Leo Delibes |

Leo Delibes

Delib. "Lam". Stanzas ntawm Nilakanta (Fyodor Chaliapin)

Xws li kev tshav ntuj, xws li kev nplua nuj ntawm cov suab paj nruag thiab cov suab paj nruag, cov cuab yeej zoo li no yeej tsis tau pom hauv kev ntaus pob. P. Tchaikovsky

Fabkis cov kws sau nkauj ntawm xyoo pua XNUMX L. Delibes 'kev ua haujlwm yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb purity ntawm Fabkis style: nws cov suab paj nruag yog cov ntsiab lus thiab muaj yeeb yuj, suab paj nruag thiab suab paj nruag hloov tau, witty thiab siab dawb paug. Tus kws sau ntawv lub ntsiab lus yog suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam, thiab nws lub npe tau los ua qhov sib txawv nrog cov qauv tshiab hauv cov suab paj nruag ballet ntawm xyoo pua XNUMX.

Delibes tau yug los rau hauv tsev neeg suab paj nruag: nws yawg B. Batiste yog tus soloist ntawm Paris Opera-Comique, thiab nws tus txiv ntxawm E. Batiste yog tus kws tshaj lij thiab tus xibfwb ntawm Paris Conservatory. Tus niam muab rau yav tom ntej composer thawj suab paj nruag kawm. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog kaum ob, Delibes tuaj rau Paris thiab nkag mus rau hauv lub tsev khaws puav pheej hauv chav kawm ntawm A. Adas. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws kawm nrog F. Le Coupet hauv chav kawm piano thiab nrog F. Benois hauv chav kawm organ.

Lub neej tshaj lij ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas tshuab raj pib xyoo 1853 nrog txoj haujlwm ntawm pianist-accompanist ntawm Lyric Opera House (Theatre Lyrique). Kev tsim ntawm Delibes 'kev nyiam ua yeeb yam tau txiav txim siab loj los ntawm kev zoo nkauj ntawm Fabkis txoj nkauj ua yeeb yam: nws cov qauv duab, suab paj nruag saturated nrog cov suab paj nruag txhua hnub. Lub sijhawm no, tus kws sau ntawv "sau ntau heev. Nws yog attracted los ntawm suab paj nruag theem kos duab - operettas, ib tug ua yeeb yam comic miniatures. Nws yog nyob rau hauv cov compositions uas cov style yog honed, kev txawj ntawm yog, concise thiab meej characterization, muaj yeeb yuj, meej, cus ciav suab paj nruag nthuav qhia yog tsim, daim ntawv theatrical yog txhim kho.

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm 60s. cov suab paj nruag thiab theatrical cov duab ntawm Paris tau txaus siab rau cov hluas composer. Nws raug caw los ua haujlwm ua tus hu nkauj thib ob ntawm Grand Opera (1865-1872). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ua ke nrog L. Minkus, nws tau sau cov suab paj nruag rau kev ntaus pob tesniv "The Stream" thiab kev tshaj tawm "The Path Strewn with Flowers" rau Adas tus ballet "Le Corsair". Cov hauj lwm no, txawj ntse thiab kev tsim kho, coj Delibes tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, Grand Opera lees txais cov neeg sau ua haujlwm tom ntej rau kev tsim khoom tsuas yog 4 xyoos tom qab. Lawv tau los ua tus neeg ntaus pob "Coppelia, lossis Tus Ntxhais nrog Enamel Qhov Muag" (1870, raws li zaj dab neeg luv luv los ntawm TA Hoffmann "The Sandman"). Nws yog nws uas tau coj cov neeg European muaj koob meej rau Delibes thiab tau los ua qhov chaw tseem ceeb hauv nws txoj haujlwm. Hauv kev ua haujlwm no, tus kws sau nkauj tau pom kev nkag siab tob txog kev kos duab ballet. Nws cov suab paj nruag yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm laconism ntawm kev qhia thiab kev ua kom zoo, plasticity thiab colourfulness, yooj thiab meej ntawm tus qauv seev cev.

Tus kws sau ntawv lub koob meej tau muaj zog dua tom qab nws tsim tus kws ntaus pob tesniv Sylvia (1876, raws li T. Tasso tus ua yeeb yam xibhwb Aminta). P. Tchaikovsky tau sau txog txoj haujlwm no: "Kuv hnov ​​​​suab nkauj Sylvia los ntawm Leo Delibes, Kuv hnov ​​​​nws, vim qhov no yog thawj tus neeg ntaus pob tesniv uas suab paj nruag tsis yog lub ntsiab xwb, tab sis kuj yog qhov txaus siab xwb. Dab tsi ntxim nyiam, qhov kev tshav ntuj zoo li cas, qhov kev nplua nuj ntawm cov suab paj nruag, kev sib dhos thiab kev sib haum xeeb!

Delibes 'operas: "Yog li hais tias tus huab tais" (1873), "Jean de Nivel" (1880), "Lakmé" (1883) kuj tau txais kev nrov nrov. Cov tom kawg yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws sau ntawv. Nyob rau hauv "Lakma" cov kev lig kev cai ntawm lyrical opera yog tsim, uas yog li ntawd attracted mloog nyob rau hauv lub lyrical thiab ua yeeb yam tej hauj lwm ntawm Ch. Gounod, J. Vize, J. Massenet, C. Saint-Saens. Sau rau ntawm zaj dab neeg oriental, uas yog ua raws li kev sib hlub sib hlub ntawm ib tug ntxhais Indian Lakme thiab ib tug tub rog Askiv Gerald, qhov kev ua yeeb yam no yog tag nrho ntawm qhov tseeb, muaj tseeb cov duab. Cov nplooj ntawv nthuav tawm tshaj plaws ntawm cov qhab nia ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau mob siab rau nthuav tawm lub ntiaj teb sab ntsuj plig ntawm tus heroine.

Nrog rau kev sib sau, Delibes tau them nyiaj ntau rau kev qhia. Los ntawm 1881 nws yog ib tug xibfwb ntawm Paris Conservatory. Ib tug neeg siab zoo thiab muaj lub siab hlub tshua, tus xib hwb txawj ntse, Delibes tau muab kev pab zoo rau cov neeg sau ntawv hluas. Nyob rau hauv 1884 nws tau los ua ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Fabkis Academy ntawm Fine Arts. Delibes 'kawg muaj pes tsawg leeg yog opera Cassia (tsis tiav). Nws ib zaug ua pov thawj tias tus kws sau ntawv yeej tsis tau ntxeev siab rau nws cov ntsiab lus muaj tswv yim, kho kom zoo nkauj thiab elegance ntawm style.

Delibes 'cov cuab yeej cuab tam yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv thaj chaw ntawm cov suab paj nruag theem. Nws sau ntau tshaj 30 ua hauj lwm rau lub suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam: 6 operas, 3 ballets thiab ntau operettas. Tus kws sau nkauj tau mus txog qhov muaj tswv yim zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev ua si ntawm ballet. Enriching ballet suab paj nruag nrog qhov dav ntawm symphonic ua pa, kev ncaj ncees ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, nws tau ua pov thawj nws tus kheej ua ib tus neeg muaj tswv yim tshiab. Qhov no tau sau tseg los ntawm cov neeg thuam ntawm lub sijhawm. Yog li, E. Hanslik muaj cov lus hais tias: "Nws tuaj yeem txaus siab rau qhov tseeb tias nws yog thawj tus tsim kev ua las voos thiab hauv qhov no nws tau dhau tag nrho nws cov neeg sib tw." Delibes yog ib tug zoo heev tswv ntawm lub orchestra. Cov qhab nia ntawm nws cov ballets, raws li cov kws sau keeb kwm, yog "lub hiav txwv ntawm cov xim." Tus kws sau ntawv tau txais ntau txoj hauv kev sau ntawv orchestral ntawm Fabkis lub tsev kawm ntawv. Nws orchestration yog txawv los ntawm ib tug predilection rau ntshiab timbres, ib tug ntau ntawm cov finest coloristic pom.

Delibes muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm kev kos duab ballet tsis yog hauv Fabkis xwb, tab sis kuj hauv Russia. Ntawm no cov kev ua tiav ntawm Fabkis tus tswv tau txuas ntxiv hauv kev ua yeeb yam ntawm P. Tchaikovsky thiab A. Glazunov.

I. Vetlitsyna

Tchaikovsky tau sau txog Delibes: "… tom qab Bizet, Kuv xav tias nws yog tus txawj ntse tshaj plaws ...". Tus kws sau nkauj Lavxias zoo nkauj tsis tau hais lus sov so txawm hais txog Gounod, tsis hais txog lwm tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag Fabkis niaj hnub no. Rau kev ywj pheej artistic aspirations ntawm Delibes, melodiousness nyob rau hauv nws cov suab paj nruag, lub siab lub ntsws immediacy, natural development thiab reliance on uas twb muaj lawm ib hom ntawv yog nyob ze rau Tchaikovsky.

Leo Delibes yug hauv cov xeev thaum Lub Ob Hlis 21, 1836, tuaj txog hauv Paris xyoo 1848; Tom qab kawm tiav los ntawm lub conservatory nyob rau hauv 1853, nws nkag mus rau hauv lub Lyric Theatre raws li ib tug pianist-accompanist, thiab kaum xyoo tom qab ua ib tug choirmaster nyob rau hauv lub Grand Opera. Delibes sau ntau, ntau dua ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev xav ntau dua li ua raws qee cov qauv kev kos duab. Thaum xub thawj, nws tau sau feem ntau yog operettas thiab ib qho kev ua me me hauv txoj kev comical (txog peb caug ua haujlwm hauv tag nrho). Ntawm no nws qhov kev txawj ntse ntawm qhov tseeb thiab raug tus cwj pwm, kev nthuav qhia meej thiab muaj sia nyob tau raug txhawb nqa, ib daim ntawv ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj thiab txawj ntse tau txhim kho. Kev ywj pheej ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm Delibes, nrog rau Bizet, tau tsim nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag ncaj qha nrog txhua txhua hnub ib hom ntawv nyeem hauv nroog. (Delibes yog ib tug ntawm Bizet cov phooj ywg ze. Tshwj xeeb, ua ke nrog ob tus neeg sau ntawv, lawv tau sau cov operetta Malbrook Going on a Campaign (1867).)

Cov suab paj nruag thoob plaws tau ntxim nyiam rau Delibes thaum nws, ua ke nrog Ludwig Minkus, tus kws sau nkauj uas tom qab ua haujlwm hauv tebchaws Russia tau ntau xyoo, muab qhov premiere ntawm ballet The Stream (1866). Kev vam meej tau txhawb nqa los ntawm Delibes 'tom ntej ballets, Coppelia (1870) thiab Sylvia (1876). Ntawm nws ntau lwm yam hauj lwm sawv tawm: ib tug unpretentious comedy, charming nyob rau hauv suab paj nruag, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Act I, "Yog li hais tias tus huab tais" (1873), lub opera "Jean de Nivelle" (1880; "lub teeb, elegant, romantic nyob rau hauv lub siab tshaj plaws. degree,” sau Tchaikovsky txog nws) thiab opera Lakme (1883). Txij li xyoo 1881, Delibes yog tus xibfwb ntawm Paris Conservatory. Ua phooj ywg rau txhua tus, ua siab dawb siab zoo, nws muab kev pab zoo rau cov tub ntxhais hluas. Delibes tuag thaum Lub Ib Hlis 16, 1891.

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Ntawm cov operas ntawm Leo Delibes, nto moo tshaj plaws yog Lakme, cov zajlus uas yog coj los ntawm lub neej ntawm Indians. Qhov kev txaus siab tshaj plaws yog cov qhab nia ntaus pob ntawm Delibes: ntawm no nws ua tus tsim tawm tshiab.

Tau ntev, pib nrog Lully's opera ballets, choreography tau muab ib qho chaw tseem ceeb hauv Fabkis cov suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam. Qhov kev lig kev cai no tau khaws cia hauv kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Grand Opera. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 1861, Wagner raug yuam kom sau ballet scenes ntawm lub grotto ntawm Venus tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau Paris zus tau tej cov Tannhäuser, thiab Gounod, thaum Faust tsiv mus rau theem ntawm lub Grand Opera, sau Walpurgis Hmo ntuj; rau tib lub laj thawj, qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm txoj cai kawg tau ntxiv rau Carmen, thiab lwm yam. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua yeeb yam ywj pheej ua yeeb yam tau nrov los ntawm 30s ntawm xyoo 1841th, thaum romantic ballet tau tsim. "Giselle" los ntawm Adolphe Adam (XNUMX) yog nws qhov kev ua tiav siab tshaj plaws. Nyob rau hauv lub poetic thiab ib hom ntawv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm no ballet, cov achievements ntawm Fabkis comic opera yog siv. Li no qhov kev cia siab ntawm cov intonations uas twb muaj lawm, muaj kev nthuav dav dav dav, nrog rau qee qhov tsis muaj kev ua yeeb yam.

Lub Parisian choreographic ua yeeb yam ntawm 50s thiab 60s, txawm li cas los xij, tau dhau los ua ntau thiab ntau dua nrog kev sib txawv romantic, qee zaum nrog melodrama; lawv tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov pom, zoo nkauj monumentality (cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog Esmeralda los ntawm C. Pugni, 1844, thiab Corsair los ntawm A. Adam, 1856). Cov suab paj nruag ntawm cov kev ua yeeb yam no, raws li txoj cai, tsis tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev kos duab siab - nws tsis muaj kev ncaj ncees ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, qhov dav ntawm symphonic ua pa. Nyob rau hauv lub 70s, Delibes coj qhov zoo tshiab no mus rau ballet theatre.

Cov neeg koom nrog tau sau tseg: "Nws tuaj yeem txaus siab rau qhov tseeb tias nws yog thawj tus tsim kev ua yeeb yam pib thiab hauv qhov no nws tau dhau tag nrho nws cov neeg sib tw." Tchaikovsky sau nyob rau hauv 1877: "Tsis ntev los no kuv hnov ​​suab paj nruag ci ntsa iab ntawm nws zoo rau Delibes ballet "Sylvia". Yav dhau los kuv tau paub txog cov suab paj nruag zoo kawg li no los ntawm clavier, tab sis hauv kev ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj ntawm Viennese orchestra, nws tsuas nyiam kuv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv thawj lub zog. Hauv lwm tsab ntawv, nws hais ntxiv tias: “… qhov no yog thawj tus neeg ntaus pob tesniv uas suab paj nruag tsis yog lub ntsiab xwb, tab sis kuj yog qhov txaus siab xwb. Dab tsi ntxim nyiam, dab tsi kev tshav ntuj, dab tsi nplua nuj, melodic, rhythmic thiab harmonic.

Nrog nws tus cwj pwm coj tus cwj pwm thiab kev coj ncaj ncees rau nws tus kheej, Tchaikovsky tau hais lus tsis txaus ntseeg txog nws qhov kev ua yeeb yam tsis ntev los no Swan Lake, muab xibtes rau Sylvia. Txawm li cas los xij, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem pom zoo nrog qhov no, txawm hais tias Delibes 'suab paj nruag yeej muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.

Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tsab ntawv thiab dramaturgy, nws tej hauj lwm yog yooj yim, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog "Sylvia": yog "Coppelia" (raws li cov dab neeg luv luv los ntawm ETA Hoffmann "Lub Sandman") cia siab rau ib tug niaj hnub zajlus, txawm hais tias tsis tas li tsim, ces nyob rau hauv "Sylvia ” (raws li tus xibhwb ua yeeb yam los ntawm T. Tasso “Aminta”, 1572), mythological motifs yog tsim heev conditionally thiab chaotically. Tag nrho qhov zoo dua yog qhov tsim nyog ntawm tus kws sau ntawv, uas, txawm tias qhov no deb ntawm qhov tseeb, qhov xwm txheej tsis muaj zog, tsim cov qhab nia tseem ceeb, muaj txiaj ntsig hauv kev qhia. (ob qho tib si tau ua nyob rau hauv Soviet Union. Tab sis yog tias nyob rau hauv Coppelia tsab ntawv tsuas yog hloov ib feem los qhia cov ntsiab lus tiag tiag, tom qab ntawd rau cov suab paj nruag ntawm Sylvia, renamed Fadetta (nyob rau hauv lwm yam - Savage), ib tug txawv zajlus tau pom - Nws yog qiv los ntawm zaj dab neeg ntawm George Sand (premiere ntawm Fadette - 1934).

Cov suab paj nruag ntawm ob qho tib si ballets tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog cov neeg zoo nkauj. Nyob rau hauv "Coppelia", raws li zaj dab neeg, tsis tsuas yog Fabkis melodics thiab rhythms yog siv, tab sis kuj Polish (mazurka, Krakowiak nyob rau hauv ua I), thiab Hungarian (Svanilda's ballad, czardas); ntawm no qhov kev sib txuas nrog ib hom ntawv nyeem thiab txhua hnub cov ntsiab lus ntawm comic opera yog pom ntau dua. Hauv Sylvia, cov yam ntxwv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nrog kev puas siab puas ntsws ntawm lub suab paj nruag opera (saib waltz of Act I ).

Laconism thiab dynamics ntawm kev qhia, plasticity thiab brilliance, yooj thiab clarity ntawm tus qauv seev cev - cov no yog cov khoom zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Delibes suab paj nruag. Nws yog tus tswv zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim cov seev cev suites, tus lej ntawm tus lej uas txuas nrog cov cuab yeej "recitatives" - pantomime scenes. Ua yeeb yam, lyrical ntsiab lus ntawm cov seev cev yog ua ke nrog ib hom ntawv nyeem thiab picturesqueness, saturating cov qhab nia nrog active symphonic txoj kev loj hlob. Xws li, piv txwv li, yog daim duab ntawm hav zoov thaum hmo ntuj uas Sylvia qhib, los yog qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Txoj Cai I. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lub festive seev cev suite ntawm txoj cai kawg, nrog rau qhov tseem ceeb tag nrho ntawm nws cov suab paj nruag, mus txog lub Cov duab zoo nkauj ntawm pej xeem kev yeej thiab kev lom zem, raug ntes hauv Bizet's Arlesian lossis Carmen.

Kev nthuav dav ntawm lyrical thiab puas siab puas ntsws qhia txog kev ua las voos, tsim cov yeeb yuj pej xeem-hom scenes, pib ntawm txoj kev ntawm symphonizing ballet suab paj nruag, Delibes hloov kho cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev nthuav qhia ntawm choreographic kos duab. Undoubtedly, nws lub hwj chim rau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm Fabkis txoj kev ua yeeb yam, uas nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 1882 tau enriched los ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov qhab nees tseem ceeb; ntawm lawv "Namuna" los ntawm Edouard Lalo (XNUMX, raws li paj huam los ntawm Alfred Musset, zaj dab neeg uas tau siv los ntawm Wiese hauv Opera "Jamile"). Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX, ib hom paj huam tau tshwm sim; nyob rau hauv lawv, qhov pib symphonic txawm ntau zog dua vim hais tias ntawm zajlus thiab kev loj hlob. Ntawm cov kws sau paj huam, uas tau dhau los ua neeg nto moo nyob rau theem kev hais kwv txhiaj tshaj hauv kev ua yeeb yam, yuav tsum tau hais ua ntej ntawm txhua tus Claude Debussy thiab Maurice Ravel, nrog rau Paul Dukas thiab Florent Schmitt.

M. Druskin

Cov npe luv luv ntawm cov ntawv sau

Ua haujlwm rau suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam (hnub tim yog nyob rau hauv kab lus)

Ntau tshaj 30 operas thiab operettas. Cov nto moo tshaj plaws yog: "Yog li hais tias huab tais", opera, libretto los ntawm Gondine (1873) "Jean de Nivelle", opera, libretto los ntawm Gondinet (1880) Lakme, opera, libretto los ntawm Gondinet thiab Gilles (1883)

Tus neeg dhia tes "Brook" (ua ke nrog Minkus) (1866) "Coppelia" (1870) "Sylvia" (1876)

Suab paj nruag 20 romances, 4-lub suab txiv neej hu nkauj thiab lwm yam