Suab raj |
Greek rytmos, los ntawm reo - ntws
Daim ntawv pom ntawm qhov ntws ntawm txhua qhov txheej txheem hauv lub sijhawm. Ntau yam kev tshwm sim ntawm R. hauv decomp. hom thiab cov qauv ntawm kev kos duab (tsis yog lub cev nqaij daim tawv xwb, tab sis kuj yog spatial), nrog rau sab nraud ntawm kev kos duab. spheres (R. ntawm kev hais lus, taug kev, kev ua haujlwm, thiab lwm yam) tau ua rau muaj ntau qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm R. (uas ua rau cov lus no tsis meej meej). Ntawm lawv, peb pawg neeg xoob xoob xoob tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tau.
Nyob rau hauv qhov dav dav, R. yog cov qauv ntawm lub cev ntawm ib qho kev pom, ib qho ntawm peb (nrog rau suab paj nruag thiab kev sib haum xeeb) yooj yim. cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov suab paj nruag, faib nyob rau hauv relation mus rau lub sij hawm (raws li PI Tchaikovsky) melodic. thiab harmonic. kev sib xyaws. R. daim ntawv accents, pauses, faib mus rau hauv ntu (rhythmic units ntawm ntau theem mus rau ib tug neeg lub suab), lawv pab pawg neeg, ratios nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm, thiab lwm yam.; nyob rau hauv ib tug nqaim kev nkag siab - ib theem ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm lub suab, abstracted los ntawm lawv qhov siab (rhythmic qauv, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau melodic).
Qhov kev piav qhia no yog tawm tsam los ntawm kev nkag siab ntawm kev sib dhos raws li qhov tshwj xeeb zoo uas ua rau qhov txawv txav ntawm qhov tsis sib xws. Qhov zoo no yog muab diametrically opposite txhais. Mn. Cov kws tshawb fawb to taub R. raws li kev hloov pauv tsis tu ncua lossis rov ua dua thiab sib faib raws li lawv. Los ntawm qhov kev pom no, R. nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv purest yog qhov rov ua dua oscillations ntawm lub pendulum los yog tus neeg ntaus ntawm ib lub metronome. Aesthetic R. tus nqi tau piav qhia los ntawm nws qhov kev txiav txim siab thiab "kev lag luam ntawm kev mloog", ua kom yooj yim rau kev nkag siab thiab pab txhawb rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov leeg nqaij, piv txwv li. thaum taug kev. Nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag, xws li kev nkag siab ntawm R. ua rau nws qhov kev txheeb xyuas nrog lub sijhawm sib xws lossis nrog kev sib tw - muses. meter.
Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag (raws li nyob rau hauv paj huam), qhov twg lub luag hauj lwm ntawm R. yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog zoo, nws yog feem ntau tawm tsam 'meter' thiab tsis txuam nrog qhov tseeb repetition, tab sis nrog ib tug nyuaj piav qhia txog "kev xav ntawm lub neej", lub zog, thiab lwm yam. "Rhythm yog lub zog tseem ceeb, lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm nqe. Nws tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia" - VV Mayakovsky). Lub ntsiab lus ntawm R., raws li E. Kurt, yog "kev siv zog rau pem hauv ntej, kev txav mus los hauv nws thiab lub zog tsis tu ncua." Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm R., raws li commensurability (rationality) thiab ruaj khov repetition (statics), kev xav thiab dynamic tau hais txog ntawm no. Qhov xwm ntawm R., uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim nws tus kheej yam tsis muaj ib lub 'meter' thiab tsis tuaj yeem nyob hauv cov ntaub ntawv metrically.
Nyob rau hauv kev txaus siab ntawm dynamic R. txoj kev nkag siab hais txog lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lo lus no los ntawm cov lus qhia "kom ntws", uas Heraclitus qhia nws lub ntsiab. txoj hauj lwm: "txhua yam ntws." Heraclitus tuaj yeem raug hu ua "philosopher ntawm lub ntiaj teb R." thiab tawm tsam "philosopher ntawm ntiaj teb kev sib haum xeeb" Pythagoras. Ob tus philosophers qhia lawv lub ntiaj teb kev xav siv lub ntsiab lus ntawm ob lub hauv paus. qhov chaw ntawm kev tshawb xav ntawm cov suab paj nruag qub, tab sis Pythagoras tig mus rau cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev ruaj khov ntawm cov suab nrov, thiab Heraclitus - rau txoj kev xav ntawm kev tsim cov suab paj nruag nyob rau lub sijhawm, nws lub tswv yim thiab antich. kev sib dhos tuaj yeem piav qhia ib leeg. Lub ntsiab R. qhov txawv ntawm cov qauv tsis muaj sijhawm yog qhov tshwj xeeb: "koj tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv tib lub kwj ob zaug." Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, hauv "lub ntiaj teb R." Heraclitus hloov "txoj kev nce" thiab "txoj kev nqis", cov npe uas - "ano" thiab "kato" - coincide nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm antich. rhythms, denoting 2 ntu ntawm rhythmic. units (feem ntau hu ua "arsis" thiab "thesis"), qhov sib piv ntawm qhov ntev ntawm daim ntawv R. lossis "logos" ntawm chav tsev no (hauv Heraclitus, "world R." kuj yog sib npaug rau "world Logos"). Yog li, lub tswv yim ntawm Heraclitus taw qhia txoj hauv kev rau kev sib txuas ntawm dynamic. R. txoj kev nkag siab ntawm qhov kev xav, feem ntau yeej nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm.
Kev xav (dynamic) thiab rational (zoo li qub) cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev pom tsis yog cais, tab sis ua kom sib npaug. "Rhythmic" feem ntau paub txog cov kev taw qhia uas ua rau muaj kev sib haum xeeb, kev xav rau lub zog, qhia nyob rau hauv lub siab xav rov tsim nws (kev ua suab paj nruag muaj feem cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov leeg nqaij, thiab los ntawm cov kev xav sab nraud mus rau lub suab, qhov kev nkag siab ntawm uas feem ntau nrog. los ntawm kev xav sab hauv. playback). Rau qhov no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog, ntawm ib sab, hais tias lub zog tsis yog chaotic, tias nws muaj ib qho kev pom zoo, uas tuaj yeem rov ua dua, ntawm qhov tod tes, tias qhov rov ua dua tsis yog txhua yam. R. tau ntsib raws li kev hloov pauv ntawm kev xav thiab kev daws teeb meem, uas ploj mus nrog cov pendulum zoo li rov ua dua. Hauv R., yog li, static yog ua ke. thiab dynamic. cov cim qhia, tab sis, txij li cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib dhos tseem muaj kev xav thiab, yog li ntawd, hauv lub ntsiab lus. Nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev kawm, cov ciam teb sib cais cov kev sib hloov ntawm kev ntxhov siab thiab cov neeg kho tshuab tsis tuaj yeem tsim kom nruj, uas ua rau nws raug cai thiab piav qhia. lub hauv paus mus kom ze. Cov kev tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb ntawm ob qho tib si hais lus (hauv nqe thiab prose) thiab suab paj nruag. R.
Kev sib hloov ntawm kev nruj thiab kev daws teeb meem (ascending thiab descending theem) muab kev sib dhos. cov qauv ntawm periodicals. tus cwj pwm, uas yuav tsum tau to taub tsis tau tsuas yog raws li ib tug repetition ntawm tej yam. ib ntus ntawm theem (piv lub tswv yim ntawm lub sijhawm nyob rau hauv acoustics, thiab lwm yam), tab sis kuj yog nws "roundness," uas ua rau kom rov ua dua, thiab ua tiav, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nkag siab txog kev sib dhos tsis muaj rov ua dua. Qhov thib ob feature no yog tag nrho cov tseem ceeb tshaj, lub siab dua lub suab nrov. units. Hauv suab paj nruag (nrog rau kev hais lus zoo nkauj), lub sijhawm hu ua. kev tsim kho qhia txog kev xav ua tiav. Lub sijhawm yuav rov ua dua (hauv daim ntawv sib txuas) lossis yog ib feem ntawm daim ntawv loj dua; nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws sawv cev rau qhov tsawg tshaj plaws kev kawm, ib tug txiav yuav ywj siab. ua haujlwm.
Suab paj nruag. lub tswv yim tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke tag nrho vim yog kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov nro (ascending theem, arsis, khi) kev daws teeb meem (qib nqis los, thesis, denouement) thiab faib los ntawm caesuras lossis ncua mus rau hauv ntu (nrog lawv tus kheej arsis thiab theses) . Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau compositional sawv daws yuav, me me, ncaj perceived articulations feem ntau hu ua rhythmic kom. Nws tsis yooj yim los teeb tsa qhov kev txwv ntawm qhov pom ncaj qha, tab sis hauv suab paj nruag peb tuaj yeem xa mus rau R. lus thiab articulatory units nyob rau hauv lub muses. lub sij hawm thiab kab lus, txiav txim siab tsis yog los ntawm semantic (syntactic), tab sis kuj physiological. tej yam kev mob thiab piv nyob rau hauv magnitude nrog xws physiological. periodicities, xws li ua pa thiab mem tes, to-rye yog prototypes ntawm ob hom kev sib dhos. kev teeb tsa. Piv nrog rau cov mem tes, ua pa tsis ua haujlwm tsawg dua, nyob deb ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab. rov ua dua thiab ze dua rau lub hauv paus ntawm kev xav ntawm R., nws lub sijhawm muaj cov qauv pom meej meej thiab tau piav qhia meej, tab sis lawv qhov loj me, feem ntau sib haum mus rau kwv yees. 4 ntaus ntawm lub mem tes, yooj yim deviates los ntawm cov qauv no. Ua pa yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev hais lus thiab suab paj nruag. phrasing, txiav txim siab tus nqi ntawm lub ntsiab. kab lus - kem (hauv suab paj nruag feem ntau hu ua "cov lus", thiab kuj, piv txwv li, A. Reicha, M. Lucy, A. F. Lvov, "rhythm"), tsim pauses thiab natures. melodic daim ntawv. cadences (lus "poob" - theem nqis ntawm lub suab nrov. units), vim qhov txo qis ntawm lub suab mus rau qhov kawg ntawm exhalation. Hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm kev txhawb nqa melodic thiab demotions yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm "dawb, asymmetrical R." (Lvov) tsis tas yuav muaj nqi sib dhos. units, yam ntxwv ntawm ntau. Cov ntaub ntawv pej xeem (pib nrog keeb kwm thiab xaus nrog Lavxias. lingering song), Gregorian chant, znamenny chant, thiab lwm yam. thiab lwm yam Qhov no melodic lossis intonational R. (rau qhov linear es tsis yog lub modal sab ntawm cov suab paj nruag teeb meem) ua ib yam vim qhov sib ntxiv ntawm pulsating periodicity, uas yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov nkauj txuam nrog lub cev txav (kev seev cev, kev ua si, kev ua hauj lwm). Repeatability prevails nyob rau hauv nws nyob rau hauv lub formality thiab delimitation ntawm lub sij hawm, qhov kawg ntawm ib lub sij hawm yog ib tug impulse uas pib lub sij hawm tshiab, ib tug tshuab, nyob rau hauv sib piv nrog rau lub Crimea, lub so ntawm lub sij hawm, raws li tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab, yog theem nrab thiab tuaj yeem hloov tau los ntawm kev ncua. Pulsating periodicity yog yam ntxwv ntawm kev taug kev, kev ua haujlwm tsis siv neeg txav, hauv kev hais lus thiab suab paj nruag nws txiav txim siab lub sijhawm - qhov loj ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm kev ntxhov siab. Muab faib los ntawm pulsation ntawm thawj lub suab nrov intonations. units ntawm hom ua pa mus rau hauv vaj huam sib luag shares, generated los ntawm ib tug nce nyob rau hauv lub cev muaj zog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus, nyob rau hauv lem, txhim khu lub cev muaj zog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thaum lub sij hawm xaav thiab yog li rhiab heev. kev. T. o., twb nyob rau hauv cov theem thaum ntxov ntawm folklore, zaj nkauj ntawm ib tug lingering hom yog tawm tsam los ntawm "ceev" zaj nkauj, uas tsim ntau suab paj nruag. kev xav. Li no, twb nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, kev tawm tsam ntawm R. thiab suab paj nruag ("txiv neej" thiab "poj niam" pib), thiab kev qhia ntshiab ntawm R. seev cev tau lees paub (Aristotle, "Poetics", 1), thiab hauv suab paj nruag nws yog txuam nrog percussion thiab plucked instruments. Rhythmic nyob rau niaj hnub no. tus cwj pwm kuj raug ntaus nqi rau preim. marching thiab seev cev suab paj nruag, thiab lub tswv yim ntawm R. feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog lub mem tes dua li ua pa. Txawm li cas los xij, ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm pulsation ua rau muaj kev rov ua dua tshiab thiab hloov pauv ntawm kev sib hloov ntawm kev nruj thiab kev daws teeb meem nrog kev sib tsoo (li no ntau pua xyoo kev nkag siab yuam kev ntawm cov ntsiab lus "arsis" thiab "thesis", qhia txog lub ntsiab lus sib dhos, thiab sim txheeb xyuas ib lossis lwm qhov nrog kev ntxhov siab). Ntau lub tshuab tau pom tias yog R.
Kev soj ntsuam ntawm lub sij hawm yog nyob ntawm lub pulsation (uas ua tiav qhov tseeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau cov nqi ze rau lub sij hawm luv luv ntawm ib txwm mem tes, 0,5-1 sec) thiab, yog li ntawd, qhov quantitative (lub sij hawm ntsuas) atherosclerosis ua rau ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm lub sijhawm, uas tau txais cov classic. qhia nyob rau hauv antiquity. Txawm li cas los xij, lub luag haujlwm txiav txim siab hauv nws yog ua los ntawm kev ua haujlwm physiological uas tsis yog yam ntxwv ntawm cov leeg nqaij ua haujlwm. trends, thiab aesthetic. kev cai, proportionality ntawm no tsis yog ib tug stereotype, tab sis kos duab. canon. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev seev cev rau ntau qhov sib dhos yog vim tsis yog ntau rau nws lub cev muaj zog, tab sis rau nws cov yas xwm, qhia rau lub zeem muag, uas yog rau kev sib dhos. kev xav vim psychophysiological. yog vim li cas yuav tsum tsis muaj kev txav mus los, hloov cov duab, kav ib lub sijhawm. Qhov no yog raws nraim li cas lub antique zoo li. seev cev, R. to-rogo (raws li cov lus tim khawv ntawm Aristides Quintilian) muaj nyob rau hauv ib qho kev hloov ntawm kev seev cev. poses ("schemes") cais los ntawm "cov paib" lossis "dots" (Greek "semeyon" muaj ob lub ntsiab lus). Beats nyob rau hauv quantitative atherosclerosis tsis yog impulses, tab sis cov ciam teb ntawm segments piv nyob rau hauv loj, nyob rau hauv uas lub sij hawm muab faib. Kev xaav ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm no mus txog qhov spatial ib qho, thiab lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib dhos mus txog symmetry (lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib dhos raws li kev faib ua feem thiab kev sib haum xeeb yog raws li cov suab paj nruag qub). Qhov sib npaug ntawm cov nqi ib ntus dhau los ua qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lawv qhov kev faib ua feem, nrog rau Crimea, muaj lwm yam "hom R." (qhov sib piv ntawm 2 qhov chaw ntawm lub suab sib dhos - arsis thiab thesis) - 1: 2, 2: 3, thiab lwm yam. Kev xa mus rau cov qauv uas txiav txim siab qhov sib piv ntawm lub sijhawm, uas txawv kev seev cev los ntawm lwm yam kev txav ntawm lub cev, kuj raug xa mus rau suab paj nruag-nqe. hom, ncaj qha nrog kev seev cev tsis cuam tshuam (piv txwv li, rau epic). Raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ntev ntawm cov lus, ib nqe lus tuaj yeem ua " ntsuas" ntawm R. (meter), tab sis tsuas yog raws li cov kab lus ntev thiab luv; Qhov tseeb R. ("ntws") ntawm nqe lus, nws faib rau hauv asses thiab theses thiab accentuation txiav txim los ntawm lawv (tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev hais lus stresses) yog cov suab paj nruag thiab seev cev. sab ntawm qhov kev foob syncretic. Qhov tsis sib xws ntawm cov theem tsis sib xws (hauv ko taw, nqe lus, stanza, thiab lwm yam) tshwm sim ntau dua li qhov sib npaug, rov ua dua thiab squareness muab txoj hauv kev rau cov kev tsim kho nyuaj heev, nco txog qhov kev faib ua vaj tsev.
Cov yam ntxwv rau lub sijhawm ntawm syncretic, tab sis twb yog lus dab neeg, thiab prof. art-va quantitative R. muaj, ntxiv rau antique, nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm sab hnub tuaj. lub teb chaws (Indian, Arab, thiab lwm yam), nyob rau hauv nruab nrab hnub nyoog. mensural suab paj nruag, nrog rau hauv cov lus dab neeg ntawm ntau lwm tus. haiv neeg, nyob rau hauv uas ib tug muaj peev xwm xav tias tus cawv ntawm prof. thiab tus kheej creativity (bards, ashugs, troubadours, thiab lwm yam). Ua las voos. cov suab paj nruag niaj hnub no tshuav cov lus dab neeg no ntau tus qauv, suav nrog dec. durations nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam kev txiav txim, repetition (los yog variation nyob rau hauv tej yam kev txwv) rau-rykh characterizes ib tug tshwj xeeb seev cev. Tab sis rau lub tact atherosclerosis prevailing nyob rau hauv niaj hnub lub sij hawm, xws li seev cev raws li lub waltz yog ntau yam ntxwv, qhov uas tsis muaj kev faib ua feem. "poses" thiab lawv cov sij hawm sib thooj ntawm ib lub sijhawm.
Lub moos sib dhos, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th. hloov tag nrho cov mensural, belongs rau peb (tom qab intonational thiab quantitative) hom R. - accent, yam ntxwv ntawm theem thaum paj huam thiab suab paj nruag sib cais los ntawm ib leeg (thiab los ntawm kev seev cev) thiab txhua tus tsim nws tus kheej atherosclerosis. Feem ntau rau paj huam thiab suab paj nruag. R. yog tias ob qho tib si ntawm lawv tau tsim tsis nyob rau ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm lub sijhawm, tab sis ntawm kev sib piv accent. Nkauj tshwj xeeb. Lub moos ntsuas, tsim los ntawm kev hloov ntawm qhov muaj zog (hnyav) thiab tsis muaj zog (lub teeb) kev ntxhov siab, txawv ntawm txhua nqe lus ntsuas (ob qho tib si syncretic suab paj nruag-hais lus thiab cov lus hais lus nkaus xwb) los ntawm kev txuas ntxiv (tsis muaj kev faib ua nqe, metric. lus); Qhov ntsuas zoo li qhov txuas txuas ntxiv mus. Zoo li kev ntsuas hauv cov suab lus (syllabic, syllabo-tonic thiab tonic), lub ntsuas ntsuas ntsuas yog qhov tsis zoo thiab ntau dua monotonous tshaj li qhov ntau thiab muab sijhawm ntau rau kev sib dhos. ntau haiv neeg tsim los ntawm kev hloov thematic. thiab syntax. qauv. Nyob rau hauv lub accent suab, nws tsis yog ntsuas (kev mloog lus rau lub 'meter') uas tuaj rau hauv lub hauv ntej, tab sis lub dynamic thiab lub siab lub ntsws sab ntawm R., nws txoj kev ywj pheej thiab ntau haiv neeg muaj nuj nqis saum toj no qhov tseeb. Tsis zoo li lub 'meter', qhov tseeb R. feem ntau hu ua cov khoom ntawm cov qauv ib ntus, to-rye tsis raug tswj los ntawm metric. tswvyim. Hauv suab paj nruag, qhov no yog ib pawg ntawm kev ntsuas (saib p. Beethoven cov lus qhia "R. ntawm 3 bar", "R. ntawm 4 bar "; "rythme ternaire" hauv Duke's The Sorcerer's Apprentice, thiab lwm yam. etc.), phrasing (txij thaum lub suab paj nruag. ' meter ' tsis tau sau npe faib rau hauv kab, suab paj nruag hauv qhov kev hwm no ze dua rau kev hais lus tshaj li nqe lus), sau lub bar decomp. ceeb toom durations - rhythmic. kos, rau Krom nws. thiab Lavxias teb sab cov phau ntawv qhia kev xav (hauv qab ntawm X. Riman thiab G. Konyus) txo lub tswvyim ntawm R. Yog li ntawd R. thiab ' meter ' yog qee zaum sib txawv raws li kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ncua sij hawm thiab accentuation, txawm hais tias nws yog qhov tseeb tias tib cov kab ke ntawm lub sijhawm nrog dec. kev npaj ntawm accents tsis tuaj yeem suav tias yog qhov sib npaug. Tawm tsam R. ' meter ' yog ua tau tsuas yog raws li ib tug tiag tiag perceived qauv ntawm cov txheej txheem, yog li ntawd, tiag tiag accentuation, ob qho tib si coinciding nrog lub moos, thiab contradicting nws, hais txog R. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm ncua sij hawm nyob rau hauv accent suab poob lawv kev ywj pheej. lub ntsiab lus thiab dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm accentuation - ntev lub suab sawv tawm piv rau luv luv. Txoj haujlwm ib txwm muaj ntawm lub sijhawm ntev dua yog nyob rau ntawm qhov kev sib tw muaj zog ntawm kev ntsuas, kev ua txhaum ntawm txoj cai no tsim cov kev xav ntawm syncopation (uas tsis yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm ntau qhov sib dhos thiab seev cev tau los ntawm nws. mazurka-hom qauv). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov suab paj nruag npe ntawm qhov ntau uas tsim cov suab paj nruag. kev kos duab, qhia tsis yog lub sijhawm tiag tiag, tab sis kev faib tawm ntawm kev ntsuas, to-rye hauv suab paj nruag. kev ua tau zoo yog stretched thiab compressed nyob rau hauv lub widest ntau yam. Qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm agogics yog vim qhov tseeb tias kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub sijhawm tiag tiag tsuas yog ib qho ntawm kev hais tawm suab paj nruag. kev kos duab, uas tuaj yeem pom tau txawm tias lub sijhawm sijhawm tiag tiag tsis phim cov uas tau teev tseg hauv cov ntawv sau. Ib tug metronomically txawm tempo nyob rau hauv lub yeej atherosclerosis tsis tsuas yog yuav tsum tau, tab sis kuj zam; mus txog nws feem ntau qhia tias lub cev muaj zog (lub peb hlis ntuj, seev cev), uas yog feem ntau pronounced nyob rau hauv classical.
Lub cev muaj zog kuj tau tshwm sim hauv kev tsim vaj tsev, "qhov tseeb" uas tau muab Riemann thiab nws cov thwjtim pom vim li cas muses hauv lawv. ' meter ', uas, zoo li ib nqe lus ntsuas, txiav txim siab faib lub sij hawm rau hauv motifs thiab kab lus. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseeb uas tshwm sim los ntawm psychophysiological tiam sis, tsis yog ua raws li qee yam. txoj cai, tsis tuaj yeem hu ua 'meter'. Tsis muaj kev cai rau kev faib ua cov kab lus hauv bar atherosclerosis, thiab yog li ntawd nws (tsis hais txog qhov muaj lossis tsis muaj qhov xwm txheej) tsis siv rau qhov ntsuas. Riemann's terminology tsis yog feem ntau txais txawm nyob rau hauv nws. musicology (piv txwv li, F. Weingartner, txheeb xyuas Beethoven's symphonies, hu ua cov qauv suab paj nruag uas lub tsev kawm ntawv Riemann txhais ua cov qauv ntsuas) thiab tsis raug lees txais hauv Great Britain thiab Fabkis. E. Prout hu R. “qhov kev txiav txim raws li cadenzas tau muab tso rau hauv ib lub suab paj nruag” (“Musical Form”, Moscow, 1900, p. 41). M. Lussy contrasts metrical (clock) accents with rhythmic – phrasal ones, and in a elementary phrasing unit (“rhythm”, in Lussy's terminology; nws hu ua kev xav tag, lub sij hawm “phrase”) feem ntau muaj ob ntawm lawv. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov chav nyob sib dhos, tsis zoo li cov metrics, tsis yog tsim los ntawm subordination rau ib ch. kev nyuaj siab, tab sis los ntawm conjugation ntawm sib npaug, tab sis txawv nyob rau hauv kev ua, accents (lub meter qhia lawv ib txwm, txawm tsis yuav tsum tau txoj hauj lwm; yog li ntawd, feem ntau cov kab lus yog ib tug ob-sib ntaus). Cov haujlwm no tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas nrog lub ntsiab. moments inherent nyob rau hauv tej R. – arsis thiab thesis.
Muses. R., zoo li nqe lus, yog tsim los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm semantic (thematic, syntactic) qauv thiab ntsuas, uas ua lub luag haujlwm pabcuam hauv moos atherosclerosis, nrog rau hauv cov kab lus hais lus.
Lub dynamizing, articulating, thiab tsis dissecting muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub moos meter, uas tswj (tsis zoo li nqe meters) tsuas accentuation, thiab tsis sau ntawv (caesuras), yog reflected nyob rau hauv tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm lub suab (tiag tiag) thiab metric. accentuation, nruab nrab ntawm semantic caesuras thiab kev hloov pauv tas li ntawm qhov hnyav thiab lub teeb metric. lub sijhawm.
Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub moos rheum 17 - thaum ntxov. 20th caug xyoo peb cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv. era. Ua tiav los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm JS Bach thiab G. f. Handel's Baroque era tsim DOS. cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov atherosclerosis tshiab txuam nrog homophonic harmonic. xav. Thaum pib ntawm lub sijhawm yog cim los ntawm kev tsim cov ntses bass thaj tsam, los yog cov ntses bass thaj tsam txuas ntxiv (basso continuo), uas siv cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo tsis txuas nrog caesuras, kev hloov pauv uas feem ntau cuam tshuam rau metric. accentuation, tab sis yuav deviate los ntawm nws. Melodica, uas "kinetic zog" yeej dhau "rhythmic" (E. Kurt) lossis "R. cov" dhau "clock R." (A. Schweitzer), yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm accentuation (nyob rau hauv relation to tact) thiab tempo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv recitative. Tempo kev ywj pheej yog qhia nyob rau hauv kev xav txawv ntawm ib tug nruj tempo (K. Monteverdi contrasts tempo del'-affetto del animo nrog mechanical tempo de la mano), nyob rau hauv xaus. decelerations, uas J. Frescobaldi twb sau, nyob rau hauv tempo rubato ("ceev tempo"), to taub raws li kev hloov ntawm cov suab paj nruag txheeb ze rau accompaniment. Lub tempo nruj dhau los ua qhov kev zam, raws li muaj pov thawj los ntawm cov lus qhia xws li mesurй los ntawm F. Couperin. Kev ua txhaum cai ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov suab paj nruag thiab lub sijhawm tiag tiag yog qhia nyob rau hauv tag nrho kev nkag siab ntawm qhov txuas ntxiv: nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus.
txhais tau tias
,,ib., a
Suab paj nruag txuas ntxiv. ntaub yog tsim (nrog rau basso continuo) polyphonic. txhais tau hais tias - qhov tsis sib haum ntawm cadences nyob rau hauv lub suab sib txawv (piv txwv li, txuas ntxiv txav ntawm cov suab ntawm qhov kawg ntawm stanzas hauv Bach's choral arrangements), kev sib cais ntawm tus kheej lub suab. kos duab nyob rau hauv uniform motion (general form of motion), in one-headed. kab lossis nyob rau hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke, sau qhov nres ntawm ib lub suab nrog kev txav ntawm lwm lub suab
thiab lwm yam), los ntawm chaining motives, saib, piv txwv li, kev sib txuas ntawm cadence ntawm kev tawm tsam nrog qhov pib ntawm lub ntsiab lus hauv Bach's 15th invention:
Lub sijhawm ntawm classicism qhia txog kev sib dhos. lub zog, uas yog qhia nyob rau hauv ci accents, nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau dua evenness ntawm tempo thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug nce nyob rau hauv lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub 'meter', uas, txawm li cas los xij, tsuas yog hais txog lub zog. qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ntsuas, uas txawv nws los ntawm cov quantitative meters. Lub duality ntawm qhov cuam tshuam-impulse kuj tshwm sim hauv qhov tseeb tias lub sijhawm muaj zog ntawm kev sib tw yog qhov kawg taw tes ntawm muses. semantic kev sib koom ua ke thiab, tib lub sijhawm, kev nkag mus ntawm kev sib haum xeeb tshiab, kev ntxhib los mos, thiab lwm yam, uas ua rau nws pib lub sijhawm ntawm cov tuav, pawg bar thiab kev tsim kho. Lub dismemberment ntawm lub suab paj nruag (b. qhov chaw ntawm ib tug seev cev-suab cim) yog kov yeej los ntawm accompaniment, uas tsim "ob daim ntawv cog lus" thiab "intruding cadenzas". Contrary to the structure of phrases and motifs, qhov kev ntsuas feem ntau txiav txim siab qhov kev hloov ntawm tempo, dynamics (tam sim ntawd f thiab p ntawm kab bar), articulation grouping (tshwj xeeb, pab koomtes). Yam ntxwv sf, hais txog qhov ntsuas. pulsation, uas nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus zoo sib xws los ntawm Bach, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub fantasy los ntawm Chromatic Fantasy thiab Fugue cycle) yog kiag li obscured.
Lub sijhawm ntsuas lub sijhawm zoo tuaj yeem faib nrog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev txav mus los; classical style yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm ntau haiv neeg thiab kev nplua nuj ntawm kev sib tw. daim duab, ib txwm correlated, txawm li cas los, nrog lub metric. txhawb nqa. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov suab ntawm lawv tsis tshaj qhov txwv ntawm kev pom tau yooj yim (feem ntau 4), kev hloov pauv hloov. kev faib tawm (triplelets, quintuplets, thiab lwm yam) txhawb nqa cov ntsiab lus muaj zog. Kev ntsuas ntsuas. cov kev txhawb nqa kuj tau tsim los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke, txawm tias cov kev txhawb nqa no tsis tuaj ntawm lub suab tiag tiag, xws li thaum pib ntawm ib qho ntawm qhov kawg ntawm Beethoven's 9th symphony, qhov twg lub suab tsis tuaj. inertia, tab sis kev xaav ntawm suab paj nruag xav tau ext. suav cov kev xav metric. accents:
Txawm hais tias bar tseem ceeb feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog txawm tias tempo, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub qhov txawv ntawm ob txoj kev nyiam hauv cov suab paj nruag classic. suab paj nruag. Hauv WA Mozart, lub siab xav rau kev sib luag yog metric. sib koom (nqa nws lub suab mus rau qhov ntau) tau pom meej meej tshaj plaws hauv minuet los ntawm Don Juan, qhov twg tib lub sijhawm. kev sib xyaw ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv tsis suav nrog agogych. qhia txog lub sijhawm muaj zog. Beethoven muaj ib qho kev ntsuas hauv qab. accentuation muab ntau dua rau agogics, thiab metric gradation. cov kev ntxhov siab feem ntau dhau mus dhau qhov ntsuas, tsim kev hloov pauv tsis tu ncua ntawm kev ntsuas muaj zog thiab tsis muaj zog; Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau qhov no, Beethoven lub luag hauj lwm ntawm square rhythms nce, zoo li yog "bars ntawm ib tug ntau dua kev txiav txim", nyob rau hauv uas syncope yog ua tau. accents ntawm kev ntsuas tsis muaj zog, tab sis, tsis zoo li kev ntsuas tiag tiag, qhov kev hloov kho kom raug tuaj yeem ua txhaum cai, tso cai nthuav dav thiab cog lus.
Nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm romanticism (nyob rau hauv lub broadest kev txiav txim zoo), cov yam ntxwv uas paub qhov txawv accentual atherosclerosis los ntawm quantitative (nrog rau lub thib ob lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub cev nqaij daim tawv kev sib raug zoo thiab 'meter') yog qhia nrog qhov loj tshaj tag nrho. Int. kev faib cov neeg ntaus mus txog xws li me me qhov tseem ceeb uas tsis yog lub sijhawm ntawm ind xwb. suab, tab sis lawv tus lej tsis ncaj qha pom (uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim hauv cov duab suab paj nruag ntawm kev txav mus tas li ntawm cua, dej, thiab lwm yam). Cov kev hloov pauv hauv kev faib intralobar tsis hais txog, tab sis ua kom cov metric. Beats: kev sib txuas ntawm duols nrog triplets (
) yog perceived yuav luag li quintuplets. Syncopation feem ntau plays tib lub luag hauj lwm mitigating ntawm romantics; syncopations tsim los ntawm kev ncua ntawm lub suab paj nruag (sau rubato hauv qhov qub kev nkag siab) yog cov yam ntxwv zoo, xws li hauv ch. ib feem ntawm Chopin's Fantasy. Nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag romantic tshwm "loj" triplets, quintuplets, thiab lwm yam xwm txheej ntawm cov suab paj nruag tshwj xeeb. divisions sib xws tsis yog ib tug, tab sis ob peb. metric shares. Erase metric ciam teb yog graphically qhia nyob rau hauv bindings uas dawb do dhau los ntawm bar kab. Hauv kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev xav thiab kev ntsuas, cov lus txhawb siab feem ntau yog tus thawj ntawm cov metrics (qhov no yog qhov zoo heev rau I. Brahms '"hais suab paj nruag"). Ntau zaus tshaj li hauv cov style classic, qhov kev sib tw yog txo mus rau qhov kev xav hauv lub siab, uas feem ntau tsis tshua muaj zog tshaj hauv Beethoven (saib qhov pib ntawm Liszt's Faust symphony). Qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm lub pulsation nthuav dav qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev ua txhaum cai ntawm nws qhov sib xws; romantic qhov kev ua tau zoo yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws tempo kev ywj pheej, lub bar tuav hauv lub sijhawm tuaj yeem tshaj qhov sib npaug ntawm ob tam sim tom qab ntaus. Xws li qhov tsis sib xws ntawm lub sijhawm tiag tiag thiab cov ntawv sau suab paj nruag yog cim hauv Scriabin qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm tus kheej. prod. qhov twg tsis muaj qhov qhia txog kev hloov pauv hauv cov ntawv sau. Txij li thaum, raws li kev kawm, qhov kev ua si ntawm AN Scriabin tau txawv los ntawm "rhythm. clarity ”, ntawm no lub accentual xwm ntawm rhythmic yog tag nrho qhia. daim duab. Cov ntawv sau tseg tsis qhia lub sijhawm, tab sis "qhov hnyav", uas, nrog rau lub sijhawm, tuaj yeem qhia los ntawm lwm txoj kev. Li no muaj peev xwm ntawm paradoxical spellings (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Chopin), thaum nyob rau hauv fn. qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm ib lub suab yog qhia los ntawm ob daim ntawv sib txawv; Piv txwv li, thaum lub suab ntawm lwm lub suab poob rau ntawm 1 thiab 3rd sau ntawv ntawm triplets ntawm ib lub suab, nrog rau qhov "tsim" spelling
tau sau ntawv
. Dr. hom paradoxical spellings lies nyob rau hauv lub fact tias nrog ib tug hloov rhythmic. faib cov neeg sau ntawv txhawm rau txhawm rau tswj cov qib qub ntawm qhov hnyav, cuam tshuam rau cov cai ntawm muses. spelling, tsis hloov suab paj nruas qhov tseem ceeb (R. Strauss, SV Rachmaninov):
R. Strauss. "Don Juan".
Lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub 'meter' mus txog qhov tsis ua hauj lwm ntawm kev ntsuas nyob rau hauv instr. recitatives, cadences, thiab lwm yam, yog txuam nrog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov suab paj nruag-semantic qauv thiab nrog subordination ntawm R. mus rau lwm yam suab paj nruag, yam ntxwv ntawm cov suab paj nruag niaj hnub, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog romantic music. lus.
Nrog rau feem ntau striking manifestations ntawm tshwj xeeb. nta ntawm accent suab nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. ib tug tuaj yeem pom kev txaus siab ntawm cov suab paj nruag ua ntej uas cuam tshuam nrog kev thov rau cov lus dab neeg (kev siv pej xeem-suab nkauj intonational atherosclerosis, yam ntxwv ntawm Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag, ntau cov qauv khaws cia hauv cov lus dab neeg ntawm Spanish, Hungarian, West Slavic, ntau haiv neeg sab hnub tuaj) thiab foreshadowing lub renewal atherosclerosis nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th
MG Kev
Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv lub 18-19 centuries. hauv prof. European suab paj nruag. orientation R. nyob ib tug subordinate txoj hauj lwm, ces nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th. hauv tus lej txhais tau tias. styles, nws tau dhau los ua lub ntsiab lus, qhov tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th atherosclerosis raws li ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb pib echo nrog xws li atherosclerosis. phenomena nyob rau hauv European keeb kwm. suab paj nruag, raws li Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. hom, isorhythm 14-15 centuries. Nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub era ntawm classicism thiab romanticism, tsuas yog ib tug atherosclerosis qauv yog piv rau nws active constructive luag hauj lwm rau lub atherosclerosis ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. - "ib txwm 8-stroke lub sijhawm", qhov laj thawj tsim nyog los ntawm Riemann. Txawm li cas los xij, cov suab paj nruag xyoo pua 20th muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov suab paj nruag. phenomena ntawm yav dhau los: nws yog tshwj xeeb raws li qhov tseeb muses. phenomenon, tsis yog nyob ntawm kev seev cev thiab suab paj nruag. los yog suab paj nruag poetic. R.; nws txhais tau tias. Kev ntsuas yog raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm irregularity, asymmetry. Ib txoj haujlwm tshiab ntawm kev sib dhos hauv cov suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. qhia nyob rau hauv nws lub luag hauj lwm formative, nyob rau hauv cov tsos ntawm rhythmic. thematic, rhythmic polyphony. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov qauv complexity, nws pib mus rau kev sib haum xeeb, suab paj nruag. Qhov teeb meem ntawm R. thiab qhov nce hauv nws qhov hnyav raws li lub ntsiab lus tau ua rau muaj ntau yam kev sib xyaw ua ke, suav nrog tus neeg stylistically, ib nrab kho los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv hauv theoretical. sau ntawv.
Suab paj nruag thawj coj. R. 20th caug xyoo lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm irregularity manifested nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub normative variability ntawm lub sij hawm kos npe, sib xyaw qhov ntau thiab tsawg, contradictions ntawm lub siab xav thiab lub yeej, thiab ntau yam ntawm cov suab paj nruag. kos duab, tsis-squareness, polyrhythms nrog rhiab division. units rau txhua qhov me me, polymetry, polychronism ntawm motives thiab kab lus. Tus thawj coj ntawm qhov kev taw qhia ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb raws li ib qho system yog IF Stravinsky, ua kom lub ntsej muag zoo li no los ntawm MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, thiab los ntawm Lavxias. pej xeem nqe thiab lus Russian nws tus kheej. Ua nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th Stylistically, kev txhais ntawm atherosclerosis yog tawm tsam los ntawm kev ua hauj lwm ntawm SS Prokofiev, uas consolidated lub ntsiab ntawm tsis tu ncua (lub invariability ntawm tact, squareness, multifaceted tsis tu ncua, thiab lwm yam) yam ntxwv ntawm cov style ntawm lub 18th thiab 19th centuries. . Regularity li ostinato, multifaceted regularity yog cultivated los ntawm K. Orff, leej twg tsis mus los ntawm classical. prof. kab lig kev cai, tab sis los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm recreating lub archaic. declamatory seev cev. kev ua yeeb yam
Stravinsky lub asymmetric atherosclerosis system (txoj kev xav, nws tsis tau nthuav tawm los ntawm tus sau) yog raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm lub cev thiab lub suab variation thiab ntawm motivic polymetry ntawm ob lossis peb txheej.
Lub suab seev suab paj nruag ntawm O. Messiaen ntawm ib hom ci ntsa iab tsis tu ncua (tshaj tawm los ntawm nws hauv phau ntawv: "Technique of My Musical Language") yog nyob ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb ntawm kev ntsuas thiab cov qauv aperiodic ntawm kev ntsuas sib xyaw.
A. Schoenberg thiab A. Berg, nrog rau DD Shostakovich, muaj suab nrov. irregularity tau qhia nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "suab paj nruag. prose", nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm tsis-squareness, moos variability, "peremetrization", polyrhythm (Novovenskaya tsev kawm ntawv). Rau A. Webern, lub polychronicity ntawm motives thiab kab lus, kev sib nrig sib neutralization ntawm tact thiab rhythmic ua yam ntxwv. kos duab nyob rau hauv relation to tseem ceeb, nyob rau hauv tom qab productions. - suab paj nruag. canons.
Nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm qhov tseeb yeej, lub 2nd pem teb. Xyoo pua 20th ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib dhos. cov koom haum ib qho chaw tseem ceeb tau nyob los ntawm kev sib dhos. series feem ntau ua ke nrog lwm yam tsis, feem ntau pitch tsis (rau L. Nono, P. Boulez, K. Stockhausen, AG Schnittke, EV Denisov, AA Pyart, thiab lwm yam). Tawm mus los ntawm lub moos system thiab dawb variation ntawm kev sib cais sib dhos. units (los ntawm 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, thiab lwm yam) coj mus rau ob hom kev sib txawv ntawm R. notation: notation in vib nas this thiab notation tsis tas ncua sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog kev ntxhib los mos ntawm super-polyphony thiab aleatoric. ib tsab ntawv (piv txwv li, hauv D. Ligeti, V. Lutoslavsky) zoo li qub. R., tsis muaj suab nrov pulsation thiab qhov tseeb ntawm tempo. Rhythm. cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov tseeb styles prof. suab paj nruag yog qhov txawv ntawm cov suab paj nruag. cov khoom ntawm pawg nkauj, tsev neeg thiab estr. suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, qhov twg, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, kev sib dhos tsis tu ncua thiab qhov tseem ceeb, lub moos system khaws tag nrho nws qhov tseem ceeb.
VN Kholopova.
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