Komitas (Comitas) |

Komitas

Kuv ib txwm nyob thiab yuav nyob twj ywm rau ntawm lub suab paj nruag ntawm Komitas. A. Khachaturyan

Ib tug zoo Armenian composer, folklorist, singer, hu nkauj conductor, xib fwb, suab paj nruag thiab pej xeem daim duab, Komitas (lub npe tiag tiag Soghomon Gevorkovich Soghomonyan) ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tsim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws tsev kawm ntawv ntawm composers. Nws qhov kev paub ntawm kev txhais cov kab lis kev cai ntawm European kev tshaj lij suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, ntau lub suab ntawm monodic (ib lub suab) Armenian pej xeem nkauj, yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau tiam tom ntej ntawm Armenian composers. Komitas yog tus tsim ntawm Armenian suab paj nruas ethnography, uas tau ua ib qho tseem ceeb pab rau lub teb chaws suab paj nruag folklore - nws sau cov richest anthology ntawm Armenian peasant thiab ancient Gusan nkauj (kos duab ntawm singer-storytellers). Kev kos duab ntau yam ntawm Komitas qhia rau lub ntiaj teb tag nrho cov kev nplua nuj ntawm Armenian pej xeem nkauj kab lis kev cai. Nws cov suab paj nruag impresses amazing purity thiab coj dawb huv. Penetrating suab paj nruag, hloov maj mam refraction ntawm harmonic nta thiab xim ntawm lub teb chaws folklore, refined zoo nkauj, zoo meej ntawm daim ntawv yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws style.

Komitas yog tus sau cov haujlwm me me, suav nrog Liturgy ("Patarag"), piano miniatures, solo thiab choral npaj ntawm cov neeg ua teb thiab cov nkauj hauv nroog, ib tus neeg ua yeeb yam scenes ("Anush", "Cov neeg raug tsim txom ntawm delicacy", "Sasun". heroes”). Ua tsaug rau nws lub peev xwm ua suab paj nruag thiab lub suab zoo, tus menyuam ntsuag thaum ntxov hauv 1881 tau cuv npe kawm tiav ntawm Etchmiadzin Theological Academy. Ntawm no nws cov txuj ci tseem ceeb tau nthuav tawm tag nrho: Komitas tau paub txog European txoj kev xav ntawm suab paj nruag, sau lub tsev teev ntuj thiab pej xeem cov nkauj, ua thawj qhov kev sim hauv choral (polyphonic) ua cov nkauj neeg peasant.

Tom qab ua tiav chav kawm ntawm Academy hauv 1893, nws tau nce mus rau qib ntawm hieromonk thiab ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm Armenian nkauj hu nkauj ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. npe tom qab Komitas. Tsis ntev Komitas tau raug xaiv los ua tus kws qhia hu nkauj; nyob rau hauv parallel, nws coj lub hu nkauj, npaj ib tug orchestra ntawm pej xeem seev.

Xyoo 1894-95. thawj Komitas kaw cov nkauj pej xeem thiab tsab xov xwm "Armenian pawg ntseeg suab paj nruag" tshwm nyob rau hauv luam. Paub txog qhov tsis txaus ntawm nws cov suab paj nruag thiab theoretical kev paub, hauv 1896 Komitas mus rau Berlin thiaj li ua tiav nws txoj kev kawm. Rau peb xyoos ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntiag tug ntawm R. Schmidt, nws tau kawm cov chav kawm sau, coj cov lus qhia hauv kev ntaus piano, hu nkauj thiab hu nkauj. Nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv, Komitas tuaj koom kev qhuab qhia ntawm lub tswv yim, kev zoo nkauj, keeb kwm dav dav thiab keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag. Ntawm chav kawm, lub hom phiaj yog nyob rau hauv lub nplua nuj suab paj nruas lub neej ntawm Berlin, qhov twg nws mloog rehearsals thiab concerts ntawm lub symphony orchestra, raws li zoo raws li ua yeeb yam opera. Thaum nws nyob hauv Berlin, nws muab kev qhuab qhia rau pej xeem txog Armenian pej xeem thiab lub tsev teev ntuj suab paj nruag. Txoj cai ntawm Komitas yog ib tug neeg tshawb fawb-kev tshawb fawb yog siab heev uas International Musical Society xaiv nws los ua ib tug tswv cuab thiab tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nws cov lus qhuab qhia.

Xyoo 1899 Komitas rov qab los rau Etchmiadzin. Lub xyoo ntawm nws cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws tau pib hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub teb chaws suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai - scientific, ethnographic, muaj tswv yim, ua yeeb yam, pedagogical. Nws tab tom ua haujlwm ntawm qhov loj "Ethnographic Collection", sau txog 4000 Armenian, Kurdish, Persian thiab Turkish lub tsev teev ntuj thiab cov suab paj nruag, deciphering Armenian khaz (sau ntawv), kawm txoj kev xav ntawm hom, pej xeem nkauj lawv tus kheej. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, nws tsim kev npaj ntawm cov nkauj rau hu nkauj tsis muaj accompaniment, cim los ntawm ib tug ilv artistic saj, nrog rau cov composer nyob rau hauv cov kev pab cuam ntawm nws concerts. Cov nkauj no txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv thiab kev sib koom ua ke: kev hlub-lyrical, comic, seev cev ("Lub Caij Nplooj Ntoos Hlav", " Taug Kev", " Taug Kev, sparkled"). Ntawm lawv yog cov tragic monologues ("The Crane", "Song of the Homeless"), ua hauj lwm ("The Lori Orovel", "The Song of the Barn"), ritual paintings ("Greetings in the Morning"), epic-heroic. ("Cov Txiv Neej Siab Zoo ntawm Sipan") thiab cov duab toj roob hauv pes. ("Lub hli yog kev sib tw") cycles.

Xyoo 1905-07. Komitas muab concerts ntau, ua tus hu nkauj, thiab nquag koom ua suab paj nruag thiab kev tshaj tawm. Nyob rau hauv 1905, ua ke nrog pawg hu nkauj nws tsim nyob rau hauv Etchmiadzin, nws tau mus rau qhov chaw ntawm lub suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai ntawm Transcaucasia, Tiflis (Tbilisi), qhov chaw uas nws tuav concerts thiab lectures nrog zoo. Ib xyoo tom qab, nyob rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1906, nyob rau hauv Paris, nrog nws concerts thiab lectures, Komitas nyiam cov neeg nyiam suab paj nruag, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub ntiaj teb science thiab artistic. Cov lus hais tau zoo heev resonance. Tus nqi tsim nyog ntawm kev hloov kho thiab cov kev sau qub ntawm Komitas yog qhov tseem ceeb heev uas nws tau muab C. Debussy lub hauv paus los hais tias: "Yog Komitas sau tsuas yog "Antuni" ("Cov Nkauj ntawm Cov Neeg Tsis Muaj Tsev Nyob." - DA), ces qhov no yuav txaus. xav tias nws yog tus kws kos duab loj. " Komitas cov ntawv "Armenian Peasant Music" thiab ib phau ntawm cov nkauj kho los ntawm nws "Armenian Lyre" tau luam tawm hauv Paris. Tom qab ntawd, nws concerts tau tshwm sim hauv Zurich, Geneva, Lausanne, Bern, Venice.

Rov qab mus rau Etchmiadzin (1907), Komitas txuas ntxiv nws qhov kev ua haujlwm ntau ntau rau peb xyoos. Ib txoj kev npaj rau kev tsim lub opera "Anush" yog ripening. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev sib raug zoo ntawm Komitas thiab nws cov neeg koom nrog pawg ntseeg tau nce zuj zus. Qhib kev ua yeeb ncuab ntawm ib feem ntawm cov txiv plig tawm tsam, lawv qhov kev nkag siab tsis meej ntawm keeb kwm tseem ceeb ntawm nws cov haujlwm, yuam kom tus kws sau ntawv tawm hauv Etchmiadzin (1910) thiab nyob hauv Constantinople nrog kev cia siab ntawm kev tsim Armenian conservatory nyob ntawd. Txawm hais tias nws tsis paub txog txoj kev npaj no, txawm li cas los xij Komitas koom nrog kev qhia thiab ua yeeb yam nrog tib lub zog - nws tuav concerts nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv thiab tim lyiv teb chaws, ua tus thawj coj ntawm pawg hu nkauj nws npaj thiab ua ib tug soloist-singer. Cov gramophone recordings ntawm Komitas hu nkauj, ua nyob rau hauv lub xyoo no, muab ib lub tswv yim ntawm nws lub suab ntawm mos baritone timbre, tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev hu nkauj, uas qhia cov style ntawm zaj nkauj ua exceptionally subtly. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nws yog tus tsim ntawm lub teb chaws lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm kev hu nkauj.

Raws li ua ntej, Komitas raug caw los qhia thiab tshaj tawm hauv cov chaw suab paj nruag loj tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe - Berlin, Leipzig, Paris. Cov ntawv ceeb toom ntawm Armenian pej xeem suab paj nruag, tuav nyob rau hauv Lub rau hli ntuj 1914. nyob rau hauv Paris nyob rau hauv lub rooj sib tham ntawm lub International Musical Society, ua, raws li nws, ib tug loj kev xav rau cov neeg koom ntawm lub rooj sab laj.

Txoj haujlwm muaj tswv yim ntawm Komitas tau cuam tshuam los ntawm cov xwm txheej txaus ntshai ntawm kev tua neeg - kev tua neeg ntawm Armenians, tsim los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm Turkish. Lub Plaub Hlis 11, 1915, tom qab raug kaw, nws, nrog rau ib pab pawg neeg ntawm Armenian cov ntaub ntawv thiab kos duab tseem ceeb, raug ntiab tawm mus tob rau hauv Turkey. Raws li qhov kev thov ntawm cov neeg muaj hwj chim, Komitas raug xa rov qab mus rau Constantinople. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov nws tau pom cuam tshuam nws lub siab lub ntsws hnyav heev uas xyoo 1916 nws tau mus rau hauv tsev kho mob rau cov neeg mob hlwb. Xyoo 1919, Komitas raug thauj mus rau Paris, qhov chaw nws tuag. Cov seem ntawm tus sau tau faus rau hauv Yerevan pantheon ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws ua yeeb yam. Cov hauj lwm ntawm Komitas nkag mus rau hauv cov nyiaj kub ntawm Armenian suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai. Tus kws sau paj huam Armenian zoo heev Yeghishe Charents tau hais lus zoo txog nws cov ntshav nrog nws cov neeg:

Tus hu nkauj, koj tau noj los ntawm cov neeg, koj tau txais ib zaj nkauj los ntawm nws, ua npau suav ntawm kev xyiv fab, zoo li nws, nws txoj kev txom nyem thiab kev txhawj xeeb uas koj tau koom rau hauv koj txoj hmoo - rau qhov kev txawj ntse ntawm tus txiv neej, muab rau koj los ntawm cov me nyuam mos lus dawb huv.

D. Arutyunov