Kev ua |

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Hauv kev nkag siab dav ntawm lo lus, ib qho kev hloov kho ntawm cov ntawv sau suab paj nruag ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag, ua raws qee lub hom phiaj, piv txwv li. fixture tsim. rau kev ua yeeb yam los ntawm cov neeg nyiam suab paj nruag uas tsis muaj kev siv tshuab siab, siv rau hauv kev kawm thiab kev qhia. kev xyaum, rau kev ua tau zoo ntawm lwm tus los ntawm kev muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam, kev tsim kho tshiab. thiab lwm yam. Txog rau thaum xyoo pua 18th. O. tau suav tias yog ib yam dab tsi sib npaug rau tus thawj composer txoj hauj lwm, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog loj hlob tseem ceeb ntawm tus neeg pib suab paj nruag, nws tau los ua ib tug thib ob, theem nrab cheeb tsam. Txawm li cas los xij, O., uas tsis yog khoom siv tes ua nkaus xwb, yog ib qho khoom ntawm kev cai lij choj.

Kev siv dav dav pom los ntawm O. ib leeg taub hau. suab paj nruag qauv. Yav dhau los hauv Western Europe. suab paj nruag tau faib polyphonic. O. tunes ntawm Gregorian chant; tag nrho polygonal. suab paj nruag ua ntej lub xyoo pua 16th tau tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm xws li O. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th thiab 20th. qhov tseem ceeb heev tau txais O. nar. suab paj nruag, uas yog feem ntau hu ua lawv harmonization, tab sis qhov tseeb nws muaj nyob rau hauv tsim ib tug Nar. accompaniment melodies rau ib qho cuab yeej los yog cov twj paj nruag uas mus dhau qhov yooj yim sib lawv liag ntawm chords. Nws R. suab nkauj tau ua los ntawm ntau tus. xws li cov kws sau ntawv loj xws li J. Haydn, L. Beethoven, J. Brahms, MA Balakirev, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, PI Tchaikovsky, AK Lyadov, thiab lwm yam. tsim los ntawm lub sijhawm ywj pheej. ib hom ntawv nyeem, tas li nqa tawm thiab owls. composers. Cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ua ib lub taub hau. suab paj nruag – ntxiv accompaniment rau compositions sau rau solo violin, cello, thiab lwm yam cuab yeej. Ntawm lawv yog kev npaj los ntawm F. Mendelssohn ntawm solo violin. chaconnes nyob rau hauv d-moll los ntawm JS Bach rau violin nrog piano accompaniment, teem los ntawm R. Schumann rau tib yam muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm solo violins. sonatas thiab suites los ntawm JS Bach (qhov kev raug cai ntawm O. yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg los ntawm ntau tus kws tshawb fawb).

O. polygonal. compositions, nrhiav lub hom phiaj ntawm nws adaptation mus rau lwm yam muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm performers, feem ntau hu ua. kev npaj, transcription, thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas cov khoom. ua tiav rau kev ua yeeb yam los ntawm lub orchestra - orchestration. Cov piv txwv ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm xws li O. yog txuam nrog wok fittings. compositions rau kev ua tau zoo instr. compositions (14th-15th centuries; thawj O. ntawm hom no uas tau nqis los rau peb yog nyob rau hauv lus Askiv org. tablature, c. 1330); qhov kev coj ua no tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov instr. suab paj nruag. Feem ntau thiab O. ntau lub taub hau. op., nyob rau hauv uas muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam yog khaws cia. Zoo li O. op. rau ib lub twj paj nruag, feem ntau yog pianoforte, feem ntau nqes los rau easing technically nyuaj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lawv los yog, ntawm qhov tsis tooj, mus rau ib tug dav siv ntawm virtuoso txoj cai nyob rau hauv lawv; hom kawg ntawm O. feem ntau hu ua. kev sau ntawv. Cov neeg sau ntawv ntawm cov ntawv sau feem ntau nqa ntau yam uas los ntawm lawv tus kheej. muaj tswv yim tus kheej. Cov kws tshaj lij ntawm fp. cov ntawv sau uas tau pab txhawb rau kev txhim kho FP. virtuosity, yog F. Liszt, K. Tausig, F. Busoni, nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm violin. Kev sau ntawv, qhov kev koom tes ntawm F. Kreisler yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb. Cov theem tom ntej yog cov lus piav qhia - ib yam ntawm virtuoso dawb fantasy ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm K.-L. prod.

Op. rau ntau tus neeg ua yeeb yam, ob qho tib si vocalists thiab instrumentalists, mus txog rau opera. Xws li O. yog, raws li nws tau, kev paub txog kev nkag siab tshiab ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv qhov pom kev muaj tswv yim. kev teeb tsa ntawm tus sau O., qee zaum paub zoo txog kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm kev ua haujlwm, piv txwv li. O. of the oratorio Acis and Galatea by Handel by VA Mozart, Mussorgsky's opera Boris Godunov by NA Rimsky-Korsakov, O. of the same opera and Mussorgsky's opera Khovanshchina by DD Shostakovich. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, O. ntawm no feem ntau yog hu ua. tsab ntawv.

References: (Kev ua cov nkauj pej xeem), nyob rau hauv phau ntawv: Keeb Kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag, vol. 2-4, M., 1959-63.