Improvisation |

improvisation (Fabkis improvisation, ital. improvisation, los ntawm. improvisus - npaj txhij txog, tam sim ntawd) - ib yam tshwj xeeb ntawm kev kos duab pom nyob rau hauv ntau yam txuj ci ( paj huam, ua yeeb yam, suab paj nruag, choreography). creativity, nrog K-rum ntau lawm. tsim ncaj qha rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm nws qhov kev ua tiav. Nkauj Nkauj. THIAB. paub los ntawm ancient sij hawm. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm Nar. creativity - hloov cov nkauj thiab instr. tunes los ntawm pob ntseg, los ntawm kev nco - pab txhawb rau kev siv Nar. musicians (singers thiab instrumentalists) ntawm lub ntsiab ntawm I. Hauv kuv qhov kev xyaum kuv. lawv cia siab rau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm muses tsim los ntawm cov neeg. xav, mus rau ib tug zoo-tsim lub voj voog ntawm intonations, chants, rhythms, thiab lwm yam. n Rau cov neeg ntaus suab paj nruag yug yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm lub siab xav koom ua ke kom pom tseeb ntawm qhov pom muses. duab nrog nws cov variation dawb, ua tiav tas li txuas ntxiv thiab txhawb cov suab paj nruag. Hauv suab paj nruag. Eastern kab lis kev cai. neeg improvisation. variation ntawm ib qho qauv melodic yog DOS. daim ntawv suab paj nruag. Los ntawm wandering neeg. musicians kuv. nkag mus hauv roob. dej khov kab lis kev cai. Hauv Tebchaws Europe prof. music kuv. yog nce hauv av nyob rau hauv ib puas xyoo - keeb kwm nyob rau hauv wok. nkauj ntseeg. Txij li thaum cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nws cov ntaub ntawv kaw tau kwv yees, tsis tiav (neumes, hooks), tus neeg ua yeeb yam raug yuam, mus rau ib qib lossis lwm qhov, mus rau kev ua yeeb yam (lub npe hu ua. ib xyoos ib zaug, thiab lwm yam). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov txheej txheem tau dhau los ua ntau thiab ntau dua txhais thiab tswj. Siab art. qib kev thov I. mus txog hauv secular muses. hom nyob rau hauv lub Renaissance; nws tau txais ib qho manifold refraction hauv suab paj nruag. kev xyaum ntawm 16th-18th centuries, ob qho tib si hauv kev sau thiab ua yeeb yam. Nrog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm instr. suab paj nruag solo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov twj paj nruag keyboard, qhov ntsuas ntawm I. - ua ntej creation nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm I. pob mus. tso ua si. Ib tug kws ntaus suab paj nruag, uas feem ntau ua ke ib tus kws sau nkauj thiab tus kws ua yeeb yam hauv ib tus neeg, txhawm rau ua kom paub kos duab ntawm I. yuav tsum mus dhau qhov kev npaj tshwj xeeb. Meryl prof. musician txuj ci, eg. organist, rau ib ntev lub sij hawm nws txawj nyob rau hauv lub thiaj li hu. dawb kuv. (feem ntau ntawm ib lub ntsiab lus) polyphonic. daim ntawv dej khov (preludes, fugues, thiab lwm yam). Thawj tus tswv nto moo I. yog ib tug organist thiab composer ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th. F. Landino. Los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, nrog kev pom zoo ntawm homophonic harmonic. warehouse (melody nrog accompaniment), lub system ntawm thiaj li hu. general-bass, uas tau muab rau kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev sib txuas rau lub suab paj nruag raws li digital bass tholos. Txawm hais tias tus neeg ua yeeb yam yuav tsum tau ua raws li qee txoj cai ntawm lub suab coj, xws li kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov ntses bass thaj tsam suav nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm I. Muaj cov ntses bass thaj tsam dav dav hauv 17th-18th centuries raug suav hais tias yuav tsum tau ua rau tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag. Nyob rau hauv lub 16-18 centuries. dag tau muab faib. THIAB. - xim (kho kom zoo nkauj) los ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam instr. pieces (rau lute, clavier, violin, thiab lwm yam), wok. ob tog. Lawv pom tshwj xeeb tshaj yog daim ntawv thov dav hauv coloratura qhov chaw ntawm Italian. operas 18 – ntxov. 19 hli (cm. Coloratura, Roulade, Fioritura). Cov cai ntawm hom no I., ib qho ntawm cov txuj ci. manifestations ntawm swarm yog kos duab ntawm ornamentation, teem tawm nyob rau hauv ntau lwm tus neeg. ancient music.- theoretical. treatises, lus. thiab instr. tsev kawm ntawv. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tsim txom ntawm cov tswv yim zoo li no, uas tau hloov pauv li I. mus rau hauv ib tug outwardly virtuoso hniav kos duab, coj mus rau nws degeneration. Suab paj nruag sib sib zog nqus. cov ntsiab lus, qhov teeb meem ntawm nws cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub 18-19 centuries. xav tau los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv ua kom tiav thiab raug kaw ntawm muses. cov ntawv nyeem ntawm kev ua haujlwm, tshem tawm qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam. Txij li thaum kawg ntawm 18 in. ua i. nyob rau hauv txawv nws manifestations (raws li nyob rau hauv lub dav bass, coloring, thiab lwm yam) pib muab txoj kev mus rau lub meej hloov mus rau lub suab paj nruag notation los ntawm tus neeg ua yeeb yam, lays lub hauv paus rau crystallization ntawm kev txhais lus kos duab. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv 1st pem teb. 19 nyob rau hauv. xws li cov qauv ntawm kuv. li free fantasizing, as well as kuv. ntawm ib lub ntsiab lus, uas tau tsim nws tus kheej ua ib qho tshwj xeeb. (feem ntau kawg) cov lej hauv conc. cov kev pab cuam ntawm instrumental virtuosos. Cov kws tshaj lij improvisers yog cov kws sau ntawv loj tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd (L. Beethoven, F. Schubert, N. Paganini, F. lis, F. Chopin). Kev txaus siab General I. tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm Romantic era. Dawb fantasy yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua yeeb yam. cov txuj ci ntawm tus kws kos duab romantic, qhov kev xav tau ntawm nws yog qhov ncaj ncees los ntawm romantic.

Tus nqi lig Thiab. txo. Ua I. tseem yuav khaws cia los ntawm cov neeg hu nkauj opera (hauv arias); nws cov yam ntxwv (nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm nuances ntawm kev txhais lus nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev ua tau zoo nws tus kheej) tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm ua hauj lwm ntawm cov khoom. los ntawm lub siab (ib daim ntawv ntawm conc. kev ua yeeb yam los ntawm soloists, uas tau tshwm sim los ntawm 2nd ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th), nyeem ntawv los ntawm ib daim ntawv. Dawb I. instrumentalists yog khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub cadences ntawm instr. concerts (rau lub sij hawm luv luv; twb Beethoven nyob rau hauv nws 5th piano concerto nws tus kheej sau tawm ib cadenza), nrog organists (S. Frank, A. Bruckner, M. Dupre, thiab lwm yam). I. choral ua thiab fugue thiab tseem tseem yog lub touchstone ntawm prof. kev txawj ntawm lub cev. Hauv kev xyaum suab paj nruag niaj hnub I. tsis ua si creatures. lub luag hauj lwm, ua kom tus nqi tsuas yog nyob rau hauv creativity. ua ntawm tus composer, raws li yuav npaj. theem ntawm kev tsim suab paj nruag. cov duab thiab yuav ua li cas lub caij yuav ua. txhais lus. Qhov tshwj xeeb yog suab paj nruag jazz, uas muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov jazz (saib Jazz). Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th nrog lub advent ntawm xinesmas, I. pom daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv suab paj nruag. illustrations of "silent" films (nrog rau zaj duab xis los ntawm kev ua si ntawm fp.). Qee lub suab paj nruag. E. Jacques-Dalcroze, F. Jode, thiab C. Orff tab tom siv suab paj nruag los ua kev kawm suab paj nruag rau menyuam yaus thiab hluas. Txij li thaum xyoo 1950 arbitrary I. pom daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv avant-garde art (saib Aleatorica), nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm K. Stockhausen, P. Boulez, thiab lwm yam, cov ntaub ntawv uas muab cov neeg ua yeeb yam tsuas yog ob peb cov lus qhia rau kev siv dawb ntawm lub tus sau lub hom phiaj los yog muab nws nrog nws tus kheej. kev txiav txim siab, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev ua tau zoo, kom sib txawv ntawm daim ntawv ntawm compositions. Qee lub suab paj nruag. Ntau hom dais npe uas qhia lawv ib feem kev sib txuas nrog I. (piv txwv li, "Fantasy", "Prelude", "Improvisation").

References: Wehle GF, Art of Improvisation, Vols. 1-3, Munster in W., 1925-32; Fischer M., Lub organistic improvisation nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, Kassel, 1929 («Kцnigsberger Studies on Musicology», V); Jцde Fr., Tus me nyuam muaj tswv yim hauv suab paj nruag, в кн.: Phau ntawv ntawm kev kawm suab paj nruag, ed. los ntawm E. Bucken, Potsdam, 1931; Fellerer KG, Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm dawb improvisation. “Tuag Musikpflege”, ntim II, 1932; Fritsch M., Variation and Improvisation, Kassel, 1941; Hma H. ​​Chr., Tus hu nkauj improvisations ntawm lub sij hawm baroque, congress report, Bamberg, 1953; Ferand ET, Die Improvisation, Cologne, 1956, 1961; Lцw HA, Improvisation in the piano works of L. van Beethoven, Saarbrücken, 1962 (diss.).

IM Yampolsky