Стнислав Монюшко (Stanisław Moniuszko) |
Stanislaw Moniuszko
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws Polish composer S. Moniuszko yog tus tsim ntawm lub teb chaws classical opera thiab chamber vocal lyrics. Nws ua hauj lwm absorbed tus yam ntxwv nta ntawm pej xeem suab paj nruag ntawm lub Poles, Ukrainians thiab Belarusians. Txij li thaum yau, Moniuszko muaj lub sijhawm los paub txog cov neeg ua liaj ua teb ntawm cov neeg Slavic. Nws niam nws txiv nyiam kos duab, muaj ntau yam txuj ci kos duab. Nws niam qhia tus tub hu nkauj, nws txiv yog ib tug neeg nyiam ua yeeb yam. Kev ua yeeb yam hauv tsev feem ntau tshwm sim, thiab Stanislav txoj kev hlub rau kev ua yeeb yam, uas tshwm sim thaum yau, dhau los ntawm nws lub neej tag nrho.
Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 8 xyoo, Moniuszko mus rau Warsaw - xyoo kawm ntawv pib. Nws coj cov lus qhia los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij thiab pianist A. Freyer. Nyob rau hauv 1830, Stanislav tsiv mus rau Minsk, qhov chaw uas nws nkag mus rau lub gymnasium thiab kawm muaj pes tsawg leeg nrog D. Stefanovich, thiab nyob rau hauv nws lub hwj chim nws thaum kawg txiav txim siab xaiv suab paj nruag raws li nws txoj hauj lwm.
Moniuszko ua tiav nws txoj kev kawm suab paj nruag hauv Berlin, ntawm Singing Academy (1837-40). Nws masters kev ua hauj lwm nrog pawg hu nkauj thiab orchestra, tau txais ib daim duab tiav ntawm lub suab paj nruag (feem ntau operatic) kab lis kev cai ntawm teb chaws Europe. Lub sijhawm xyoo no, thawj cov haujlwm ywj pheej tau tshwm sim: ib pawg, 2 txoj hlua quartets, Peb zaj nkauj ntawm st. A. Mickiewicz, suab paj nruag rau kev ua yeeb yam. Xyoo 1840-58. Moniuszko nyob hauv Vilna (Vilnius). Ntawm no, deb ntawm cov chaw suab paj nruag loj, nws cov txuj ci ntau yam tau nthuav tawm. Nws ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug organist ntawm St. John lub tsev teev ntuj (qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub cev Songs ntawm peb lub Koom Txoos yog txuam nrog rau qhov no), ua ib tug neeg xyuas pib nyob rau hauv symphony concerts thiab nyob rau hauv lub opera tsev, sau ntawv, thiab muab piano zaj lus qhia. Ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais kawm yog tus kws sau ntawv Lavxias teb sab C. Cui, yog ib tus neeg koom nrog Mighty Handful. Txawm hais tias muaj teeb meem nyiaj txiag tseem ceeb, Moniuszko ua haujlwm nrog nws dawb. Tus kheej ntawm tus composer thawj zaug manifested nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv ib hom ntawv nyeem thiab romance. Xyoo 1841 Moniuszko thawj Phau Ntawv Nkauj tau luam tawm (muaj 12 tag nrho). Cov nkauj tsim nyob rau hauv Vilna loj heev npaj cov style ntawm nws yav tom ntej operas.
Moniuszko qhov kev ua tiav siab tshaj plaws yog opera Pebble. Qhov no yog ib zaj dab neeg tu siab txog ib tug hluas nkauj ua liaj ua teb, dag los ntawm ib tug neeg siab dawb siab zoo. Lub siab dawb paug thiab sov so ntawm lub suab paj nruag, melodic nplua nuj ua rau qhov opera tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrov thiab hlub los ntawm cov Poles. "Pebble" tau tshwm sim hauv Vilna xyoo 1848. Nws txoj kev vam meej tam sim ntawd coj lub koob meej rau lub xeev tus neeg ua haujlwm. Tab sis tsuas yog 10 xyoo tom qab, qhov kev ua yeeb yam hauv ib qho tshiab, txhim kho tau zoo tau tshwm sim hauv Warsaw. Hnub ntawm qhov kev tsim khoom no (Lub Ib Hlis 1, 1858) yog suav tias yog hnub yug ntawm Polish classical opera.
Nyob rau hauv 1858, Moniuszko mus txawv tebchaws nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, Fabkis, thiab lub Czech koom pheej (thaum nyob rau hauv Weimar, nws mus xyuas F. Liszt). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus kws sau nkauj tau raug caw mus rau lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm Belki Theatre (Warsaw), uas nws tau tuav mus txog rau thaum kawg ntawm nws hnub. Tsis tas li ntawd, Moniuszko yog ib tug xib fwb ntawm Musical Institute (1864-72), qhov uas nws qhia cov chav kawm nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg, kev sib raug zoo thiab counterpoint (ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais kawm yog tus composer Z. Noskovsky). Moniuszko kuj yog tus sau Piano School thiab phau ntawv kev sib haum xeeb.
Kev ua yeeb yam tsis tu ncua nrog tus sau kev hais kwv txhiaj hauv St. Petersburg coj Moniuszko los ze zog rau cov neeg sau ntawv Lavxias - nws yog phooj ywg ntawm M. Gliyaki thiab A. Dargomyzhsky. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Moniuszko txoj hauj lwm yog txuam nrog feem ntau nrog cov hom ntawv uas tsis tau kov los ntawm tus zoo Polish classic F. Chopin los yog tsis tau txais kev loj hlob tseem ceeb los ntawm nws - nrog opera thiab nkauj. Moniuszko tsim 15 operas. Ntxiv rau Pebbles, nws cov haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws suav nrog Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj Enchanted (The Terrible Yard - 1865). Moniuszko feem ntau tig mus rau comic opera (Yavnuta, Timber Rafter), ballet (xws li Monte Cristo), operetta, suab paj nruag rau theatrical productions (W. Shakespeare's Hamlet, Cov tub sab) F. Schiller, vaudeville los ntawm A. Fredro). Tsis tu ncua attracts tus composer thiab hom ntawm cantata ("Milda", "Niola"). Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los, 3 cantatas tau tsim rau cov lus ntawm A. Mickiewicz: "Ghosts" (raws li cov paj huam "Dzyady"), "Crimean Sonnets" thiab "Misstress Tvardovskaya". Moniuszko kuj tau qhia txog lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj suab paj nruag (6 pawg, 4 "Ostrobramsky litanies"), nteg lub hauv paus rau Polish symphonism (kev pab cuam overtures "Fairy Tale", "Cain", thiab lwm yam). Tus kws sau nkauj kuj tau sau suab paj nruag piano, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kev ua suab paj nruag hauv tsev: polonaises, mazurkas, waltzes, 2 phau ntawv ntawm cov ntawv "Trinkets".
Tab sis tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib qho tseem ceeb, nrog rau kev muaj tswv yim ua haujlwm, yog cov nkauj ntawm cov nkauj (c. 400), uas tus kws sau sau ua ke hauv cov ntawv sau - "Cov Ntawv Nkauj Hauv Tsev". Lawv lub npe hais rau nws tus kheej: qhov no yog lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub neej txhua hnub, tsim tsis yog rau cov tub txawg, tab sis kuj rau cov neeg nyiam suab paj nruag. “Kuv tsis tsim ib yam tshiab. Taug kev los ntawm cov teb chaws Polish, kuv puv nrog tus ntsuj plig ntawm cov nkauj pej xeem. Los ntawm lawv, tawm tsam kuv lub siab nyiam, kev tshoov siab nchuav rau hauv tag nrho kuv cov ntawv sau. Hauv cov lus no Moniuszko nthuav tawm cov lus zais ntawm qhov zoo kawg nkaus "kev sib raug zoo" ntawm nws cov suab paj nruag.
K. Zenkin
Cov khoom xyaw:
Ua yeeb yam -Ideal (Ideal, 1841), Carmagnola (Karmaniol, 1840), Yellow cap (Zulta szlafmyca, ca. 1842), Dej Zoo (Woda cudowna, 1840s), Rural idyll (Sielanka, 1843, Spanish Pebble 1852st), ., 1, Vilnius, 1848nd ed., 2, Warsaw), Betley (comic., 1858), Timber Rafter (Flis, comic opera, 1852), Countess (Hrabina, comic., 1858), Lo Lus qhuas (Verbum nobile) , 1860), Enchanted Castle (Terrible Yard; Straszny dwur, 1861), Pariah (Paria, 1865); ua operetta - Rho Npe (Loteria, 1843, Minsk; 1846, Warsaw), Kev Ua Haujlwm (Pobur rekrutуw, 1842), Kev Sib Tw Suab Nkauj (Walka muzykуw, 1840s), Yavnuta, lossis Gypsies (1st tsab nyob rau hauv lub npe Gypsies, 1850, 1852-Cygan) , Vilnius, 2nd edition under the title Yavnuta, 1860, Warsaw), Beata (melodrama, 1872, Warsaw); pov pob – Monte Cristo (1866), Tos (Na kwaterunku, 1868), Tricks of Satan (Figle szatana, 1870); ballet music rau lub operas Lub Zoo Siab Poj Niam ntawm Windsor los ntawm O. Nicholas thiab Bronze Nees los ntawm D. Aubert; rau orchestra – Overtures Tale (Lub caij ntuj no zaj dab neeg; Bajka, Conte d'hiver, 1848), Cain, los yog Kev Tuag ntawm Abel (1856), Tub Rog Overture, los yog Tus Hlub Hetman (Uwertura wojenna albo Kochanka hetmanska, 1857), Concert Polonaise (Polonowyt) koncer ; rau lub suab thiab orchestra - cantatas Milda (1848), Niola (1852), Krumine (tsis tiav, 1852) - nyob rau tom ntej. Yu. Kraszewski, Madonna (1856), Ghosts (Widma, 1865), Crimean Sonnets (Sonety krymskie, 1868), Pani Tvardovskaya (1869), 6 pawg (xws li Petrovinskaya), 4 Ostrobramsky litanies (Litanie 1843skie), chamber instrumental ensembles - 2 kab. quartet (mus txog 1840); rau piano (kwv yees. 50 plays) – Baubles (Fraszki, 2 phau ntawv sau ua si, 1843), 6 polonaises, waltzes, mazurkas; rau lub cev - Nkauj ntawm peb pawg ntseeg (Piesni naszego kosciola), hu nkauj, wok. pawg; rau lub suab thiab piano — St. 400 zaj nkauj; suab paj nruag rau kev ua yeeb yam ua yeeb yam - rau vaudeville: A. Fredro “On hmo ntuj nyob rau hauv lub Apennines” (1839), “Tus Tshiab Don Quixote, los yog ib puas puas Madnesses” (1842, post. 1923), mus rau tus ncej. "Hamlet" thiab "Cov Tub Lag Luam ntawm Venice" los ntawm Shakespeare, "tub sab" los ntawm Schiller, "Carpathian Highlanders" los ntawm Kozhenevsky, "Lilly Venedy" los ntawm Y. Slovatsky.
