Qib |
German Stufe, Tonstufe, Klangstufe; kawm ntawv Askiv; Fabkis degre; ital. qib; lwm yam Russian degree
Qhov chaw ntawm lub suab (suab) raws li qhov txuas hauv qhov ntsuas qhov system (gamma, tuning, hom, tonality), nrog rau xws li lub suab nws tus kheej.
Lub tswvyim ntawm "S." yog txuam nrog lub tswv yim ntawm scale raws li ib tug "daim ntaiv" (Italian scala, German Leiter, Tonleiter), txav raws uas yog perceived raws li ib kauj ruam dhau, piv txwv li, ib tug sai hloov los ntawm ib tug zoo (los ntawm ib lub caij) mus rau lwm tus ( Piv txwv li, c - d, d - e, e - f). S. txoj kev hloov pauv yog ib qho ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev txav, kev loj hlob, los ntawm kev siv lub suab. Teem S. belongs rau k.-l. system, qhia txog kev hloov pauv ntawm ib qho S. mus rau lwm qhov; nyob rau hauv no muaj ib tug tej yam zoo sib xws ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm S. thiab lub tonal muaj nuj nqi. Nyob rau hauv harmonic. tonality raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm ob DOS. hom suab-qhov siab tshaj lub koom haum - ib lub taub hau. thiab polygon. - nyob rau hauv lo lus "S." nws txhais tau tias tsis yog tsuas yog lub suab sib cais ntawm qhov teev, tab sis kuj ua rau nws raws li lub ntsiab. chord suab (lawv hais, piv txwv li, hais txog lub suab nyob rau hauv ib theem zuj zus: V – VI). Txhawm rau xaiv S. ntawm qhov ntawd thiab lwm hom, G. Schenker rau ib txwm. nkag hauv Roman numerals ntxiv Arabic:
S. chord npog ob peb. S.-sounds (piv txwv li, V9 chord suav nrog 5, 7, 2, 4, 6, thiab kev hloov ntawm ib qho "suab kauj ruam" mus rau lwm qhov hauv ib qho "chord nkag" tsis pom tias yog kev hloov pauv hauv nws txoj haujlwm dav dav, vim nws yog ib yam rau tag nrho nws cov ntsiab lus "suab cov kauj ruam"). Nyob rau hauv harmonic. tonality S. - lub hauv paus chaw (micromode; piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv V C. 1 gravitates rau 7 nyob rau hauv txawm lub ntsiab lub ntiajteb txawj nqus), subordinate rau general (S. as a sublad). Ib qho ntawm feem ntau txoj kev denoting chords yog txuam nrog lub tswv yim ntawm "S.-chord", lub ntsiab ntawm uas yog qhov qhia txog tus naj npawb ntawm kev sib raug zoo nyob rau hauv lub scale series (functional notation, in contrast to step notation, txiav txim siab tus naj npawb ntawm kev sib raug zoo nyob rau hauv lub scale series. lub ntsiab lus ntawm chord nyob rau hauv lub logic ntawm lub harmonic txheej txheem). Hauv European suab paj nruag ntawm 17th-19th centuries, raws li 12-kauj ruam acoustic. system, dominated diatonic. ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais kawm (saib Diatonic), cov qauv yog qhov loj thiab me, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tso cai rau chromatism. 12 "suab cov kauj ruam" ua tau nyob rau hauv cov qauv no tau muab faib ua 7 lub ntsiab (hauv C-dur lawv sib raug rau cov yuam sij dawb ntawm php.) thiab 5 derivatives (hloov; sib haum rau cov yuam sij dub); zoo li kev hloov. chromaticity yog qhov tshwm sim thib ob rau diatonic. hauv paus (F. Chopin, Etude a-moll op. 25 No 11), thiab raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv, cov frets yuav tsum raug xam tias yog 7-kauj ruam. Nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th nrog rau 7-kauj ruam, 12-kauj ruam tseem siv tau (natural chromaticism thiab nws lwm hom, piv txwv li, hauv A. Webern's Bagatelles, op. 9, piano trio los ntawm EV Denisov). Ntxiv nrog rau 7- thiab 12-kauj ruam tshuab, muaj lwm tus nrog tsawg dua ntawm C. (piv txwv li, pentatonic) thiab nrog ib qho loj dua (microchromatic los ntawm 24, 36 C.; ntawm no 12-kauj ruam series tuaj yeem ua haujlwm. raws li qhov tseem ceeb).
Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog kom paub qhov txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus: S. thiab lub ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb ntawm lub suab (chord). Yog li, hauv chromatic system C (dur) nws tuaj yeem siv lub suab ces-heses-as thiab, ntawm qhov tod tes, eis-fis-gis-ais, txawm li cas los xij, cov suab nrov tshwj xeeb tsis ua rau ib qho dhau ntawm tus lej tiag tiag ntawm "suab cov kauj ruam" ntawm 12-tone chromatic. gamma.
References: Avraamov A., Nyob rau hauv lub triad ntawm 2nd degree ntawm loj, "Music", 1915, No 205, 213; Glinsky M., Chromatic cov cim nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej, "RMG", 1915, No 49; Gorkovenko A., Lub tswv yim ntawm ib kauj ruam thiab qhov teeb meem ntawm lub system, "SM", 1969, Tsis muaj 8; Albersheim G., Die Tonstufe, “Mf”, 1963, Jahrg. 16, H. 2. Saib kuj lit. ntawm Art. Kev sib haum xeeb, hom, Qhov tseem ceeb, suab kaw lus, Diatonic, Chromatic, Microchromatic, Pentatonic, Nplai, Temperament.
Yu. N. Kholopov
