Yuri Shaporin (Yuri Shaporin).

Yuri Shaporin

Kev ua haujlwm thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm Yu. Shaporin yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshwm sim hauv Soviet suab paj nruag kos duab. Tus tuav thiab txuas ntxiv ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse Lavxias teb sab tiag, ib tug txiv neej nrog ntau yam kev kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv, uas tau nqus los ntawm menyuam yaus txhua yam kev sib txawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab kos duab, paub txog thiab paub txog keeb kwm Lavxias teb sab, ntawv sau, paj huam, painting, architecture - Shaporin txais. thiab zoo siab txais tos cov kev hloov pauv coj los ntawm Lub Kaum Hli Ntuj Socialist Revolution thiab tam sim ntawd nquag koom tes hauv kev tsim kho kab lis kev cai tshiab.

Nws yug los nyob rau hauv ib tsev neeg ntawm Lavxias teb sab txawj ntse. Nws txiv yog ib tug txawj kos duab, nws niam yog kawm tiav ntawm Moscow Conservatory, ib tug tub ntxhais kawm ntawm N. Rubinstein thiab N. Zverev. Art nyob rau hauv nws ntau yam manifestations ncig lub neej yav tom ntej composer cia los ntawm lub txaj. Kev sib txuas nrog Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai kuj tau hais nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug nthuav qhov tseeb: tus tij laug ntawm composer yawg nyob rau ntawm leej niam, tus kws sau paj lug V. Tumansky, yog ib tug phooj ywg ntawm A. Pushkin, Pushkin hais txog nws nyob rau hauv cov nplooj ntawv ntawm Eugene Onegin. Nws yog nthuav tias txawm lub geography ntawm Yuri Alexandrovich lub neej qhia nws cov kev sib txuas nrog lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm, kab lis kev cai, suab paj nruag: qhov no yog Glukhov - tus tswv ntawm cov khoom kim heev architectural monuments, Kyiv (qhov twg Shaporin kawm nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Keeb kwm thiab Philology ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv). University), Petersburg-Leningrad (qhov twg yav tom ntej composer kawm nyob rau hauv Kws qhia ntawv ntawm txoj cai ntawm lub University, nyob rau hauv lub Conservatory thiab nyob rau hauv 1921-34), Children's Village, Klin (txij li thaum 1934) thiab, thaum kawg, Moscow. Thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej, tus composer tau nrog kev sib txuas lus nrog cov neeg sawv cev loj tshaj plaws ntawm niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab thiab Soviet kab lis kev cai - composers A. Glazunov, S. Taneyev, A. Lyadov, N. Lysenko, N. Cherepnin, M. Steinberg, kws sau paj lug thiab sau ntawv M. . Gorky, A. Tolstoy, A. Block, Sun. Rozhdestvensky, artists A. Benois, M. Dobuzhinsky, B. Kustodiev, tus thawj coj N. Akimov thiab lwm tus.

Shaporin's amateur suab paj nruas kev ua si, uas pib nyob rau hauv Glukhov, txuas ntxiv nyob rau hauv Kyiv thiab Petrograd. Tus neeg sau yav tom ntej nyiam hu nkauj hauv ib pawg, hauv pawg hu nkauj, thiab sim nws txhais tes ntawm kev sau. Nyob rau hauv 1912, nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm A. Glazunov thiab S. Taneyev, nws nkag mus rau hauv lub composition ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj St. Cov no yog xyoo thaum Soviet kos duab pib coj zoo. Lub sijhawm no, Shaporin pib ua haujlwm hauv ib qho ntawm nws qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - tus kws sau cov haujlwm tau ntau xyoo tau cuam tshuam nrog kev yug thiab tsim ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas Soviet ua yeeb yam. Nws ua haujlwm ntawm Bolshoi Drama Theatre ntawm Petrograd, ntawm Drama Theatre ntawm Petrozavodsk, ntawm Leningrad Drama Theatre, tom qab ntawd nws yuav tsum tau koom tes nrog kev ua yeeb yam hauv Moscow (npe tom qab E. Vakhtangov, Central Children's Theatre, Moscow Art Theatre, Maly). Nws yuav tsum tswj hwm cov suab paj nruag, kev coj ua thiab, ntawm chav kawm, sau suab paj nruag rau kev ua yeeb yam (1918), suav nrog "King Lear", "Ntau Ado Txog Tsis Muaj Dab Tsi" thiab "Comedy of Errors" los ntawm W. Shakespeare, "tub sab" los ntawm F. Schiller, "Kev Sib Yuav ntawm Figaro" los ntawm P. Beaumarchais, "Tartuffe" los ntawm JB Moliere, "Boris Godunov" los ntawm Pushkin, "Aristocrats" los ntawm N. Pogodin, thiab lwm yam. Tom qab, cov kev paub ntawm cov xyoo no tau pab rau Shaporin thaum tsim suab paj nruag rau cov yeeb yaj kiab ("Peb Zaj Nkauj hais txog Lenin", "Minin thiab Pozharsky", "Suvorov", "Kutuzov", thiab lwm yam). Los ntawm cov suab paj nruag rau kev ua si "Blokha" (raws li N. Leskov), nyob rau hauv 20, lub "Joke Suite" yog tsim rau ib tug txawv txawv pawg (cua, domra, khawm accordions, piano thiab percussion instruments) - "ib tug stylization ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua nrov nrov print", raws li tus composer nws tus kheej.

Hauv 20s. Shaporin kuj sau 2 sonatas rau piano, symphony rau orchestra thiab hu nkauj, romances ntawm nqes los ntawm F. Tyutchev, ua hauj lwm rau lub suab thiab orchestra, hu nkauj rau ib pab tub rog pawg. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom siv suab paj nruag ntawm Symphony yog qhov qhia. Qhov no yog ib tug loj-scale, monumental canvas mob siab rau lub ntsiab ntawm lub kiv puag ncig, tus artist txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm keeb kwm cataclysms. Kev sib txuas cov nkauj tam sim no ("Yablochko", "Lub Peb Hlis ntawm Budyonny") nrog cov lus suab paj nruag ze rau hauv cov style ntawm Lavxias teb sab classics, Shaporin, hauv nws thawj txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb, ua rau muaj teeb meem ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab txuas ntxiv ntawm cov tswv yim, cov duab, thiab cov suab paj nruag. .

Lub 30s tau ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tus kws sau nkauj, thaum nws qhov kev sib hlub zoo tshaj plaws tau sau, ua haujlwm tau pib ua yeeb yaj kiab The Decembrists. Kev txawj ntse, tus yam ntxwv ntawm Shaporin, fusion ntawm epic thiab lyrical pib tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv ib qho ntawm nws txoj haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws - symphony-cantata "Nyob rau hauv Kulikovo Field" (ntawm kab ntawm A. Blok, 1939). Tus kws sau ntawv xaiv qhov hloov pauv ntawm keeb kwm Lavxias teb sab, nws lub neej yav dhau los, raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus, thiab prefaces lub cantata nrog 2 epigraphs los ntawm cov hauj lwm ntawm keeb kwm V. Klyuchevsky: "Cov Russians, tau nres kev ntxeem ntawm Mongols, tau txais kev cawmdim European kev vam meej. Lavxias teb sab xeev tau yug los tsis nyob rau hauv lub hauv siab hoard Ivan Kalita, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub Kulikovo teb. Lub suab paj nruag ntawm cantata yog saturated nrog lub neej, txav, thiab ntau yam ntawm tib neeg txoj kev xav tau ntes. Symphonic cov ntsiab lus tau ua ke ntawm no nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ua yeeb yam.

Tus kws sau paj huam nkaus xwb, Lub Decembrists (lib. Vs. Rozhdestvensky raws li AN Tolstoy, 1953), kuj tau mob siab rau lub ntsiab lus keeb kwm thiab kev hloov pauv. Thawj scenes ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej opera twb tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1925 - ces Shaporin xav txog lub opera raws li ib tug lyrical ua hauj lwm mob siab rau txoj hmoo ntawm Decembrist Annenkov thiab nws hlub Polina Goble. Raws li kev ua haujlwm ntev thiab mob siab rau ntawm libretto, rov sib tham los ntawm cov kws sau keeb kwm thiab cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag, cov ntsiab lus nkauj tau raug tshem tawm mus rau keeb kwm yav dhau, thiab cov yeeb yaj kiab ua yeeb yaj kiab thiab pej xeem kev hlub tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb.

Thoob plaws hauv nws txoj hauj lwm, Shaporin sau chamber suab paj nruag. Nws romances suav nrog hauv cov nyiaj kub ntawm Soviet suab paj nruag. Lub immediacy ntawm lub lyrical qhia, kev zoo nkauj ntawm ib tug zoo tib neeg txoj kev xav, txoj kev ua yeeb yam, lub originality thiab naturalness ntawm cov suab paj nruag nyeem ntawm nqe, lub plasticity ntawm lub suab paj nruag, ntau haiv neeg thiab nplua nuj ntawm cov piano zoo nkauj, tag nrho thiab kev ncaj ncees ntawm Daim ntawv qhia qhov txawv ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws romances ntawm lub composer, cov uas yog romances rau cov nqe lus ntawm F. Tyutchev ("Dab tsi yog koj tham txog howl, hmo ntuj cua", "Poetry", lub voj voog "Nco lub plawv"), Yim elegies ntawm Cov paj huam los ntawm Lavxias teb sab paj huam, Tsib romances ntawm paj huam los ntawm A. Pushkin (xws li tus composer tus nyiam tshaj plaws romance "Spell"), lub voj voog "Distant Youth" ntawm paj huam los ntawm A. Blok.

Thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej, Shaporin tau ua haujlwm ntau hauv kev sib raug zoo, ua suab paj nruag thiab kev kawm; tshwm nyob rau hauv xovxwm raws li ib tug neeg thuam. Los ntawm 1939 mus txog rau hnub kawg ntawm nws lub neej, nws qhia ib tug muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab instrumentation chav kawm ntawv ntawm Moscow Conservatory. Kev txawj ntse, kev txawj ntse thiab kev txawj ntse ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv tso cai rau nws coj cov neeg sau sib txawv xws li R. Shchedrin, E. Svetlanov, N. Sidelnikov, A. Flyarkovsky. G. Zhubanova, Ya. Yakhin thiab lwm tus.

Daim duab ntawm Shaporin, tus kws kos duab Lavxias tiag tiag, yeej ib txwm muaj kev coj zoo thiab ua kom zoo nkauj tiav. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XNUMX, nyob rau lub sijhawm nyuaj hauv kev tsim kho suab paj nruag, thaum cov kev coj noj coj ua qub tau ploj mus, suav tsis txheeb cov kev hloov tshiab niaj hnub raug tsim, nws tau tswj hwm los hais txog kev hloov pauv hauv zej zog tshiab hauv cov lus nkag siab thiab feem ntau tseem ceeb. Nws yog tus tuav ntawm kev nplua nuj thiab ua tau zoo ntawm Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag kos duab thiab tswj kom pom nws tus kheej intonation, nws tus kheej, "Shaporin note", uas ua rau nws cov suab paj nruag lees paub thiab nyiam los ntawm cov neeg mloog.

V. Bazarnova