbar yog carved los ntawm cov khoom ntoo.

Keeb kwm

Nyob rau hauv paintings thiab sculptures ancient, Apollo, lub Muses, Paris, Eros, Orpheus, thiab, ntawm chav kawm, tus vajtswv Hermes yog depicted nrog ib tug lyre. Cov Greeks ntaus nqi lub invention ntawm thawj cov cuab yeej rau no inhabitants ntawm Olympus. Raws li cov lus dab neeg, tus me nyuam vajtswv thaum ub tau tshem nws cov ntaub qhwv thiab tawm mus nyiag nyuj dawb ceev los ntawm lwm tus vajtswv, Apollo. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev, tus me nyuam prodigy ua ib tug lyre tawm ntawm ib tug vaub kib thiab sticks. Thaum pom tub sab nyiag lawm, Hermes tau qhuas Apollo heev nrog nws cov khoom siv tes ua kom nws tso nws cov nyuj thiab nqa cov khoom ua si suab paj nruag rau nws tus kheej. Yog li ntawd, cov Greeks hu lub cult instrument Apollonian, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub Dionysian cua aulos.

Lub suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug dab tshos yog piav nyob rau hauv lub artifacts ntawm cov neeg ntawm Middle East, Sumer, Rome, tim Nkij teb chaws, Egypt, tshwm nyob rau hauv lub npe "kinnor" nyob rau hauv lub Torah. Nyob rau hauv lub Sumerian lub xeev ntawm Ur, ancient lyres tau khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub tombs, ib tug ntawm lawv muaj ib tug kab ntawm 11 pegs. Ib qho ntawm cov cuab yeej zoo sib xws uas muaj hnub nyoog 2300 xyoo tau pom hauv Scotland, uas zoo li lub tailpiece. Lub lyre yog suav tias yog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm niaj hnub stringed instruments.

siv

Ua tsaug rau Homer cov paj huam, cov ntsiab lus tau raug khaws cia ntawm cov cuab yeej suab paj nruag tau koom nrog lub neej ntawm Mycenaean haiv neeg thaum kawg ntawm xyoo pua 2 xyoo BC. Cov hlua nkauj tau siv rau hauv kev sib koom ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm, kev hwm cov vajtswv, cov hnub so Greek, cov rooj sib tham thiab kev cai dab qhuas.

Cov kws sau paj huam thiab hu nkauj tau ua haujlwm ua ke nrog lub suab paj nruag ntawm kev ua yeeb yam hauv kev qhuas ntawm kev ua tub rog, kev sib tw kis las, thiab Pythian Plays. Yog tsis muaj nrog cov kws sau paj lug, kev ua koob tsheej tshoob, koob tsheej, kev sau qoob loo, kev ua plees ua yi, tsev neeg rituals thiab ua yeeb yam ua yeeb yam tsis tuaj yeem ua. Cov kws ntaus nkauj tau koom nrog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub neej ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm cov neeg thaum ub - hnub so rau kev hwm ntawm cov vajtswv. Dithyrambs thiab lwm yam nkauj qhuas Vajtswv tau nyeem rau plucking ntawm cov hlua.

Kawm ua si lub lyre tau siv nyob rau hauv lub upbringing ntawm ib tug harmonious tiam tshiab. Aristotle thiab Plato insisted rau qhov yuav tsum tau rau suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv tsim ntawm tus cwj pwm. Kev ntaus suab paj nruag yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev kawm ntawm Greeks.

Ua si lyre

Nws yog kev cai los tuav lub ntsuas vertically, lossis qaij deb ntawm koj, kwv yees li ntawm kaum ntawm 45 °. Cov reciters ua sawv los yog zaum. Lawv ua si nrog cov pob txha loj plectrum, muffling lwm yam, tsis tsim nyog cov hlua nrog lawv txhais tes dawb. Ib txoj hlua tau txuas rau lub pllectrum.

Kev kho ntawm lub cuab yeej qub tau ua raws li 5-kauj ruam teev. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua si ntau yam ntawm lyres yog universal - tau mastered ib txoj hlua plucked instrument, tus tshuab raj tuaj yeem ua si tag nrho. Ntxiv mus, tus qauv ntawm 7 txoj hlua tau khaws cia thoob plaws hauv tsev neeg lyre.

Multi-txoj hlua raug rau txim raws li ib tug tshaj, ua rau polyphony. Los ntawm cov neeg ntaus suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm lawv thov kom txwv tsis pub nyob rau hauv kev ua tau zoo thiab nruj nobility. Ua si lyre muaj rau txiv neej thiab poj niam. Kev txwv tsis pub poj niam txiv neej tsuas yog cuam tshuam nrog cithara nrog rooj ntoo loj heev - tsuas yog cov tub hluas tau tso cai kawm. Cov neeg hu nkauj nrog kitharas (kifarods) hu nkauj Homer cov paj huam thiab lwm nqe lus hexametric rau tshwj xeeb tsim cov suab paj nruag - npe.