Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach) |
Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach
Ntawm Emanuel Bach tej hauj lwm piano, kuv tsuas muaj ob peb daim, thiab ib co ntawm lawv yuav tsum undoubtedly pab txhua tus neeg uas muaj tseeb artist, tsis tsuas yog raws li ib yam khoom ntawm siab Library, tab sis kuj yog cov ntaub ntawv rau kev kawm. L. Beethoven. Tsab ntawv rau G. Hertel Lub Xya Hli 26, 1809
Ntawm tag nrho tsev neeg Bach, tsuas yog Carl Philipp Emanuel, tus tub thib ob ntawm JS Bach, thiab nws tus kwv yau Johann Christian tau ua tiav lub npe "zoo" thaum lawv lub neej. Txawm hais tias keeb kwm ua rau nws tus kheej hloov kho rau cov neeg niaj hnub kev ntsuas qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov no lossis tus kws ntaus nkauj, tam sim no tsis muaj leej twg cuam tshuam lub luag haujlwm ntawm FE Bach hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov qauv ntawm cov suab paj nruag classic, uas tau mus txog qhov kawg hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm kuv. . Haydn, WA Mozart thiab L. Beethoven. Cov tub ntawm JS Bach tau destined mus nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm hloov pauv, thaum txoj kev tshiab tau piav qhia hauv cov suab paj nruag, txuas nrog kev tshawb nrhiav nws cov ntsiab lus sab hauv, ib qho chaw ywj pheej ntawm lwm yam txuj ci. Ntau tus kws sau nkauj los ntawm Ltalis, Fabkis, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Czech koom pheej tau koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem no, uas nws cov kev siv zog tau npaj kos duab ntawm Viennese classics. Thiab nyob rau hauv no series ntawm nrhiav neeg ua yeeb yam, daim duab ntawm FE Bach sawv tawm tshwj xeeb tshaj yog.
Cov neeg kawm tiav tau pom qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Philippe Emanuel hauv kev tsim "qhia" lossis "sensitive" style ntawm clavier suab paj nruag. Lub pathos ntawm nws Sonata nyob rau hauv F me tau tom qab pom tias yog consonant nrog lub artistic cua ntawm Sturm und Drang. Cov neeg mloog tau hnov los ntawm kev zoo siab thiab zoo nkauj ntawm Bach's sonatas thiab kev xav tsis thoob, "hais lus" suab paj nruag, thiab tus sau tus cwj pwm ntawm kev ua si. Thawj thiab tib tus kws qhia suab paj nruag ntawm Philip Emanuel yog nws txiv, txawm li cas los xij, tsis xav tias nws yuav tsum tau npaj tshwj xeeb rau nws tus tub sab laug, uas tsuas yog siv cov twj paj nruag keyboard xwb, rau kev ua haujlwm ua suab paj nruag (Johann Sebastian pom zoo dua. tus neeg ua tiav hauv nws thawj tus yug, Wilhelm Friedemann). Tom qab kawm tiav Tsev Kawm Ntawv St. Thomas hauv Leipzig, Emanuel tau kawm txoj cai lij choj ntawm cov tsev kawm qib siab ntawm Leipzig thiab Frankfurt/Oder.
Los ntawm lub sij hawm no nws twb tau sau ntau instrumental compositions, nrog rau tsib sonatas thiab ob clavier concertos. Tom qab kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm ntawv hauv 1738, Emanuel tau mob siab rau nws tus kheej yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau suab paj nruag thiab xyoo 1741 tau txais txoj haujlwm ua tus kws tshaj lij hauv Berlin, ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Frederick II ntawm Prussia, uas nyuam qhuav nce lub zwm txwv. Tus huab tais tau paub nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe raws li ib tug enlightened huab tais; zoo li nws cov hluas tam sim no, Lavxias teb sab Empress Catherine II, Friedrich sib txuas nrog Voltaire thiab patronized arts.
Tsis ntev tom qab nws coronation, lub tsev opera tau ua nyob rau hauv Berlin. Txawm li cas los xij, tag nrho lub tsev hais plaub lub suab paj nruag tau tswj hwm qhov me tshaj plaws los ntawm kev saj ntawm huab tais (mus rau lub ntsiab lus tias thaum lub sij hawm ua yeeb yam vaj ntxwv tus kheej ua raws li qhov kev ua tau zoo los ntawm qhov qhab nia - hla lub xub pwg ntawm bandmaster). Cov saj no txawv txawv: tus neeg nyiam suab paj nruag uas nyiam tshaj plaws tsis zam lub tsev teev ntuj suab paj nruag thiab fugue overtures, nws nyiam Italian opera rau txhua hom suab paj nruag, lub raj nplaim rau txhua hom twj paj nruag, nws lub raj nplaim rau txhua qhov flutes (raws li Bach, thaj tsam, qhov tseeb suab paj nruag nyiam ntawm huab tais tsis txwv rau nws). ). Tus paub zoo tshaj plaws flutist I. Kvanz sau txog 300 flute concertos rau nws cov menyuam kawm ntawv lub yim hli ntuj; Txhua txhua hmo thaum lub xyoo, huab tais hauv Sanssouci palace ua txhua yam ntawm lawv (qee zaum kuj nws tus kheej sau), yam tsis tau poob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm courtiers. Emanuel lub luag haujlwm yog mus nrog huab tais. Qhov kev pabcuam monotonous no tsuas yog qee zaus cuam tshuam los ntawm ib qho xwm txheej. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog mus ntsib hauv 1747 mus rau Prussian lub tsev hais plaub ntawm JS Bach. Thaum nws laus lawm, nws ua rau huab tais xav tsis thoob nrog nws daim duab ntawm clavier thiab cov khoom siv hauv nruab nrog cev, uas tau tso tseg nws qhov kev hais kwv txhiaj rau lub sijhawm tuaj txog ntawm Bach qub. Tom qab nws txiv tuag, FE Bach ua tib zoo khaws cov ntawv uas nws tau txais.
Lub tswv yim ua tiav ntawm Emanuel Bach nws tus kheej hauv Berlin yog qhov zoo heev. Twb yog xyoo 1742-44. 12 harpsichord sonatas ("Prussian" thiab "Württemberg"), 2 trios rau violins thiab bass, 3 harpsichord concertos tau luam tawm; nyob rau hauv 1755-65 - 24 sonatas (tag nrho approx. 200) thiab pieces rau harpsichord, 19 symphonies, 30 trios, 12 sonatas rau harpsichord nrog orchestra accompaniment, approx. 50 harpsichord concertos, vocal compositions (cantatas, oratorios). Lub clavier sonatas yog tus nqi loj tshaj plaws - FE Bach tau them nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau hom ntawv no. Cov duab ci ntsa iab, muaj tswv yim kev ywj pheej ntawm nws cov sonatas ua tim khawv rau ob qho tib si kev tsim kho tshiab thiab kev siv suab paj nruag kev lig kev cai ntawm yav dhau los (piv txwv li, improvisation yog ib qho ncha ntawm JS Bach lub cev sau). Qhov tshiab uas Philippe Emanuel tau qhia rau clavier art yog ib hom tshwj xeeb ntawm cov suab paj nruag cantilena, ze rau cov qauv kev kos duab ntawm kev xav. Ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm lub sijhawm Berlin, Magnificat (1749) sawv tawm, zoo li tus tswv ntawm tib lub npe los ntawm JS Bach thiab tib lub sijhawm, hauv qee cov ntsiab lus, xav txog cov qauv ntawm WA Mozart.
Qhov chaw ntawm kev pabcuam hauv tsev hais plaub tau ua rau lub nra hnyav rau "Berlin" Bach (raws li Philippe Emanuel thaum kawg pib hu ua). Nws cov ntawv sau ntau tsis txaus siab (tus huab tais nyiam cov suab paj nruag tsawg dua ntawm Quantz thiab Graun cov kwv tij rau lawv). Tau txais kev hwm ntawm cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse ntawm Berlin (xws li tus tsim ntawm Berlin sau ntawv thiab suab paj nruag club HG Krause, cov kws tshawb fawb suab paj nruag I. Kirnberger thiab F. Marpurg, kws sau ntawv thiab kws tshawb fawb GE Lessing), FE Bach nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tsis pom muaj kev siv rau nws cov tub rog hauv lub nroog no. Nws txoj haujlwm nkaus xwb, uas tau txais kev lees paub hauv cov xyoo ntawd, yog qhov theoretical: "Qhov kev paub ntawm kev ua si ntawm clavier" (1753-62). Xyoo 1767, FE Bach thiab nws tsev neeg tau tsiv mus rau Hamburg thiab nyob ntawd mus txog thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej, coj tus thawj coj ntawm lub nroog suab paj nruag los ntawm kev sib tw (tom qab kev tuag ntawm HF Telemann, nws txiv, uas tau nyob hauv txoj haujlwm no ntev. lub sijhawm). Tau dhau los ua "Hamburg" Bach, Philippe Emanuel tau txais kev lees paub tag nrho, xws li nws tsis muaj nyob hauv Berlin. Nws coj lub neej kev hais kwv txhiaj ntawm Hamburg, saib xyuas kev ua yeeb yam ntawm nws cov haujlwm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov suab paj nruag. Lub koob meej los rau nws. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tsis xav tau, lub xeev kev nyiam ntawm Hamburg chim siab Philip Emanuel. "Hamburg, ib zaug nto moo rau nws opera, thawj thiab nto moo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, tau dhau los ua suab paj nruag Boeotia," sau R. Rolland. "Philippe Emanuel Bach xav tias poob rau hauv nws. Thaum Bernie tuaj xyuas nws, Philippe Emanuel hais rau nws: "Koj tuaj ntawm no tsib caug xyoo tom qab koj yuav tsum muaj." Qhov kev xav ntawm kev ntxhov siab no tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam lub xyoo dhau los ntawm lub neej ntawm FE Bach, uas tau dhau los ua neeg muaj koob meej hauv ntiaj teb. Hauv Hamburg, nws lub peev xwm ua tus kws sau nkauj-lyricist thiab ua yeeb yam ntawm nws tus kheej suab paj nruag tau tshwm sim nws tus kheej nrog lub zog tshiab. "Nyob rau hauv qhov tsis txaus ntseeg thiab qeeb, thaum twg nws xav tau kev qhia rau lub suab ntev, nws tau tswj hwm los ntawm nws cov cuab yeej los ntawm kev quaj ntawm kev tu siab thiab kev tsis txaus siab, uas tuaj yeem tau txais ntawm clavichord thiab, tej zaum, tsuas yog rau nws ib leeg xwb, ” sau C. Burney . Philip Emanuel qhuas Haydn, thiab cov neeg niaj hnub ntsuas ob tus tswv zoo sib xws. Qhov tseeb, ntau qhov kev tshawb pom muaj tswv yim ntawm FE Bach tau khaws los ntawm Haydn, Mozart thiab Beethoven thiab tsa mus rau qhov kev ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws.
D. Chekhovych
