John Cage |
John Cage
American composer thiab theorist, uas nws muaj teeb meem ua hauj lwm muaj zog cuam tshuam tsis tau tsuas yog niaj hnub suab paj nruag, tab sis kuj yog ib tug tag nrho cov qauv nyob rau hauv lub kos duab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, txuam nrog kev siv ntawm "random" ntsiab (aleatoric) thiab "raws" lub neej phenomena. Cage tau txais kev tshoov siab los ntawm cov lus qhia ntawm Zen Buddhism, raws li qhov xwm txheej tsis muaj cov qauv sab hauv, lossis hierarchy ntawm phenomena. Nws kuj tau txais kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov kev xav niaj hnub ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm txhua qhov tshwm sim, tsim los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij M. McLuhan thiab tus kws tsim vaj tsev B. Fuller. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Cage tuaj rau cov suab paj nruag uas suav nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm "suab nrov" thiab "silence", siv cov suab nrov, "pom" suab, nrog rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm cov kev paub no tsis tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi mus rau qeb ntawm kev kos duab, tab sis qhov no yog raws nraim nrog lub tswv yim ntawm Cage, raws li qhov kev paub zoo li no "qhia rau peb txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej uas peb nyob. ”
Cage yug lub Cuaj Hlis 5, 1912 hauv Los Angeles. Nws kawm hauv Pomona College, tom qab ntawd hauv Tebchaws Europe, thiab tom qab rov qab mus rau Los Angeles tau kawm nrog A. Weiss, A. Schoenberg thiab G. Cowell. Tsis txaus siab rau cov kev txwv los ntawm cov tsoos Western tonal system, nws pib tsim cov suab paj nruag suav nrog cov suab paj nruag, qhov chaw uas tsis yog suab paj nruag, tab sis ntau yam khoom nyob ib puag ncig tus neeg hauv lub neej niaj hnub, rattles, crackers, thiab suab. tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem txawv xws li, piv txwv li, los ntawm submerging vibrating gongs hauv dej. Xyoo 1938, Cage tau tsim lub npe hu ua. ib tug piano npaj nyob rau hauv uas ntau yam khoom yog muab tso rau hauv cov hlua, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov piano hloov mus rau hauv ib tug me me percussion ensemble. Thaum ntxov xyoo 1950, nws pib qhia aleatoric rau hauv nws cov ntawv sau, siv ntau hom kev ua haujlwm nrog tsuav, phaib, thiab Phau Ntawv Hloov Pauv (I Ching), phau ntawv Suav thaum ub rau divination. Lwm cov neeg sau qee zaus siv cov ntsiab lus "random" hauv lawv cov ntawv sau ua ntej, tab sis Cage yog thawj zaug siv aleatoric systematically, ua nws lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib xyaw. Nws kuj yog ib tus thawj coj siv lub suab tshwj xeeb thiab muaj peev xwm tshwj xeeb ntawm kev hloov cov suab nrov uas tau txais thaum ua haujlwm nrog lub kaw lus kaw.
Peb ntawm Cage lub npe nrov tshaj plaws tau ua thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1952. Ntawm lawv yog cov tsis muaj npe nrov 4'33", uas yog 4 feeb thiab 33 vib nas this ntawm kev ntsiag to. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ntsiag to hauv txoj haujlwm no tsis txhais tau tias tsis muaj suab nrov, txij li Cage, thiab lwm yam, tau nrhiav kom nyiam cov neeg mloog rau lub suab nrov ntawm ib puag ncig uas 4'33 tau ua. Kev xav txog kev zoo nkauj No. 4 (Imaginary Landscape No. 4) yog sau rau 12 lub xov tooj cua, thiab ntawm no txhua yam - kev xaiv ntawm cov channel, lub zog ntawm lub suab, lub sijhawm ntawm daim - yog txiav txim siab los ntawm lub caij nyoog. Cov haujlwm tsis muaj npe, ua haujlwm ntawm Black Mountain College nrog kev koom tes ntawm tus kws kos duab R. Rauschenberg, tus kws ua yeeb yam thiab tus kws qhia seev cev M. Cunningham thiab lwm tus, tau los ua tus qauv ntawm "kev tshwm sim" ib hom ntawv, uas zoo nkauj thiab suab paj nruag cov ntsiab lus tau ua ke nrog tib lub sijhawm spontaneous, feem ntau. absurd kev ua ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam. Nrog rau qhov kev tsim kho no, nrog rau nws txoj haujlwm hauv cov chav kawm muaj nyob hauv New School for Social Research hauv New York, Cage tau muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau tag nrho cov neeg ua yeeb yam uas tau txais nws txoj kev xav: txhua yam uas tshwm sim tuaj yeem suav tias yog kev ua yeeb yam (" theatre” yog txhua yam uas tshwm sim tib lub sijhawm), thiab qhov kev ua yeeb yam no sib npaug rau lub neej.
Pib xyoo 1940, Cage tau tsim thiab ua yeeb yam seev cev. Nws cov seev cev ua yeeb yam tsis cuam tshuam nrog choreography: suab paj nruag thiab seev cev nthuav tawm ib txhij, tuav lawv tus kheej daim ntawv. Feem ntau ntawm cov ntawv sau no (uas qee zaum siv cov lus piav qhia hauv "kev tshwm sim") tau tsim los ntawm kev koom tes nrog pawg seev cev ntawm M. Cunningham, uas Cage yog tus thawj coj suab paj nruag.
Cage cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg, suav nrog Silence (Silence, 1961), Ib Xyoo ntawm Hnub Monday (Ib Xyoo ntawm Hnub Monday, 1968) thiab Rau Cov Noog (Rau Cov Noog, 1981), mus deb dhau qhov teeb meem suab paj nruag, npog tag nrho cov tswv yim hais txog " aimless game" ntawm tus kws kos duab thiab kev sib sau ntawm lub neej, xwm thiab kos duab. Cage tuag hauv New York thaum Lub Yim Hli 12, 1992.
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