Plagal cadence |

Plagal cadence (Late Latin plagalis, los ntawm Greek plagios - lateral, indirect) - ib yam ntawm cov cadence (1), characterized los ntawm kev kawm ntawm harmonies S thiab T (IV-I, II65-I, VII43-I, thiab lwm yam); tawm tsam qhov tseeb. cadence (D – T) as the main, main. hom. Muaj tag nrho (S – T) thiab ib nrab (T – S) P. rau. Hauv normative P. to. lub suab ntawm kev daws cov tonic yog tam sim no (los yog implied) nyob rau hauv kev sib haum xeeb S thiab tsis yog ib lub suab tshiab ntawm qhov kev taw qhia ntawm T; txuam nrog qhov no yuav qhia. tus cwj pwm ntawm P. to. yog softened, zoo li yog ib tug indirect ua (raws li opposed mus rau qhov tseeb cadence, uas yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug ncaj, qhib, ntse cwj pwm). Feem ntau P. to. tau siv tom qab qhov tseeb raws li kev lees paub thiab tib lub sijhawm softening ntxiv ("Offertorium" hauv Mozart's Requiem).

Lo lus "P. rau." rov qab mus rau cov npe ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. frets (cov lus plagii, plagioi, plagi twb tau hais nyob rau hauv lub 8th-9th centuries nyob rau hauv lub treatises ntawm Alcuin thiab Aurelian). Kev hloov ntawm lub sij hawm los ntawm hom mus rau cadence yog qhov tseeb tsuas yog thaum faib cov cadences rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb dua thiab tsis tseem ceeb, tab sis tsis yog thaum txiav txim siab txog kev sib txuas lus (V – I = qhabnias, IV – I = plug), vim hais tias nyob rau hauv plagal Middle Ages. frets (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub suab II, nrog lub cev pob txha: A - d - a) qhov chaw tsis yog lub suab qis (A), tab sis qhov kawg (d), nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau Krom, feem ntau plagal hom tsis muaj. lub quarter uas tsis khov kho (saib systematics frets los ntawm G. Zarlino, “Le istitutioni harmoniche”, tshooj IV, ch. 10-13).

Zoo li kos duab. phenomenon ntawm P. to. yog kho ntawm qhov kawg ntawm ntau lub hom phiaj. suab paj nruag plays li crystallization nws tus kheej yuav xaus. turnover (ib txhij nrog cov qhabnias cadence). Yog li, lub motet ntawm ars antiqua era "Qui d'amours" (los ntawm Montpellier Codex) xaus nrog P. k.:

f — gf — c

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 14th P. to. yog siv raws li qhov xaus. turnover, uas muaj qee yam xim, kev nthuav qhia (G. de Macaux, 4th thiab 32nd ballads, 4th rondo). Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th P. ua (nrog rau qhov tseeb) ib qho ntawm ob hom kev sib haum xeeb. cov lus xaus. P. to. tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim hauv cov lus xaus ntawm polyphonic. compositions ntawm lub Renaissance, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob ze Palestrina (saib, piv txwv li, zaum kawg cadences Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Agnus Dei ntawm pawg Pope Marcello); yog li no lwm lub npe P.k. - "lub tsev teev ntuj cadenza". Tom qab ntawd (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv 17th thiab 18th centuries) P. to. hauv txhais tau tias. qhov ntsuas raug thawb ib sab los ntawm qhov tseeb thiab raws li qhov kev ntsuas zaum kawg nws tau siv ntau tsawg dua li nyob rau xyoo pua 16th. (piv txwv li, qhov kawg ntawm lub suab ntawm aria "Es ist vollbracht" los ntawm 159th cantata los ntawm JS Bach).

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th P. tus nqi rau. nce. L. Beethoven siv nws ntau zaus. VV Stasov tau taw qhia ncaj ncees tias hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm "Lub sijhawm Beethoven kawg ib tus tsis tuaj yeem pom lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ua los ntawm "plagal cadences" . Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws pom "kev sib raug zoo zoo nrog cov ntsiab lus uas ua rau nws (Beethoven) tus ntsuj plig." Stasov tau mob siab rau kev siv tas li ntawm P. to. nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm tiam tom ntej ntawm composers (F. Chopin thiab lwm tus). P. k. tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm MI Glinka, uas tau tsim tshwj xeeb hauv kev nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv plagal rau kev txiav txim siab loj ntawm cov haujlwm ua haujlwm. Lub tonic yog ua ntej los ntawm VI theem qis (qhov kawg ntawm 1 txoj cai ntawm opera Ruslan thiab Lyudmila), thiab theem IV (Susanin's aria), thiab theem II (qhov kawg ntawm 2nd ua yeeb yam ntawm opera Ivan Susanin) , thiab lwm yam. plagal kab lus (choir of the Poles in act 4 of the same opera). Qhia. tus cwj pwm ntawm P. to. Glinka feem ntau ua raws los ntawm thematic. intonations (qhov xaus ntawm lub "Persian Choir" nyob rau hauv lub opera "Ruslan thiab Lyudmila") los yog los ntawm tus smooth succession ntawm harmonies, koom siab los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev txav (kev taw qhia rau Ruslan's aria nyob rau hauv tib lub opera).

Nyob rau hauv lub plagality ntawm Glinka txoj kev sib haum xeeb, VO Berkov pom "cov tiam sis thiab cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem nkauj thiab Western romanticism." Thiab nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm tom qab Russia. classics, plagality feem ntau yog txuam nrog intonations ntawm Lavxias teb sab. nkauj, yam ntxwv modal coloring. Ntawm cov qauv piv txwv yog hu nkauj ntawm cov neeg hauv zos thiab hu nkauj ntawm boyars "Rau peb, ntxhais huabtais, tsis yog thawj zaug" los ntawm kev ua yeeb yam "Prince Igor" los ntawm Borodin; Kev ua tiav ntawm Varlaam zaj nkauj "Raws li nws nyob hauv lub nroog hauv Kazan" los ntawm kev ua yeeb yam "Boris Godunov" los ntawm Mussorgsky nrog ib ntu ntawm II qis - Kuv cov kauj ruam thiab ib qho tseem ceeb dua harmonica. turnover: V qis - Kuv nqis hauv pawg hu nkauj "Dispersed, cleared up" los ntawm tib opera; Sadko's song "Au, koj tsaus ntoo qhib hav zoov" los ntawm lub opera "Sadko" los ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov, chords ua ntej lub sinking ntawm Kitezh nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej opera "Cov lus dab neeg ntawm lub Invisible City ntawm Kitezh".

Vim lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug introductory suab nyob rau hauv lub chords ua ntej lub tonic, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tom kawg, ib tug peculiar ua ke ntawm plagality thiab authenticity tshwm sim. Daim ntawv no rov qab mus rau lub qub P. k., suav nrog kev ua tiav ntawm terzquartaccord ntawm XNUMXth degree thiab triad ntawm XNUMXst degree nrog kev txav ntawm lub suab lus qhia rau hauv tonic.

Lavxias teb sab achievements classics nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm plagality tau ntxiv tsim nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm lawv successors - owls. composers. Hauv particular, SS Prokofiev ho hloov tshiab chord nyob rau hauv plagal xaus, piv txwv li. hauv Andante caloroso los ntawm 7th sonata rau piano.

Sphere ntawm P. to. tseem yuav enriched thiab tsim nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb suab paj nruag, uas tsis poob kov nrog classical. harmonic daim ntawv. kev ua haujlwm.

References: Stasov VV, Lber einige neue Form der heutigen Musik, “NZfM”, 1858, No 1-4; tib yam hauv Russian. lang. nyob rau hauv lub npe: Ntawm qee hom suab paj nruag niaj hnub, Sobr. soch., v. 3, St. Petersburg, 1894; Berkov VO, Glinka's Harmony, M.-L., 1948; Trambitsky VN, Plagality thiab lwm yam kev sib txuas nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab nkauj kev sib haum xeeb, nyob rau hauv: Cov lus nug ntawm Musicology, vol. 2, M., 1955. Saib kuj lit. nyob rau hauv cov ntawv Authentic Cadence, Harmony, Cadence (1).

V. V. Protopopov, Yu. Yog. Kholopov