Kev coj ua |

los ntawm lat. imitation - kev imitation

Qhov tseeb lossis tsis raug rov ua dua nyob rau hauv ib lub suab ntawm ib lub suab nrov tam sim ua ntej uas suab hauv lwm lub suab. Lub suab uas thawj zaug qhia lub suab hu ua thawj zaug, los yog proposta (Italian proposta - kab lus), rov ua nws - xyaum, los yog risposta (Italian risposta - teb, tawm tsam).

Yog hais tias, tom qab nkag mus rau ntawm lub risposta, ib tug melodically tsim txav mus ntxiv nyob rau hauv lub proposta, tsim ib tug counterpoint rau lub risposta - lub thiaj li hu ua. kev tawm tsam, ces polyphonic tshwm sim. daim ntaub. Yog hais tias tus proposta ntog ntsiag to thaum lub sij hawm lub risposta nkag los yog ua melodically undeveloped, ces cov ntaub hloov mus ua homophonic. Ib lub suab nkauj uas tau hais hauv proposta tuaj yeem coj los ua tiav hauv ntau lub suab (I, II, III, thiab lwm yam hauv risposts):

AW Mozart. "Healthy Canon".

Ob thiab triple I. kuj tseem siv tau, uas yog, ib txhij imitation. nqe lus (repetition) ntawm ob los yog peb props:

DD Shostakovich: 24 Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk! 87 preludes thiab fugues rau piano, op. 4, nr XNUMX (fug).

Yog hais tias tus risposta xyaum xwb qhov seem ntawm proposta, qhov twg qhov kev nthuav qhia yog monophonic, ces tus I. yog hu ua yooj yim. Yog hais tias tus risposta tsis tu ncua ua txhua ntu ntawm cov proposta (los yog tsawg kawg yog 4), ces tus I. yog hu ua canonical (canon, saib thawj piv txwv ntawm p. 505). Risposta tuaj yeem nkag mus rau ntawm qib suab-pua pua. Yog li ntawd, I. txawv tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm nkag mus rau lub imitating lub suab (risposts) - tom qab ib, ob, peb ntsuas, thiab lwm yam. los yog los ntawm ib feem ntawm qhov ntsuas tom qab pib ntawm lub proposta, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv kev taw qhia thiab ncua sij hawm ( nyob rau hauv unison, nyob rau hauv lub Upper los yog qis dua thib ob, peb, plaub, thiab lwm yam). Twb yog xyoo 15th lawm. lub predominance ntawm I. nyob rau hauv lub quarter-thib tsib, piv txwv li, tonic-dominant kev sib raug zoo, uas tom qab ntawd los ua dominant, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub fugue, yog pom.

Nrog rau centralization ntawm lub ladotonal system nyob rau hauv I. ntawm lub tonic-dominant kev sib raug zoo, lub thiaj li hu ua. ib lub suab teb cov txheej txheem uas txhawb nqa kev ua haujlwm du. Cov txheej txheem no tseem siv tau rau hauv cov khoom sib koom ua ke.

Nrog rau lub tonal teb, lub thiaj li hu. dawb I., nyob rau hauv uas lub suab ua raws li tsuas yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm melodic. kev kos duab lossis cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub ntsiab lus (rhythm. I.).

DS Bortnyansky: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim? 32nd sab ntsuj plig concert.

I. yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev raws li ib txoj kev ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, kev loj hlob ntawm thematic. khoom. Ua rau kev loj hlob ntawm daim ntawv, I. tib lub sij hawm guarantees thematic. (figurative) kev sib koom siab ntawm tag nrho. Twb yog xyoo 13th lawm. I. dhau los ua ib qho ntawm feem ntau hauv prof. suab paj nruag ntawm kev nthuav qhia. Hauv Nar. polyphony I., pom tau tias, tau tshwm sim ntau dhau los, raws li muaj pov thawj los ntawm qee cov ntaub ntawv tseem muaj sia nyob. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, ib txoj kev los yog lwm yam txuas nrog lub cantus firmus (rondo, tuam txhab, thiab ces motet thiab loj), contrapuntal yog tas li siv. thiab, tshwj xeeb, imitation. txheej txheem. Nyob rau hauv Netherlands masters ntawm 15th-16th centuries. (J. Okegem, J. Obrecht, Josquin Despres, thiab lwm yam) imitation. technology, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog canonical, tau mus txog kev loj hlob. Twb tau nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, nrog rau I. hauv kev txav ncaj qha, I. tau siv dav hauv kev ncig:

S. Scheidt. Variations ntawm chorale "Vater unser im Himmelreich".

Lawv kuj tau ntsib nyob rau hauv lub rov qab (crashy) txav, nyob rau hauv lub suab. nce (piv txwv li, nrog ob npaug ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm txhua lub suab) thiab txo qis.

Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th dominance txoj hauj lwm tau nyob los ntawm yooj yim I. Nws kuj yeej nyob rau hauv imitation. cov ntaub ntawv ntawm 17th thiab 18th centuries. (canzones, motets, ricercars, masses, fugues, fantasies). Qhov kev xaiv tsa ntawm ib qho yooj yim I. yog, rau qee yam, ib qho kev tshwm sim rau qhov kev txaus siab ntau dhau rau lub canonical. txheej txheem. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas I. nyob rau hauv lub rov qab (crashy) txav, thiab lwm yam. tsis tau hnov ​​los ntawm pob ntseg los yog perceived tsuas yog nyuaj.

Mus txog hnub ntawm JS Bach dominance. txoj hauj lwm, imitation cov ntaub ntawv (feem ntau fugue) nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej eras raws li cov ntaub ntawv yog ywj siab. prod. siv tsawg zaus, tab sis nkag mus rau hauv hom homophonic loj, raug hloov kho nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm thematic, nws hom nta, thiab lub tswv yim tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm.

V. Yaj. Shebalin. Txoj hlua Quartet No 4, kawg.

References: Sokolov HA, Imitations on cantus firmus, L., 1928; Skrebkov S., Textbook of polyphony, M.-L., 1951, M., 1965; Grigoriev S. and Mueller T., Textbook of polyphony, M., 1961, 1969; Protopopov V., keeb kwm ntawm polyphony nyob rau hauv nws cov phenomena tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. (Tsim 2), Western European classics ntawm XVIII-XIX centuries, M., 1965; Mazel L., Ntawm txoj hauv kev ntawm kev tsim cov lus ntawm cov suab paj nruag niaj hnub, “SM”, 1965, Nos. 6,7,8.

TF Müller