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1) Lub npe ntawm ntau lub tsev kawm txuj ci, hais txog-hauv thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv. Lo lus "A." los ntawm lub npe mythic. tus hero Akadem (Akadnmos), nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm leej twg lub cheeb tsam nyob ze Athens tau lub npe, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 4th BC. e. Plato tau qhia rau nws cov menyuam kawm ntawv. Hauv Ltalis, thawj A. tshwm sim hauv 2nd ib nrab. 15th caug xyoo raws li kev ywj pheej, ywj siab ntawm lub roob. thiab pawg ntseeg. tub ceev xwm, koom ua ke philosophers, zaum, kws sau paj lug, suab paj nruag, noble thiab enlightened amateurs thiab teem raws li lawv lub hom phiaj ntawm kev txhawb nqa thiab kev loj hlob ntawm sciences thiab arts. Lawv txaus siab rau cov khoom txhawb nqa ntawm lawv cov tswv cuab (feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv aristocratic voj voog) thiab nyob rau hauv patronage ntawm princely thiab ducal tsev hais plaub. Ib qho ntawm cov koom haum no tau tsim muaj nyob rau hauv 1470 ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Duke Lorenzo Medici hauv Florence thiab hu ua ib qho kev kawm hauv kev hwm ntawm Greek thaum ub. philosophical tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Plato. Nyob rau hauv lub 16-17 centuries. A. tau dhau los ua thoob plaws hauv Ltalis (muaj St. 1000 A.) thiab, raws li kev kawm, kev txaus siab rau lawv tau mus txog "kev mob siab rau." Kev tsis sib haum xeeb, kev hais kwv txhiaj, suab paj nruag. thiab poetic. kev sib tw yog lub hauv paus ntawm A. txoj haujlwm. Lawv lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tsim cov kab lis kev cai secular tau zoo heev. A. pab txhawb kev sib kis ntawm humanistic. tswv yim, tsim cov txuj ci tshiab. style.
Muaj ob hom A.:
a) kawm cov zej zog, sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tswv cuab, hauv cov haujlwm uas, nrog rau kev tsis sib haum xeeb, lit. suab paj nruag-ua tau nyob ib qho chaw loj hauv kev nyeem ntawv. Xws li A. tau nyob hauv Venice - A. Pellegrina (tsim 1550), hauv Florence - A. della Crusca (tsim 1582), hauv Bologna - A. della Galati (founded 1588) thiab A. dei Concordi (founded 1615) thiab ntau yam. lwm lub nroog. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws yog Roman A. dell'Arcadia (tsim nyob rau hauv 1692), uas koom ua ke noble aristocrats, zaum, kws sau paj lug, thiab tshuab raj. Nws cov tswv cuab (“tus tswv yug yaj bmi”) muaj ntau. cov neeg Italians tseem ceeb. Cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag zais tom qab cov npe sau paj huam: piv txwv li, A. Scarlatti tau hu ua Terpander, A. Corelli - Arcimello, B. Pasquini - Protico, thiab lwm yam. Cov rooj sib tham ntawm A. qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub bosom ntawm xwm. Ntawm no cov tswv cuab ntawm A. so los ntawm lub tsev hais plaub raug cai. kev ua koob tsheej; tig mus rau kev ntseeg tsis ncaj ncees, lawv tau qhia qhov kev ntshaw rau naturalness, merging nrog xwm;
b) cov koom haum uniting prof. musicians thiab music lovers. Cov dej num ntawm cov A. yog tsom rau kev txhim kho thiab kawm txog muses. foob. Lawv tau teeb tsa pej xeem thiab ntiag tug concerts, koom nrog kev tshawb fawb hauv keeb kwm thiab kev xav ntawm suab paj nruag, suab paj nruag. acoustics, nrhiav tau cov suab paj nruag. Cov tsev kawm ntawv tau ua yeeb yam ua yeeb yam (piv txwv li, hauv A. degli Invaghiti hauv Mantua xyoo 1607 thawj qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Monteverdi's Opera Orpheus tau tshwm sim). Lub tsev kawm nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm hom no yog Bologna Philharmonic Academy (tsim nyob rau hauv 1666). Yuav kom tau txais los ua ib tug tswv cuab, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum ua siab ntev rau qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws suab paj nruag-theoretical. kuaj. Cov tswv cuab ntawm A. yog Italian. thiab cov kws sau ntawv txawv teb chaws: J. Bassani, J. Torelli, A. Corelli, JB Martini, WA Mozart, J. Myslivechek, MS Berezovsky, EI Fomin, thiab lwm yam. Lub Florentine camerata (tsim nyob rau hauv 1580 los ntawm patron of arts J. Bardi) yog nyob ze rau qhov xwm ntawm qhov kev ua si, cov tsos ntawm lub opera yog txuam nrog ib tug txiav. Hauv Fab Kis, Academy ntawm Paj Huam thiab Suab Nkauj (Academie de poysie et de musique) tau nto moo. Nyob rau hauv 1570 nyob rau hauv Paris raws li ib tug kws sau paj lug, lute player thiab comp. JA Baiff.
2) Nyob rau hauv lub 18th - 1st peb ntawm lub 19th centuries. nyob rau hauv ltalis thiab lwm yam Western-European. lub teb chaws, lub npe ntawm tus sau lub concerts, npaj los ntawm composers, raws li zoo raws li cov suab paj nruag-kev ua yeeb yam pej xeem cov rooj sib tham (concerts), mus-rye npaj los ntawm lub commonwealth ntawm music lovers. Nyob rau hauv Russia, hom A. pib tshwm nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, thawj - nyob rau hauv 1790 nyob rau hauv St. Ib me ntsis tom qab, Muses tau teeb tsa hauv Moscow. A. (rau cov nom tswv), nws foreman yog HM Karamzin. Nyob rau hauv 1828 nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, tus thawj coj ntawm lub Pridv. hu nkauj chapel FP Lvov osn. Muses. A. nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm "kev lom zem ua si ntawm lub sijhawm dawb thiab ua tiav hauv kev kawm thiab kev txhim kho suab paj nruag saj." Raws li contemporaries hais, tseeb. cov tswv cuab ntawm A. no tsuas yog cov neeg nyiam suab paj nruag xwb.
3) Lub npe ntawm qee cov niaj hnub no, ch. arr. siab dua, cov tsev kawm suab paj nruag, piv txwv li: Royal A. Music hauv London, A. Suab paj nruag thiab theem. art-va hauv Vienna, Salzburg, National Academy "Santa Cecilia" hauv Rome, Mus. A. (conservatory) hauv Belgrade, nrog rau qee qhov opera t-ditch (National A. Suab paj nruag thiab seev cev - lub npe ntawm Parisian t-ra "Grand Opera"), decomp. scientific (piv txwv li, State A. Artistic Sciences in Moscow, State Academy of Arts, 1921-32), conc. thiab lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv (A. gramophone cov ntaub ntawv muaj npe tom qab Ch. Cro, A. seev cev hauv Paris, thiab lwm yam).
Qhov chaw: Della Torre A., Storia dell'Accademia Platonica di Florence, Florence, 1902; Maylender M., Keeb Kwm ntawm Italian Academy, v. 1-5, Bologna, 1926-30; Walker DP, Musical Humanism in the 16th thiab Early 17th Centuries, “MR,” 1941, II, 1942, III (hauv “The Musical Humanism,” in “The Works of the Music Science Society, No. 5, Kassel, 1949) ; ; Yates Fr. A., Fabkis Academy nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th., University of London, Warburg Inst., «Studies», XV, L.,
IM Yampolsky
