Instrumental |

Kev nthuav qhia suab paj nruag rau kev ua yeeb yam los ntawm ib feem ntawm lub orchestra lossis instrumental ensemble. Kev nthuav qhia suab paj nruag rau orchestra feem ntau kuj hu ua orchestration. Yav dhau los pl. cov kws sau ntawv tau muab lo lus "Kuv." thiab "orchestration" dec. lub ntsiab lus. Yog li, piv txwv li, F. Gewart txhais I. raws li cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev txawj ntse. thiab nthuav tawm. Cov cuab yeej cuab tam, thiab kev ntaus suab paj nruag - raws li kev kos duab ntawm lawv daim ntawv thov sib koom ua ke, thiab F. Busoni tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev nthuav qhia rau lub suab seev suab paj nruag, los ntawm qhov pib xav los ntawm tus sau li orchestral, thiab rau I. - kev nthuav qhia rau ib lub suab paj nruag. ntawm tej hauj lwm sau tsis suav rau k.-l. ib tug tej yam muaj pes tsawg leeg los yog rau lwm yam compositions. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov ntsiab lus no tau dhau los ua ib yam nkaus. Lo lus "Kuv.", uas muaj lub ntsiab lus thoob ntiaj teb ntau dua, qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev muaj tswv yim. txheej txheem ntawm kev sau nkauj rau ntau (ntau) ua yeeb yam. Yog li ntawd, nws yog siv nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm polyphonic choral suab paj nruag, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev npaj.

I. tsis yog ib qho "tsim" sab nraud ntawm kev ua haujlwm, tab sis yog ib qho ntawm ob sab ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus, vim nws tsis tuaj yeem xav txog txhua yam suab paj nruag sab nraud ntawm nws lub suab pob zeb, uas yog, sab nraud ntawm lub ntsiab lus. timbres thiab lawv cov kev sib txuas. Tus txheej txheem ntawm I. pom nws cov lus kawg hauv kev sau cov qhab nia uas sib sau ua ke ntawm tag nrho cov cuab yeej thiab cov suab uas koom nrog hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm. (Cov teebmeem uas tsis yog suab paj nruag thiab suab nrov muab los ntawm tus sau rau qhov kev sau ntawv no kuj tau sau tseg hauv qhov qhab nia.)

Cov tswv yim pib txog I. tuaj yeem tshwm sim thaum qhov sib txawv ntawm cov muses tau pom thawj zaug. lus, hu nkauj tib neeg. lub suab, thiab los ntawm nws, ua si ntawm c.-l. cuab tam. Txawm li cas los xij, rau lub sijhawm ntev, suav nrog lub hnub qub ntawm ntau lub hom phiaj. contrapuntal ntawv, timbres, lawv qhov sib txawv thiab dynamics. muaj feem tsis tau ua si hauv suab paj nruag hauv txhua txoj kev muaj txiaj ntsig. luag hauj lwm. Composers txwv lawv tus kheej rau qhov kwv yees qhov sib npaug ntawm cov kab melodic, thaum xaiv cov twj paj nruag feem ntau tsis txiav txim siab thiab tuaj yeem ua tsis tau.

Tus txheej txheem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm I. raws li ib tug formative yam yuav traced, pib nrog kev pom zoo ntawm homophonic style ntawm suab paj nruag sau. Tshwj xeeb txhais tau tias yuav tsum tau cais cov suab paj nruag coj los ntawm ib puag ncig nrog; Lawv siv tau ua rau kev nthuav tawm ntau dua, nruj thiab qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lub suab.

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev nkag siab ntawm kev ua yeeb yam. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov cuab yeej ntawm lub orchestra tau ua si los ntawm lub tsev opera, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub lig 16th - thaum ntxov xyoo pua 17th. Lub xyoo pua XNUMX Hauv C. Monteverdi's operas, thawj zaug, qhov cuam tshuam tremolo thiab ceeb toom puzzicato ntawm hneev hlua tau pom. KV Gluck, thiab tom qab ntawd WA ​​Mozart, ntse siv trombones los piav txog cov xwm txheej txaus ntshai, txaus ntshai ("Orpheus thiab Eurydice", "Don Juan"). Mozart tau ntse siv lub suab tsis zoo ntawm lub suab paj nruag me me thaum ntxov los ua tus cwj pwm Papageno ("The Magic Flute"). Nyob rau hauv opera compositions, composers resorted mus rau lub sacraments. lub suab kaw cov twj siv tooj dag, thiab tseem siv lub suab nrov ntawm cov cuab yeej percussion uas tuaj rau Tebchaws Europe. orchestras los ntawm lub npe. "Janissary Music". Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb hauv thaj teb ntawm I. tseem nyob hauv qhov txhais tau tias. tsawg kawg yog kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog thaum (vim kev xaiv thiab txhim kho cov cuab yeej suab paj nruag, nrog rau kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev xav tau sai rau kev tshaj tawm xov xwm ntawm cov suab paj nruag), cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag tiav. ib lub orchestra muaj plaub, txawm tias tsis sib npaug, pawg ntawm cov cuab yeej: hlua, ntoo, tooj dag thiab percussion. Lub typification ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub orchestra tau npaj los ntawm tag nrho cov chav kawm ntawm yav dhau los kev loj hlob ntawm muses. kab lis kev cai.

Qhov ntxov tshaj plaws yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th. - cov hlua pab pawg ruaj khov, ua los ntawm ntau yam ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm tsev neeg nkauj laus ncas uas tau tsim ua ntej: nkauj laus ncas, violas, cellos thiab ob chav basses ob npaug rau lawv, uas hloov cov violas - chamber sounding instruments thiab muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm tsawg.

Lub tshuab raj qub, oboe thiab bassoon kuj tau txhim kho ntau heev los ntawm lub sijhawm no uas, hais txog kev sib tw thiab kev txav mus los, lawv tau pib ua kom tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm kev ua si hauv pawg thiab tuaj yeem tsim sai sai (txawm tias muaj kev txwv tag nrho) 2nd. pab pawg nyob rau hauv lub orchestra. Thaum nyob hauv Ser. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th lub clarinet kuj tau koom nrog lawv (tus qauv tsim uas tau txhim kho me ntsis tom qab tsim ntawm lwm cov cuab yeej ntoo cua), tom qab ntawd pab pawg no tau dhau los ua monolithic zoo li txoj hlua ib, yielding rau nws nyob rau hauv uniformity, tab sis surpassing nws nyob rau hauv ntau yam. ntawm timbres.

Nws siv sijhawm ntev dua los ua ib qho sib npaug orc. tooj liab ntsuj plig. cuab yeej. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm JS Bach, me me chamber-hom orchestras feem ntau suav nrog lub ntuj trumpet, siv los ntawm feem ntau. nyob rau hauv lub Upper register, qhov twg nws scale tso cai rau extract diatonic. thib ob sequence. Txhawm rau hloov cov suab paj nruag no siv cov yeeb nkab (lub npe hu ua "Clarino" style) los ntawm 2nd pem teb. Xyoo pua 18th tuaj ib qho kev txhais tshiab ntawm tooj liab. Cov kws sau paj huam tau nce mus rau cov kav dej ntuj thiab cov horns rau harmonica. puv orc. fabrics, ntxiv rau txhim kho accents thiab hais txog decomp. cov qauv kev sib dhos. Vim muaj qee lub sijhawm, cov cuab yeej tooj dag tau ua ib pawg sib npaug nkaus xwb thaum cov suab paj nruag tau tsim rau lawv, DOS. ntawm xwm. scale cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tub rog fanfares, yos hav zoov horns, postal horns, thiab lwm yam teeb liab seev rau tshwj xeeb lub hom phiaj - cov founders ntawm lub orchestral tooj dag pab pawg neeg.

Thaum kawg, ntaus. instruments nyob rau hauv orchestras ntawm lub 17th - 18th centuries. Feem ntau lawv tau sawv cev los ntawm ob lub timpani tuned rau tonic thiab tseem ceeb, uas feem ntau yog siv ua ke nrog ib pawg tooj dag.

Thaum kawg ntawm 18 - ntxov. 19th centuries tsim ib tug "classic." suab paj nruag. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim kom muaj nws cov ntsiab lus yog J. Haydn, txawm li cas los xij, nws tau ua tiav daim ntawv ua tiav hauv L. Beethoven (nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas nrog uas qee zaum hu ua "Beethovenian"). Nws suav nrog 8-10 thawj violins, 4-6 thib ob violins, 2-4 violas, 3-4 cellos thiab 2-3 ob chav basses (ua ntej Beethoven lawv ua si feem ntau hauv octave nrog cellos). Cov hlua ntawm cov hlua no sib txuas rau 1-2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 2 horns (qee zaum 3 lossis 4, thaum xav tau horns ntawm txawv tunings), 2 trumpets thiab 2 timpani. Xws li ib lub orchestra muab sijhawm txaus rau kev paub txog cov tswv yim ntawm cov kws sau nkauj uas tau ua tiav kev tsim txiaj zoo hauv kev siv muses. cov cuab yeej, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tooj liab, tus tsim ntawm uas tseem yog heev primitive. Yog li, hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm J. Haydn, WA ​​Mozart, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog L. Beethoven, feem ntau muaj cov piv txwv ntawm kev txawj ntse kov yeej cov kev txwv ntawm lawv cov cuab yeej tam sim no thiab lub siab xav nthuav thiab txhim kho lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tas li. kwv yees.

Nyob rau hauv lub 3rd symphony, Beethoven tsim ib lub ntsiab lus uas embodies lub heroic lub hauv paus ntsiab lus nrog zoo tiav thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm zoo sib xws rau lub ntuj horns:

Nyob rau hauv lub qeeb zog ntawm nws 5th symphony, lub horns thiab trumpets yog entrusted nrog triumphant exclamations:

Lub ntsiab lus jubilant ntawm qhov kawg ntawm qhov symphony no kuj xav tau kev koom tes ntawm trombones:

Thaum ua hauj lwm ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm zaj nkauj kawg ntawm lub 9th symphony, Beethoven undoubtedly nrhiav kom paub tseeb tias nws yuav ua si ntawm tej yam ntuj tso tooj dag instruments:

Kev siv lub timpani nyob rau hauv lub scherzo ntawm tib symphony undoubtedly ua tim khawv rau lub hom phiaj rau dramatically tawm tsam lub yeej. instrument - timpani rau tus so ntawm lub orchestra:

Txawm tias nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm Beethoven, muaj ib tug tiag tiag kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm tooj dag ntsuj plig. cov cuab yeej cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim kho ntawm lub valve mechanism.

Cov kws sau nkauj tsis raug txwv los ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm tsawg ntawm cov xwm txheej. cov cuab yeej tooj dag thiab, ntxiv rau, tau txais lub sijhawm kom muaj kev nyab xeeb pov tseg ntawm ntau hom tonalities. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kav dej thiab horns tshiab "chromatic" tam sim ntawd tsis tau txais kev lees paub thoob ntiaj teb - thaum xub thawj lawv tau hnov ​​​​ntau dua li cov khoom ntuj tsim thiab feem ntau tsis muab qhov tsim nyog purity ntawm lub cev. Thiab tom qab ntawd, qee tus kws sau nkauj (R. Wagner, I. Brahms, NA Rimsky-Korsakov) qee zaum rov qab mus rau kev txhais ntawm horns thiab trumpets li natures. cov twj paj nruag, sau ntawv rau lawv ua si yam tsis siv lub li qub. Feem ntau, cov tsos ntawm cov twj paj nruag valve tau qhib qhov kev cia siab rau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm muses. creativity, txij li thaum nyob rau hauv lub shortest tau lub sij hawm cov tooj liab pab kiag li lawm ntes tau nrog cov hlua thiab ntoo, tau txais lub sij hawm rau nws tus kheej nthuav tawm ib qho ntawm feem ntau complex suab paj nruag.

Ib qho kev tshwm sim tseem ceeb yog qhov kev tsim ntawm cov ntses bass thaj tsam, uas tau los ua lub hauv paus txhim khu kev qha tsis yog rau cov pab pawg tooj dag, tab sis rau tag nrho cov orchestra tag nrho.

Kev nrhiav tau ntawm kev ywj pheej los ntawm pab pawg tooj liab thaum kawg txiav txim siab qhov chaw ntawm lub horns, uas ua ntej uas txuas nrog (nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej) yog tooj liab lossis ntoo. Raws li cov cuab yeej tooj dag, horns feem ntau ua ke nrog trumpets (qee zaum txhawb nqa los ntawm timpani), uas yog, raws li ib pawg.

Hauv lwm qhov xwm txheej, lawv tau sib xyaw ua ke zoo nrog cov cuab yeej ntoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov bassoons, tsim cov kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov pedal (nws tsis yog qhov sib txawv uas nyob rau hauv cov qhab nia thaum ub, thiab tom qab ntawd nrog R. Wagner, G. Spontini, qee zaum nrog G. Berlioz, ib kab ntawm horns yog. muab tso rau saum lub bassoons, piv txwv li. ntawm ntoo). Cov kab ntawm qhov kev sib tw no pom tau txawm tias niaj hnub no, txij li cov horns tsuas yog cov twj paj nruag uas nyob ib qho chaw hauv cov qhab nia tsis nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm tessitura, tab sis, raws li nws yog, raws li "kev sib txuas" ntawm cov cuab yeej ntoo thiab tooj dag.

Qee cov kws sau ntawv niaj hnub (piv txwv li, SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich) hauv ntau lwm tus. Cov qhab nia tau sau cov horn ib feem ntawm trumpets thiab trombones. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kaw cov horns raws li lawv tessitura tsis tau nthuav dav vim qhov kev nthuav dav ntawm kev tso cov trombones thiab cov kav dej ntawm ib sab ntawm cov qhab nia, feem ntau ua ke ua cov neeg sawv cev ntawm "hnyav" ("nyuaj") tooj liab.

Pawg ntawm cov dab ntoo. cov cuab yeej, cov qauv tsim uas txuas ntxiv txhim kho, pib ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo vim muaj ntau yam: me me thiab alto flutes, eng. horn, me me thiab ntses bass thaj tsam clarinets, contrabassoon. Hauv pem teb 2. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th maj mam, ib pab pawg neeg ntoo muaj yeeb yuj coj, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm nws cov ntim tsis tsuas yog tsis inferior rau txoj hlua, tab sis txawm surpassing nws.

Tus naj npawb ntawm cov cuab yeej percussion tseem nce ntxiv. 3-4 timpani koom nrog cov nruas me thiab loj, cymbals, daim duab peb sab, ib lub tambourine. Nce, tswb, xylophone, fp., tom qab celesta tshwm nyob rau hauv lub orchestra. Cov xim tshiab tau qhia los ntawm xya-pedal harp, tsim nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th thiab tom qab ntawd tau txhim kho los ntawm S. Ear, nrog rau ob-tuning mechanism.

Cov hlua, nyob rau hauv lem, tsis nyob twj ywm indifferent rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov neeg nyob sib ze. Yuav kom tswj tau qhov tseeb acoustic proportions, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau nce tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam ntawm cov cuab yeej no mus rau 14-16 thawj violins, 12-14 thib ob, 10-12 violas, 8-12 cellos, 6-8 ob chav basses, uas tsim tau qhov kev siv dav ntawm decomp. kev faib.

Raws li cov classic xyoo pua 19th orchestra maj mam tsim los ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm muses. romanticism (thiab li no nrhiav cov xim tshiab thiab ci sib txawv, cov khoom, kev pab cuam-symphonic thiab theatrical music) lub orchestra ntawm G. Berlioz thiab R. Wagner, KM Weber thiab G. Verdi, PI Tchaikovsky thiab NA Rimsky-Korsakov.

Ua tiav hauv pem teb 2. 19th caug xyoo, uas twb muaj lawm tsis muaj kev hloov pauv rau yuav luag ib puas xyoo, nws (nrog me me variations) tseem txaus siab rau cov txuj ci. cov kev xav tau ntawm composers ntawm ntau yam kev qhia thiab tus kheej li gravitating rau picturesqueness, colourfulness, muses. suab sau, thiab cov uas siv zog rau lub hlwb tob ntawm cov duab suab paj nruag.

Nyob rau hauv parallel nrog lub stabilization ntawm lub orchestra, kev tshawb fawb hnyav rau cov tswv yim tshiab orc tau ua tiav. kev sau ntawv, kev txhais tshiab ntawm cov cuab yeej ntawm lub orchestra. Classic acoustic txoj kev xav. tshuav, formulated nyob rau hauv relation mus rau lub loj symphony. Orchestra los ntawm NA Rimsky-Korsakov, pib los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias ib tug trumpet (los yog trombone, los yog tuba) ua si forte nyob rau hauv nws feem ntau qhia. sau npe, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub zog lub zog nws yog sib npaug rau ob horns, txhua tus ntawm uas, nyob rau hauv lem, yog sib npaug rau ob tug ntoo plig. cov twj paj nruag los yog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ib pawg ntawm cov hlua.

PI Tchaikovsky. Symphony 6, txav I. Cov flutes thiab clarinets rov hais dua cov kab lus yav dhau los ua si los ntawm divisi violas thiab cellos.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qee qhov kev hloov kho tau ua rau qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm cov ntawv sau npe thiab rau qhov dynamic. ntxoov ntxoo uas tuaj yeem hloov qhov sib piv hauv orc. ntaub. Ib qho tseem ceeb txheej txheem ntawm classical I. yog lub harmonic lossis melodic (counterpunctuated) pedal, uas yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm homophonic suab paj nruag.

Qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev ua raws li qhov sib npaug ntawm acoustic, I. yuav tsis yog universal. Nws tau ua tau zoo raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm nruj proportions, poise ntawm kev xav, tab sis tsis tshua haum rau kev hais lus muaj zog. Hauv cov xwm txheej no, cov txheej txheem ntawm I., osn. ntawm lub zog ob npaug (triples, quadruples) ntawm qee lub suab piv rau lwm tus, ntawm kev hloov pauv tsis tu ncua ntawm timbres thiab dynamics.

Cov tswv yim zoo li no yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau tus kws sau nkauj ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th thiab thaum ntxov 20th. (piv txwv li, AN Scriabin).

Nrog rau kev siv "dawb huv" (solo) timbres, cov neeg sau pib ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb, ua siab loj sib xyaw xim sib txawv, ua ob lub suab los ntawm 2, 3 lossis ntau dua octaves, siv cov sib tov sib xyaw.

PI Tchaikovsky. Symphony No. 6, txav I. Cov lus exclamations ntawm tooj dag yog teb txhua zaus los ntawm unisons ntawm stringed instruments thiab ntoo.

Cov ntshiab timbres lawv tus kheej, raws li nws muab tawm, twb fraught nrog ntxiv. ua yeeb yam. lub caij nyoog, np. Kev sib piv ntawm cov ntawv sau npe siab thiab qis hauv cov cuab yeej ntoo, kev siv lub suab decomp. Cov hauj lwm rau tooj dag, kev siv lub siab bass txoj hauj lwm rau cov hlua, thiab lwm yam. Cov cuab yeej uas yav tas los tsuas yog siv rau kev ntaus suab paj nruag los yog sau thiab xim sib haum xeeb yog siv ntau dua li cov khoom siv ntawm thematicism.

Nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm expansion yuav qhia. thiab piav qhia. Lub sijhawm tsim lub orchestra ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. - Orchestra ntawm G. Mahler thiab R. Strauss, C. Debussy thiab M. Ravel, IF Stravinsky thiab V. Britten, SS Prokofiev thiab DD Shostakovich. Nrog rau tag nrho cov ntau yam ntawm cov lus qhia muaj tswv yim thiab tus kheej ntawm cov no thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm yam zoo masters ntawm orchestral sau dec. lub teb chaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb no lawv muaj feem cuam tshuam los ntawm virtuosity ntawm ntau yam txuj ci ntawm I., osn. nyob rau hauv ib tug tsim auditory imagination, ib tug tiag tiag kev nkag siab ntawm qhov xwm ntawm cov twj paj nruag thiab ib tug zoo heev kev paub ntawm lawv technical. cib fim.

txhais tau tias. qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th suab paj nruag muab rau cov leittimbres, thaum txhua lub twj paj nruag ua, raws li nws yog, tus cwj pwm ntawm cov cuab yeej raug ntaus. kev ua tau zoo. Yog li, cov txheej txheem ntawm leitmotifs tsim los ntawm Wagner siv cov ntaub ntawv tshiab. Li no qhov kev tshawb nrhiav hnyav rau cov ntoo tshiab. String players nce ua si sul ponticello, col legno, nrog harmonics; cua twj siv cov txheej txheem frullato; ua si lub harp yog enriched los ntawm complex ua ke ntawm harmonics, ntaus rau ntawm cov hlua nrog xib teg ntawm koj txhais tes. Cov qauv ntsuas tshiab tshwm sim uas tso cai rau qhov txawv txav kom ua tiav (piv txwv li, glissando ntawm pedal timpani). Ua tiav cov cuab yeej tshiab yog tsim (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog percussion), incl. thiab hluav taws xob. Thaum kawg, hauv Symph. Lub orchestra tab tom nthuav qhia cov twj paj nruag los ntawm lwm cov suab paj nruag (saxophones, plucked national instruments).

Cov kev cai tshiab rau kev siv cov cuab yeej paub tau nthuav tawm los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm avant-garde txav hauv lub sijhawm niaj hnub no. suab paj nruag. Lawv cov qhab nia yog dominated los ntawm kev ntaus. cov twj paj nruag nrog ib lub suab (xylophone, tswb, vibraphone, nruas ntawm txawv pitches, timpani, tubular tswb), as well as celesta, fp. thiab ntau yam khoom siv fais fab. Txawm tias bowed instruments txhais tau tias. tsawg kawg yog siv los ntawm cov composers rau plucked thiab percussion. suab tsim, mus tapping nrog hneev rau ntawm lub lawj ntawm cov twj paj nruag. Cov teebmeem xws li snapping rau tes rau ntawm lub suab ntawm lub suab nrov ntawm lub suab nrov lossis tapping li qub ntawm cov ntoo kuj tau dhau los. Kev nce ntxiv, qhov hnyav tshaj plaws, feem ntau cov ntawv sau npe ntawm cov twj paj nruag yog siv. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub creativity ntawm avant-garde ntxias yog yus muaj los ntawm lub siab xav txhais lub orchestra premier. raws li cov rooj sib tham ntawm soloists; Cov kev sib xyaw ntawm lub orchestra nws tus kheej yuav raug txo qis, feem ntau yog vim qhov txo qis ntawm cov cuab yeej pab pawg.

NA Rimsky-Korsakov. "Scheherazade". part II. Cov hlua, ua si tsis yog divisi, siv ob daim ntawv thiab peb- thiab plaub-ntu chords, nthuav tawm melodic-harmonic nrog kev puv puv. kev ntxhib los mos, tsuas yog me ntsis txhawb los ntawm cov twj paj nruag cua.

Txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th muaj ntau yam haujlwm tau sau tseg. rau tshwj xeeb (variant) compositions ntawm symph. orchestra, tsis muaj ib tug ntawm lawv tau los ua ib yam, raws li ua ntej txoj hlua hneev taw orchestra, uas muaj ntau yam hauj lwm tau tsim uas tau txais ntau qhov chaw (piv txwv li, "Serenade for String Orchestra" los ntawm PI Tchaikovsky).

Orc kev loj hlob. suab paj nruag kom meej meej qhia kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev muaj tswv yim thiab nws cov khoom siv hauv paus. ceeb toom. nce qib nyob rau hauv kev tsim ntawm complex mechanics ntawm ntoo ntsuj plig. cov cuab yeej lossis hauv kev tsim cov cuab yeej siv tooj liab zoo tshaj plaws, thiab lwm yam. Lwm qhov kev txhim kho hauv cov cuab yeej suab paj nruag yog qhov kawg ntawm qhov kev xav tau sai ntawm ideological art. xaj. Nyob rau hauv lem, kev txhim kho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv paus ntawm kev kos duab tau qhib lub horizons tshiab rau composers thiab ua yeeb yam, tsa lawv creativity. fantasy thiab yog li tsim cov prerequisites rau ntxiv kev loj hlob ntawm suab paj nruas kos duab.

Yog hais tias ib tug composer ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub orchestral ua hauj lwm, nws yog (los yog yuav tsum tau) sau ncaj qha rau lub orchestra, yog hais tias tsis nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntsiab lus, ces nyob rau hauv nws lub ntsiab nta. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yog thawj zaug sau rau ntawm ob peb kab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug sketch - ib tug qauv ntawm cov qhab nia yav tom ntej. Qhov tsawg dua cov ntsiab lus ntawm orchestral kev ntxhib los mos cov duab kos muaj, qhov ze dua nws yog rau ob kab FP ib txwm. kev nthuav qhia, kev ua haujlwm ntau dua ntawm qhov tseeb I. yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev sau cov qhab nia.

M. Ravel. "Bolero". Kev loj hlob loj yog ua tiav los ntawm kev ntsuas ib leeg. Los ntawm lub suab paj nruag solo tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm qhov tsis tshua hnov ​​​​ntxhiab nrog daim duab, los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm woodwinds, tom qab ntawd los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov hlua ob npaug los ntawm cua...

Hauv qhov tseeb, qhov ntsuas ntawm fp. plays - ib tus kheej lossis lwm tus kws sau ntawv - yuav tsum muaj tswv yim. mus kom ze. Cov khoom nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no ib txwm tsuas yog ib tug qauv ntawm yav tom ntej orchestral ua hauj lwm, txij li thaum lub instrumentalist tas li yuav tsum tau hloov cov kev ntxhib los mos, thiab feem ntau nws kuj raug yuam kom hloov cov npe, ob npaug rau lub suab, ntxiv pedals, recompose figurations, sau nyob rau hauv lub acoustic. . voids, hloov nruj chords kom dav, thiab lwm yam Network. hloov fp. kev nthuav qhia rau lub orchestra (qee zaum ntsib hauv kev ua suab paj nruag) feem ntau ua rau kev ua yeeb yam tsis txaus ntseeg. Cov txiaj ntsig - xws li I. hloov mus ua suab tsis zoo thiab ua rau muaj kev xav tsis zoo.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws art. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus ntsuas ntsuas yog siv decomp. raws li tus yam ntxwv thiab nro ntawm cov timbres, uas yuav feem ntau forcefully qhia lub dramaturgy ntawm lub ork. suab paj nruag; lub ntsiab technical Tib lub sij hawm, txoj hauj lwm yog ua kom tau zoo mloog cov suab thiab qhov tseeb piv ntawm thawj thiab thib ob (thib peb) dav hlau, uas ua kom lub siab thiab qhov tob ntawm lub orc. suab.

Nrog I., piv txwv, fp. plays tej zaum yuav tshwm sim thiab ib tug xov tooj yuav ntxiv. cov dej num, pib nrog kev xaiv ntawm qhov tseem ceeb, uas tsis yog ib txwm phim tus yuam sij ntawm qhov qub, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias yuav tsum tau siv lub suab nrov ntawm cov hlua qhib los yog lub suab nrov tsis zoo ntawm cov twj siv tooj dag. Nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev los daws qhov teeb meem ntawm tag nrho cov teeb meem ntawm kev hloov muses. cov kab lus rau hauv lwm cov ntawv sau npe piv rau tus thawj, thiab, thaum kawg, raws li txoj kev loj hlob dav dav, kos tawm nyob rau hauv pes tsawg "txheej" ib lossis lwm ntu ntawm cov cuab yeej tsim khoom yuav tsum tau hais.

Tej zaum ob peb. I. kev daws teeb meem ntawm yuav luag txhua yam khoom. (ntawm chav kawm, yog hais tias nws tsis tau xeeb tshwj xeeb raws li ib tug orchestral thiab tsis sau cia nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug qhab nia sketch). Txhua qhov kev txiav txim siab no tuaj yeem ua tau zoo raws li nws txoj hauv kev. Txawm li cas los xij, cov no twb yog rau qee qhov sib txawv orcs. cov khoom sib txawv ntawm ib leeg hauv lawv cov xim, nro, thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntu. Qhov no lees paub tias I. yog cov txheej txheem muaj tswv yim, sib cais los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm.

Niaj hnub nimno I. qhov kev thov yuav tsum muaj cov lus qhia meej. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tsis yog tsuas yog ua raws li cov txheej txheem teev tseg thiab ua raws li cov npe ntawm cov dynamic. thiab siab phem. kev txiav txim, tab sis kuj siv qee txoj kev ntawm kev ua tau zoo ntawm txhua qhov ntsuas. Yog li, thaum ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlua. cov twj paj nruag, koj tuaj yeem txav tus hneev nce thiab nqis, ntawm lub ntsis lossis ntawm lub Tshuag, smoothly los yog sai sai, nias txoj hlua kom nruj los yog cia tus hneev thaws, ua si ib daim ntawv rau txhua tus hneev lossis ob peb ntawv, thiab lwm yam.

Ntsuj plig ua yeeb yam. cov cuab yeej siv tau qhov sib txawv. txoj kev tshuab lub dav hlau ntawm huab cua - los ntawm kev siv zog. ob thiab triple "lus" mus rau ib tug dav melodious legato, siv lawv nyob rau hauv kev txaus siab ntawm kev hais lus. Tib yam siv rau lwm yam cuab yeej niaj hnub no. suab paj nruag. Tus instrumentalist yuav tsum paub tag nrho cov subtleties kom meej thiaj li yuav coj tau nws lub hom phiaj rau cov neeg ua yeeb yam nrog rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ua tiav. Yog li ntawd, cov qhab nia niaj hnub (piv txwv li cov qhab nia ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, thaum cov khoom lag luam feem ntau lees txais kev ua yeeb yam tau txwv thiab ntau zoo li tau txais kev tso cai) feem ntau yog cov ntawv sau nrog ntau qhov kev qhia meej tshaj plaws, tsis muaj qhov twg. suab paj nruag ua featureless thiab poob nws nyob, quivering ua tsis taus pa.

Zoo-paub piv txwv ntawm kev siv ntawm timbres hauv dramaturgy. thiab piav qhia. Lub hom phiaj yog: tshuab raj ua si hauv prelude "Tom qab ntawm Faun" los ntawm Debussy; kev ua si ntawm oboe thiab tom qab ntawd lub bassoon ntawm qhov kawg ntawm 2nd scene ntawm opera Eugene Onegin (Tus Yaj Saub Ua Si); cov kab lus horn ntog los ntawm tag nrho cov ntau yam thiab lub suab ntawm lub me clarinet hauv R. Strauss zaj paj huam "Til Ulenspiegel"; Lub suab nrov ntawm lub suab bass thaj tsam hauv 5th scene ntawm opera Tus Poj huab tais ntawm Spades (hauv Countess's Chav pw); ob bass solo ua ntej scene ntawm Desdemona txoj kev tuag (Otello los ntawm G. Verdi); frullato dab. cov cuab yeej depicting lub bleating ntawm rams nyob rau hauv symphony. zaj paj huam "Don Quixote" los ntawm R. Strauss; sul ponticello cov hlua. cov cuab yeej qhia txog qhov pib ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Lake Peipsi (Alexander Nevsky cantata los ntawm Prokofiev).

Kuj tseem ceeb yog cov viola solo hauv Berlioz's symphony "Harold hauv Ltalis" thiab solo cello hauv Strauss "Don Quixote", violin cadenza hauv symphony. Rimsky-Korsakov's suite "Scheherazade". Cov no yog tus kheej. Cov leittimbres, rau tag nrho lawv qhov sib txawv, ua qhov tseem ceeb programmatic dramaturgy. muaj nuj nqi.

Cov ntsiab cai ntawm I., tsim thaum tsim cov yeeb yam rau symphonies. orchestra, feem ntau siv tau rau ntau lwm orc. compositions, uas yog thaum kawg tsim nyob rau hauv cov duab thiab zoo li lub symphony. thiab ib txwm suav nrog ob lossis peb pawg ntawm cov twj paj nruag homogeneous. Nws tsis yog coincidence uas tus ntsuj plig. orchestras, as well as dec. nar. nat. orchestras feem ntau ua cov ntawv sau ua haujlwm sau rau symphonies. suab paj nruag. Xws li kev npaj yog ib qho ntawm cov kev npaj. Cov ntsiab cai I. to. -l. ua haujlwm tsis muaj dab. Cov kev hloov pauv tau hloov mus rau lawv los ntawm ib qho kev sib xyaw ntawm lub orchestra mus rau lwm qhov. Tshaj tawm dec. lub tsev qiv ntawv orchestra, uas tso cai rau cov pawg me me los ua cov haujlwm sau rau cov orchestras loj.

Ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb yog nyob los ntawm tus sau phau ntawv I., ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, fi. sau ntawv. Qee cov khoom muaj nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si versions - nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm orc. cov qhab nia thiab hauv fp. kev nthuav qhia (qee rhapsodies los ntawm F. Liszt, suites los ntawm cov suab paj nruag rau "Peer Gynt" los ntawm E. Grieg, cais plays los ntawm AK Lyadov, I. Brahms, C. Debussy, suites los ntawm "Petrushka" los ntawm IF Stravinsky, ballet suites "Romeo thiab Juliet” los ntawm SS Prokofiev, thiab lwm yam). Ntawm cov qhab nia tsim los ntawm kev paub zoo FP. ua haujlwm los ntawm tus tswv zoo I., Mussorgsky-Ravel's Duab ntawm Exhibition sawv tawm, ua ntau zaus raws li lawv fp. tsab qauv. Ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv I. yog cov ntawv sau ntawm operas Boris Godunov thiab Khovanshchina los ntawm Mussorgsky thiab Pob Zeb Qhua los ntawm Dargomyzhsky, ua los ntawm NA Rimsky-Korsakov, thiab I. tshiab ntawm lub operas Boris Godunov thiab Khovanshchina los ntawm Mussorgsky, nqa tawm los ntawm DD Shostakovich.

Muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv I. rau symphony orchestra, sau txog cov kev nplua nuj ntawm symphonic suab paj nruag. Rau lub hauv paus. Cov hauj lwm muaj xws li Berlioz's "Great Treatise on Modern Instrumentation and Orchestration" thiab Rimsky-Korsakov's "Fundamentals of Orchestration with Score Samples from His own Compositions". Cov kws sau ntawv ntawm cov haujlwm no yog cov kws sau nkauj zoo tshaj plaws, uas tau tswj hwm los teb rau cov kev xav tau ceev ntawm cov kws ntaus nkauj thiab tsim cov phau ntawv uas tsis tau poob lawv qhov tseem ceeb. Ntau yam ntawv pov thawj rau qhov no. Treatise los ntawm Berlioz, sau rov qab rau hauv 40s. 19th caug xyoo, tau hloov kho thiab ntxiv los ntawm R. Strauss raws li Orc. pib xyaum. xyoo pua 20th

Hauv suab paj nruag uch. cov tsev kawm ntawv tau txais cov chav kawm tshwj xeeb I., feem ntau muaj ob lub ntsiab. seem: instrumentation thiab tiag I. Thawj ntawm lawv (introductory) qhia txog cov twj paj nruag, lawv cov qauv, cov khoom, keeb kwm ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv. I. chav kawm yog mob siab rau cov kev cai rau kev sib txuas cov cuab yeej, hloov los ntawm I. qhov nce thiab poob ntawm kev nro, sau ntawv ntiag tug (pab pawg) thiab orchestral tutti. Thaum tshuaj xyuas cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kos duab, ib qho kawg ua tiav los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev kos duab. tag nrho tsim (orchestrated) khoom.

Cov txuj ci I. tau txais nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tswv yim. cov chav kawm, thaum cov menyuam kawm ntawv, nyob rau hauv kev taw qhia ntawm ib tug xib fwb, transcribe rau lub orchestra lub premier. fp. ua hauj lwm, tau paub txog keeb kwm ntawm lub orchestra. cov qauv thiab txheeb xyuas cov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov qhab nia; conductors, composers thiab musicologists, ntxiv rau, xyaum nyeem cov qhab nia, feem ntau reproducing lawv nyob rau hauv piano. Tab sis qhov kev xyaum zoo tshaj plaws rau tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag novice yog mloog lawv cov hauj lwm hauv ib lub orchestra thiab tau txais cov lus qhia los ntawm cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag thaum lub sij hawm rehearsals.

References: Rimsky-Korsakov N., Fundamentals of Orchestration with Score Samples from His own Compositions, ed. M. Steinberg, (part) 1-2, Berlin – M. – St. Petersburg, 1913, tib yam, Full. coll. soch., Literary works and correspondence, vol. III, M., 1959; ib. Beprik A., Txhais cov cuab yeej orchestra, M., 1948, 4961; nws tus kheej. Essays ntawm cov lus nug ntawm orchestral styles, M., 1961; Chulaki M., Symphony Orchestra Instruments, L., 1950, hloov kho. M., 1962, 1972; Vasilenko S., Instrumentation for symphony orchestra, vol. 1, M., 1952, nr. 2, M., 1959 (edited and with adds by Yu. A. Fortunatov); Rogal-Levitsky DR, Modern orchestra, vol. 1–4, M., 1953–56; Berlioz H., Grand trait d'instrumentation et d'orchestration modernes, P., 1844, M855; nws, Instrumentationslehre, TI 1-2, Lpz., 1905, 1955; Gevaert FA, Traite general d'instrumentation, Gand-Liège, 1863, rus. rau. PI Tchaikovsky, M., 1866, M. – Leipzig, 1901, also in Full. coll. op. Tchaikovsky, vol. IIIB, revised. thiab ntxiv ib tsab nyob rau hauv lub npe: Nouveau traite d'instrumentation, P.-Brux., 1885; Russian trans., M., 1892, M.-Leipzig, 1913; 2nd part titled: Cours méthodique d'orchestration, P. – Brux., 1890, Rus. trans., M., 1898, 1904; Rout, E., Instrumentation, L., 1878; Gulraud E., Traite pratique d'instrumentation, P., 1892, rus. rau. G. Konyus nyob rau hauv lub npe: Phau ntawv qhia rau cov tswv yim kawm ntawm instrumentation, M., 1892 (ua ntej tshaj tawm ntawm thawj Fabkis tsab), ed. thiab nrog ntxiv los ntawm D. Rogal-Levitsky, M., 1934; Widor Ch.-M., La technique de l'orchestre moderne, P., 1904, 1906, Rus. rau. nrog add. D. Rogal-Levitsky, Moscow, 1938; Carse A., Cov lus qhia tswv yim ntawm orchestration, L., 1919; nws tus kheej, Keeb Kwm ntawm orchestration, L., 1925, rus. ib., M., 1932; nws, Lub orchestra nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, Camb., 1940; nws, Lub orchestra ntawm Beethoven mus rau Berlioz, Camb., 1948; Wellen, E., Die neue Instrumentation, Bd 1-2, B., 1928-29; Nedwed W., Die Entwicklung der Instrumentation von der Wiener Klassik bis zu den Anfängen R. Wagners, W., 1931 (Diss.); Merill, BW, Kev taw qhia tswv yim rau orchestration thiab instrumentation, Ann Arbor (Michigan), 1937; Marescotti A.-F., Les instruments d'orchestre, leurs caractères, leurs possibilités et leur utilization dans l'orchestre moderne, P., 1950; Kennan, KW, The technique of orchestration, NY, 1952: Piston W., The instrumentation, NY, 1952; Coechlin Ch., Traité de l'orchestration, v. 1-3, P., 1954-56; Kunitz H., Tuag Instrumentation. Ein Hand- und Lehrbuch, Tl. 1–13, PIB, 1956–61; Erph H., Lehrbuch der Instrumentation und Instrumentenkunde, Mainz, 1959; McKay GF, Creative orchestration, Boston, 1963; Becker H., Geschichte der Instrumentation, Köln, 1964 (Serie “Das Musikwerk”, H. 24); Goleminov M., Teeb meem ntawm orchestration, S., 1966; Zlatanova R., Kev loj hlob ntawm lub orchestra thiab orchestration, S, 1966; Pawlowsky W., Instrumentacja, Warsz., 1969.

MI Chulaki