Sofia Asgatovna Gubaidulina (Sofia Gubaidulina) |
Sofia Gubaidulina: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim?
Thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, tus ntsuj plig, paj huam ntiaj teb nyob qhov twg koj xav kom kav, - lub palace ntawm tus ntsuj plig, ntsuj plig, paj huam. M. Tsvetaeva
S. Gubaidulina yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws Soviet composers ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. Nws lub suab paj nruag yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm lub siab lub ntsws loj, txoj kab loj ntawm txoj kev loj hlob thiab, tib lub sij hawm, qhov kev nkag siab zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev nthuav tawm ntawm lub suab - qhov xwm ntawm nws cov ntoo, kev ua yeeb yam.
Ib qho ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb uas tau teeb tsa los ntawm SA Gubaidulina yog los tsim cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj. Qhov no yog kev txhawb nqa los ntawm nws keeb kwm los ntawm tsev neeg Lavxias-Tatar, lub neej ua ntej hauv Tataria, tom qab ntawd hauv Moscow. Tsis yog los ntawm "avant-gardism", los yog "minimalism", los yog "cov lus dab neeg tshiab yoj" los yog lwm yam niaj hnub no, nws muaj lub ntsej muag ci ntawm nws tus kheej.
Gubaidulina yog tus sau ntau ntawm cov haujlwm hauv ntau hom. Lub suab opuses khiav tag nrho nws txoj hauj lwm: thaum ntxov "Facelia" raws li paj huam los ntawm M. Prishvin (1956); cantatas "Hmo ntuj hauv Memphis" (1968) thiab "Rubaiyat" (1969) ntawm st. oriental paj huam; lub oratorio “Laudatio pacis” (ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb ntawm J. Comenius, koom tes nrog M. Kopelent thiab PX Dietrich – 1975); "Perception" rau soloists thiab string ensemble (1983); "Kev mob siab rau Marina Tsvetaeva" rau choir a cappella (1984) thiab lwm yam.
Cov pab pawg dav dav tshaj plaws ntawm cov chav sib xyaw: Piano Sonata (1965); Tsib kev tshawb fawb rau harp, ob lub bass thiab percussion (1965); "Concordanza" rau cov cuab yeej cuab tam (1971); 3 txoj hlua quartets (1971, 1987, 1987); "Suab paj nruag rau harpsichord thiab percussion instruments los ntawm sau los ntawm Mark Pekarsky" (1972); "Detto-II" rau cello thiab 13 instruments (1972); Kaum Etudes (Preludes) rau cello solo (1974); Concerto rau bassoon thiab qis hlua (1975); "Lub Teeb thiab Tsaus" rau lub cev (1976); "Detto-I" - Sonata rau lub cev thiab percussion (1978); "De prolundis" rau khawm accordion (1978), "Jubilation" rau plaub percussionists (1979), "Nyob rau hauv croce" rau cello thiab organ (1979); "Thaum pib muaj kev sib dhos" rau 7 tus ntaus nruas (1984); "Quasi hoketus" rau piano, viola thiab bassoon (1984) thiab lwm yam.
Thaj chaw ntawm symphonic tej hauj lwm los ntawm Gubaidulina muaj xws li "Cov kauj ruam" rau orchestra (1972); "Hour of the Soul" rau solo percussion, mezzo-soprano thiab symphony orchestra ntawm st. Marina Tsvetaeva (1976); Concerto rau ob lub orchestras, ntau yam thiab symphony (1976); concertos rau piano (1978) thiab violin thiab orchestra (1980); Lub suab nkauj “Stimmen… Verftummen…” (“Kuv Hnov… Nws Tau Tsis Nyob…” – 1986) thiab lwm yam. Ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke yog siv hluav taws xob nkaus xwb, "Vivente - tsis yog vivante" (1970). Lub suab paj nruag ntawm Gubaidulina rau xinesmas yog qhov tseem ceeb: "Mowgli", "Balagan" (cartoons), "Vertical", "Department", "Smerch", "Scarecrow", thiab lwm yam. Gubaidulina kawm tiav los ntawm Kazan Conservatory nyob rau hauv 1954 raws li ib tug pianist ( nrog G. Kogan ), kawm optionally hauv kev sau nrog A. Lehman. Raws li ib tug kws sau ntawv, nws kawm tiav los ntawm Moscow Conservatory (1959, nrog N. Peiko) thiab kawm tiav tsev kawm ntawv (1963, nrog V. Shebalin). Xav mob siab rau nws tus kheej nkaus xwb rau kev muaj tswv yim, nws tau xaiv txoj hauv kev ntawm tus kws kos duab dawb rau tag nrho nws lub neej.
Creativity Gubaidulina kuj tsis tshua paub thaum lub sij hawm "stagnation", thiab tsuas yog perestroika coj nws dav paub. Cov hauj lwm ntawm tus tswv Soviet tau txais qhov kev ntsuam xyuas siab tshaj plaws txawv teb chaws. Yog li, thaum lub sij hawm Boston Festival of Soviet Music (1988), ib qho ntawm cov khoom muaj npe: "West Discovers the Genius of Sofia Gubaidulina."
Ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam suab paj nruag los ntawm Gubaidulina yog cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag nrov tshaj plaws: tus neeg saib xyuas G. Rozhdestvensky, violinist G. Kremer, cellists V. Tonkha thiab I. Monighetti, bassoonist V. Popov, bayan player F. Lips, percussionist M. Pekarsky thiab lwm tus.
Gubaidulina tus kheej cov qauv tsim tau zoo nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-60s, pib nrog Tsib Etudes rau harp, ob npaug ntses bass thaj tsam thiab percussion, muaj lub suab ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm ib qho kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov twj paj nruag. Qhov no tau ua raws li 2 cantatas, thematically hais rau sab hnub tuaj - "Hmo ntuj hauv Memphis" (ntawm cov ntawv los ntawm cov lus Egyptian thaum ub txhais los ntawm A. Akhmatova thiab V. Potapova) thiab "Rubaiyat" (ntawm nqe lus los ntawm Khaqani, Hafiz, Khayyam). Ob lub cantatas qhia txog tib neeg lub ntsiab lus nyob mus ib txhis ntawm kev hlub, kev tu siab, kev kho siab, kev nplij siab. Nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag, cov ntsiab lus ntawm oriental melismatic suab paj nruag yog synthesized nrog western zoo dramaturgy, nrog dodecaphonic composing txheej txheem.
Nyob rau hauv lub 70s, tsis tau nqa tawm los ntawm ib tug "tshiab simplicity" style uas tau dav dav nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe, los yog cov txheej txheem ntawm polystylistics, uas tau nquag siv los ntawm cov thawj composers ntawm nws tiam (A. Schnittke, R. Shchedrin, thiab lwm yam. ), Gubaidulina txuas ntxiv mus nrhiav thaj chaw ntawm lub suab hais lus (piv txwv li, hauv Kaum Etudes rau Cello) thiab suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam. Lub concerto rau bassoon thiab cov hlua qis yog ib qho kev sib tham "theatrical" ntawm "hero" (ib solo bassoon) thiab "neeg coob" (ib pab pawg ntawm cellos thiab ob basses). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb tau tshwm sim, uas dhau los ntawm ntau theem ntawm kev sib nkag siab yuam kev: "neeg coob coob" tso nws txoj haujlwm ntawm "tus phab ej" - kev tawm tsam sab hauv ntawm "tus phab ej" - nws "kev cog lus rau pawg neeg" thiab kev ncaj ncees fiasco ntawm lub ntsiab "tus cwj pwm".
"Hour of the Soul" rau solo percussion, mezzo-soprano thiab orchestra muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm tib neeg, lyrical thiab txhoj puab heev, inhuman lub hauv paus ntsiab lus; Qhov tshwm sim yog ib qho kev tshoov siab lyrical suab kawg rau lub sublime, "Atlantean" nqe ntawm M. Tsvetaeva. Nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Gubaidulina, ib tug cim txhais lus ntawm tus thawj contrasting khub tau tshwm sim: "Tseeb thiab Tsaus" rau lub cev, "Vivente - tsis vivente". ("Living - inanimate") rau hluav taws xob synthesizer, "Nyob rau hauv croce" ("Crosswise") rau cello thiab organ (2 twj paj nruag pauv lawv cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob). Nyob rau hauv lub 80s. Gubaidulina rov tsim cov hauj lwm ntawm lub phiaj xwm loj loj, thiab txuas ntxiv nws cov ntsiab lus "oriental" nyiam, thiab ua rau nws nyiam mloog suab paj nruag.
Lub vaj ntawm kev xyiv fab thiab kev tu siab rau lub tshuab raj, viola thiab harp yog endowed nrog ib tug refined oriental tsw. Nyob rau hauv no muaj pes tsawg leeg, qhov hloov maj mam melismatics ntawm lub suab paj nruag yog whimsical, interweaving ntawm siab register instruments yog exquisite.
Lub concerto rau violin thiab orchestra, hu ua los ntawm tus sau "Offertorium", embodies lub tswv yim ntawm kev txi thiab kev yug dua tshiab rau lub neej tshiab los ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag. Lub ntsiab lus los ntawm JS Bach's "Musical Offering" nyob rau hauv kev npaj orchestral los ntawm A. Webern ua lub cim suab paj nruag. Qhov thib peb txoj hlua quartet (ib ntus) deviates los ntawm kev lig kev cai ntawm classical quartet, nws yog raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm "tus txiv neej tsim" pizzicato ua si thiab "tsis ua" hneev taw ua si, uas kuj tau muab lub ntsiab lus cim. .
Gubaidulina txiav txim siab "Perception" ("Perception") rau soprano, baritone thiab 7 string instruments nyob rau hauv 13 qhov chaw yog ib qho ntawm nws cov hauj lwm zoo tshaj plaws. Nws tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev sau ntawv nrog F. Tanzer, thaum tus kws sau paj huam xa cov ntawv ntawm nws cov paj huam, thiab tus kws sau paj huam tau teb cov lus teb thiab suab paj nruag rau lawv. Qhov no yog li cas lub cim kev sib tham ntawm txiv neej thiab poj niam tshwm sim ntawm cov ncauj lus: Creator, Creation, Creativity, Creature. Gubaidulina ua tiav ntawm no nce, nkag mus rau kev nthuav tawm ntawm lub suab thiab siv tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm lub suab es tsis txhob hu nkauj zoo tib yam: kev hu nkauj dawb huv, kev xav hu nkauj, Sprechstimme, kev hais lus dawb huv, kev hais lus siab, kev hais lus zoo, ntxhi. Hauv qee tus lej, daim kab xev sib nqus nrog cov kaw lus ntawm cov neeg koom nrog hauv qhov kev ua yeeb yam tau ntxiv. Kev sib tham ntawm ib tug txiv neej thiab ib tug poj niam, tau dhau los ntawm cov theem ntawm nws cov embodiment nyob rau hauv ntau tus lej (No. 1 "Saib", No. 2 "Peb", No. 9 "Kuv", No. "Kuv thiab Koj"), los txog rau nws qhov kev txiav txim siab hauv No. 10 "Kev Tuag ntawm Monty" Qhov kev ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws no yog kev hais txog tus nees dub Monty, uas ib zaug tau txais khoom plig ntawm kev sib tw, thiab tam sim no tau ntxeev siab, muag, ntaus. , tuag. No. 12 “Lub Suab” yog ib qho kev cuam tshuam tom qab. Cov lus qhib thiab kaw ntawm qhov kawg - “Stimmen… Verstummen…” (“Suab… Silenced…”) tau ua ib qho subtitle rau Gubaidulina lub kaum ob lub zog loj Thawj Symphony, uas txuas ntxiv cov tswv yim zoo nkauj ntawm "Xaiv".
Txoj kev ntawm Gubaidulina hauv kev kos duab tuaj yeem qhia tau los ntawm cov lus los ntawm nws cantata "Hmo ntuj hauv Memphis": "Ua koj txoj haujlwm hauv ntiaj teb ntawm koj lub siab."
V. Kholopov
