Cov yuam sij hauv qhov chaw ntawm ntau yam

Tom qab Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob, cov neeg ua yeeb yaj kiab tau xav tsis thoob thaum pom cov dav hlau, xov tooj cua cabins, thiab txawm tias lub dav hlau loj tau tsim los ntawm cov pab pawg neeg hauv zos los ntawm xyoob, ntoo, nplooj, vines, thiab lwm yam khoom siv improvised ntawm ntau lub Islands tuaj ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv Pacific.

Txoj kev daws teeb meem rau cov qauv coj txawv txawv no tau pom sai sai. Nws yog txhua yam hais txog qhov hu ua cargo cults. Thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog Zaum II, cov neeg Amelikas tau tsim lub tshav dav hlau ntawm cov kob los muab cov tub rog. Cov khoom tseem ceeb tau raug xa mus rau hauv tshav dav hlau: khaub ncaws, khoom noj hauv kaus poom, tsev pheeb suab thiab lwm yam khoom siv tau zoo, qee qhov tau muab rau cov neeg nyob hauv zos sib pauv rau kev tos txais qhua, kev pab qhia, thiab lwm yam. Thaum tsov rog xaus, thiab lub hauv paus tsis muaj dab tsi, cov neeg hauv zos. lawv tus kheej pib tsim qhov zoo sib xws ntawm airfields nyob rau hauv mystical kev cia siab tias nyob rau hauv no txoj kev lawv yuav rov nyiam cargo (English cargo - cargo).

Tau kawg, nrog txhua qhov zoo sib xws rau cov tsheb tiag, cov dav hlau xyoob tsis tuaj yeem ya, tau txais xov tooj cua, lossis xa cov khoom thauj.

Tsuas yog "zoo ib yam" tsis txhais hais tias "zoo ib yam".

Hom thiab tonality

Zoo sib xws, tab sis tsis zoo ib yam, muaj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv suab paj nruag.

Piv txwv, tus C loj hu ua triad thiab tonality. Raws li txoj cai, los ntawm cov ntsiab lus koj tuaj yeem nkag siab tias yog dab tsi. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub chord hauv C major thiab lub suab hauv C major muaj kev sib raug zoo.

Muaj ib qho piv txwv ntawm ingenuity. Ntsiab hauv C major и Ionian hom los ntawm mus rau. Yog tias koj nyeem phau ntawv kev sib raug zoo, lawv hais tias cov no yog cov suab paj nruag sib txawv, ib qho yog tonal, lwm qhov yog modal. Tab sis nws tsis meej meej tias qhov txawv ntawm qhov txawv, tsuas yog lub npe. Tseeb tiag, qhov tseeb, cov no yog tib yam 7 sau: do, re, mi, fa, ntsev, la, si.

Thiab cov nplai ntawm cov suab paj nruag suab zoo sib xws, txawm tias koj siv Pythagorean sau ntawv rau hom Ionian, thiab cov ntawv sau ntuj rau qhov loj:

Natural C loj

Ionian hom los ntawm mus rau

Hauv tsab xov xwm dhau los, peb tau txheeb xyuas kom meej tias qhov qub frets yog dab tsi, suav nrog Ionian ib qho. Cov qauv no muaj nyob rau hauv Pythagorean system, uas yog, lawv tsuas yog ua los ntawm kev sib npaug ntawm 2 (octave) thiab muab faib los ntawm 3 (duodecime). Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm multiplicities (PC), hom Ionian los ntawm rau yuav zoo li no (Daim duab 1).

Tam sim no cia peb sim xyuas seb qhov tonality yog dab tsi.

Thawj thiab lub ntsiab feature ntawm tonality yog, ntawm chav kawm, tonic. Tonic yog dab tsi? Nws yuav zoo li tias cov lus teb yog pom tseeb: lub tonic yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, ib qho chaw nruab nrab, cov ntsiab lus siv rau tag nrho cov kab ke.

Cia peb saib thawj daim duab. Nws puas tuaj yeem hais tias nyob rau hauv daim duab plaub ntawm Ionian fret daim ntawv rau yog lub ntsiab? Peb pom zoo tias tsis yog. Peb tau tsim cov duab plaub no los ntawm rau, tab sis peb yuav cia li zoo tsim nws, piv txwv li, los ntawm F, nws yuav tau tig tawm mus rau Lydian hom (Fig. 2).

Hauv lwm lo lus, daim ntawv los ntawm qhov peb tau tsim qhov ntsuas tau hloov pauv, tab sis tag nrho cov qauv kev sib haum xeeb tau zoo ib yam. Ntxiv mus, cov qauv no tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm txhua lub suab hauv cov duab plaub (Fig. 3).

Peb tuaj yeem tau txais cov tonic li cas? Yuav ua li cas peb yuav centralize ib daim ntawv, ua nws lub ntsiab?

Hauv cov suab paj nruag modal, "dominance" feem ntau yog ua tiav los ntawm kev tsim kho ib ntus. Daim ntawv "tseem ceeb" suab ntau zaus, kev ua haujlwm pib lossis xaus nrog nws, nws poob rau ntawm lub zog ntaus.

Tab sis kuj tseem muaj txoj hauv kev sib haum xeeb rau "centralize" ib daim ntawv.

Yog hais tias peb kos ib tug crosshair (Fig. 4 nyob rau sab laug), ces peb cia li muaj ib tug central point.

Nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo, tib lub ntsiab cai yog siv, tab sis es tsis txhob ntawm ib tug crosshair, tsuas yog ib feem ntawm nws yog siv - ib tug ces kaum coj mus rau sab xis thiab nce, los yog ib tug ces kaum qhia rau sab laug thiab down (Fig. 4 ntawm sab xis). . Xws li cov ces kaum yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub PC thiab tso cai rau koj mus harmonically centralize daim ntawv. Cov npe ntawm cov ces kaum no paub tsis yog rau cov kws ntaus nkauj xwb - lawv loj и me me (Daim duab 5).

Los ntawm kev txuas ib lub ces kaum rau ib qho kev ceeb toom hauv PC, peb tau txais ib qho loj lossis me triad. Ob qho kev tsim kho no "centralize" daim ntawv. Ntxiv mus, lawv yog daim iav duab ntawm ib leeg. Nws yog cov khoom no uas kho qhov loj thiab me hauv kev ua suab paj nruag.

Koj tuaj yeem pom ib qho txawv txawv: qhov loj triad yog hu ua los ntawm daim ntawv, uas yog nyob ncaj qha rau hauv crosshairs, thiab tus me los ntawm daim ntawv nyob rau sab laug (highlighted nyob rau hauv ib lub voj voog nyob rau hauv daim duab hauv daim duab 5). Qhov ntawd yog consonance c-g yog, nyob rau hauv uas lub hauv paus suab yog gYog hu C me me los ntawm daim ntawv nyob rau sab laug beam. Yuav kom ua lej kom raug teb cov lus nug ntawm yog vim li cas qhov no yog li ntawd, peb yuav tsum tau mus rau kev suav cov lej nyuaj, tshwj xeeb, rau kev suav ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm qhov consonance ntawm chord. Hloov chaw, cia peb sim piav nws schematically. Hauv qhov loj, ntawm ob kab teeb - ob qho tib si thib tsib thiab thib peb - ​​peb mus "nce", nyob rau hauv qhov sib txawv me me, qhov kev txav ntawm ob qho kev taw qhia yog "down". Yog li, lub suab qis hauv lub chord loj yog lub hauv paus, thiab hauv ib qho me me chord nws yog sab laug. Txij li thaum chord yog ib txwm hu ua bass thaj tsam, uas yog, lub suab qis, tus me tau txais nws lub npe tsis yog los ntawm daim ntawv nyob rau hauv lub crosshairs, tab sis los ntawm daim ntawv nyob rau hauv sab laug beam.

Tab sis, peb hais tias lwm yam tseem ceeb ntawm no. Centralization yog ib qho tseem ceeb, peb xav tias cov qauv no ob qho tib si loj thiab me.

Tsis tas li ntawd nco ntsoov tias, tsis zoo li cov laus frets, lub tonality siv lub tertian ( ntsug) axis, nws yog nws uas tso cai rau koj mus "harmonically" centralize daim ntawv.

Tab sis txawm hais tias cov chords no zoo nkauj npaum li cas, tsuas muaj 3 sau ntawv hauv lawv, thiab koj tsis tuaj yeem sau ntau ntawm 3 sau ntawv. Dab tsi yog qhov kev txiav txim siab rau tonality? Thiab dua peb yuav xav txog nws los ntawm qhov pom ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, uas yog, hauv PC.

• Ua ntej, txij li thaum peb tau tswj hwm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus, peb yuav tsis xav kom poob lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias nws yog ntshaw kom tsim ib yam dab tsi nyob ib ncig ntawm daim ntawv no nyob rau hauv ib tug symmetrical txoj kev.
• Qhov thib ob, peb siv cov ces kaum rau chord. Qhov no yog lub hauv paus tshiab qauv, uas tsis yog nyob rau hauv lub Pythagorean system. Nws yuav zoo dua rau lawv kom cov neeg mloog nkag siab tias lawv tsis tshwm sim los ntawm lub sijhawm, qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau peb.

Los ntawm ob qhov kev txiav txim siab no, tus qauv ntawm kev tsim cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no: peb yuav tsum rov ua cov ces kaum xaiv symmetrically nrog kev hwm rau "central", thiab nws tsim nyog ua qhov no kom ze li qhov ua tau (Daim duab 6).

Qhov no yog dab tsi repetition ntawm cov ces kaum zoo li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug loj. Lub kaum sab xis yog hu ua tonic, laug- subdominant, thiab txoj cai hom. Lub xya sau ntawv siv nyob rau hauv cov ces kaum muab qhov ntsuas ntawm tus yuam sij sib xws. Thiab cov qauv hais txog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus uas peb tau ua tiav hauv chord. Sib piv daim duab 6 nrog daim duab 1 - ntawm no ib qho kev piav qhia meej ntawm yuav ua li cas tonality txawv ntawm hom.

Qhov no yog qhov loj me suab zoo li, nrog TSDT tig thaum kawg.

Cov me me yuav raug tsim raws nraim raws li tib txoj cai, tsuas yog lub ces kaum yuav nrog rays tsis nce, tab sis nqes (Daim duab 7).

Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim kho yog tib yam li hauv qhov loj: peb lub ces kaum (subdominant, tonic thiab dominant), nyob rau hauv symmetrically nrog rau lub hauv paus.

Peb tuaj yeem tsim cov qauv tib yam tsis yog los ntawm daim ntawv rau, tab sis los ntawm lwm yam. Peb tau txais tus yuam sij loj lossis me los ntawm nws.

Piv txwv li, cia peb tsim lub suab nrov koj yog ib tug menyuam yaus. Peb tsim ib lub ces kaum me los ntawm koj li, thiab tom qab ntawd ntxiv ob lub ces kaum ntawm sab xis thiab sab laug, peb tau txais daim duab no (Fig. 8).

Daim duab tam sim ntawd qhia tau hais tias sau ntawv twg tsim tus yuam sij, muaj pes tsawg tus cim nyob rau hauv tus yuam sij ntawm tus yuam sij, cov ntawv sau twg suav nrog hauv pawg tonic, uas yog nyob rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb, uas yog nyob rau hauv subdominant.

Los ntawm txoj kev, rau lo lus nug ntawm qhov yuam kev tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv PC, peb denoted tag nrho cov ntawv raws li sharps, tab sis yog hais tias xav tau, tau kawg, lawv yuav tsum tau sau raws li enharmonic sib npaug nrog flats. Cov cim qhia dab tsi yuav nyob hauv qhov tseem ceeb?

Qhov no tuaj yeem txiav txim siab yooj yim heev. Yog tias daim ntawv tsis muaj qhov ntse tau muab tso rau hauv tus yuam sij, ces koj tsis tuaj yeem siv lub ntse - peb sau ib qho enharmonic nrog lub tiaj tiaj.

Nws yooj yim dua los nkag siab qhov no nrog piv txwv. nyob rau hauv peb lub ces kaum koj yog ib tug menyuam yaus (fig.8) tsis sau ntawv c, tsis muaj ntawv f tsis nyob, yog li ntawd, peb tuaj yeem tso cov cim tseem ceeb nrog lawv yam xyuam xim. Hauv qhov tseem ceeb hauv txoj kev no peb yuav muaj cov ntawv sau Koj puas nyob ntawd и fis, thiab tonality yuav ntse.

В C me me (Daim duab 7) thiab sau tseg g thiab nco ntsoov d twb muaj "hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab", yog li ntawd, nws yuav tsis ua hauj lwm los siv lawv nrog sharps ib yam. Kev xaus: nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, peb hloov sau ntawv nrog sharps rau sau ntawv nrog flats. Ntsiab C me me yuav nyob ntsiag to.

Hom Major thiab Minor

Cov kws ntaus nkauj paub tias ntxiv rau tej yam ntuj tso kuj tseem muaj hom tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov loj thiab me: melodic thiab harmonic. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj heev kom nco ntsoov tias cov kauj ruam twg yuav nce lossis qis dua hauv cov yuam sij li no.

Txhua yam yooj yim dua yog tias koj nkag siab cov qauv ntawm cov yuam sij no, thiab rau qhov no peb kos lawv hauv PC (Fig. 9).

Txhawm rau tsim cov hom loj thiab me, peb tsuas yog hloov lub kaum sab laug thiab sab xis ntawm qhov loj mus rau me lossis lwm qhov. Ntawd yog, txawm hais tias lub tonality yuav loj lossis me yog txiav txim siab los ntawm lub hauv paus ces kaum, tab sis qhov kawg txiav txim siab nws cov tsos.

Hauv kev sib haum xeeb loj, sab laug ces kaum (subdominant) hloov mus rau me. Hauv kev sib haum xeeb me me, lub kaum sab xis (dominant) hloov mus rau qhov loj.

Hauv cov yuam sij melodic, ob lub ces kaum - ob sab xis thiab sab laug - hloov mus rau qhov ntxeev ntawm qhov nruab nrab.

Tau kawg, peb tuaj yeem tsim txhua yam loj thiab me los ntawm ib qho kev ceeb toom, lawv cov qauv kev sib haum xeeb, uas yog, txoj kev uas lawv saib hauv PC, yuav tsis hloov.

Cov neeg nyeem uas mob siab rau tej zaum yuav xav tsis thoob: peb puas tuaj yeem tsim cov yuam sij rau lwm txoj hauv kev? Yuav ua li cas yog tias koj hloov cov duab ntawm cov ces kaum? Los yog lawv symmetry? Thiab peb yuav tsum txwv peb tus kheej rau "symmetrical" systems?

Peb yuav teb cov lus nug no hauv tsab xov xwm tom ntej.

Tus sau - Roman Oleinikov

Tus sau qhia nws ua tsaug rau tus kws sau paj huam Ivan Soshinsky rau nws txoj kev pab tsim cov ntaub ntawv suab.