Alt |

Alto (German Alt, Italian alto, los ntawm Latin altus - siab).

1) Lub suab siab thib ob hauv plaub ntu suab paj nruag. Hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, lo lus "A." tau siv txij li xyoo pua 15th. Yav dhau los, hauv kev nthuav qhia peb lub suab, lub suab uas tau hais saum toj no, thiab qee zaum hauv qab lub tenor, hu ua tus countertenor. Nrog rau kev hloov mus rau 4-lub suab, lawv pib paub qhov txawv ntawm countertenor alto thiab countertenor bass, tom qab hu ua yooj yim alto thiab bass. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov plaub feem compositions ib cappella (lig xyoo pua 15th), lub viola ib feem tau ua los ntawm cov txiv neej. Hauv peb pawg hu nkauj. cov qhab nia thiab tom qab eras (16-17 centuries), lub alto ib feem tau muab tso rau tenors.

2) Koom nrog pawg hu nkauj lossis wok. ensemble, ua los ntawm cov menyuam yaus lub suab qis lossis cov poj niam qis (mezzo-soprano, contralto). Los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th nyob rau hauv opera choirs. cov qhab nia hauv Ltalis, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv Fab Kis (Grand Opera, Opera Lyric), ib feem ntawm cov poj niam qis. lub suab hu ua mezzo-soprano, lossis nruab nrab soprano. Txij thaum ntawd los, ob tog hauv homogeneous poj niam. choirs pib dais lub npe. poj niam lub suab: soprano, mezzo-soprano, contralto. Hauv wok.-symp. Kev sib xyaw ua ke (nrog rau kev zam ntawm Berlioz's Requiem, Rossini's Stabat mater, thiab lwm yam) thiab hauv cov nkauj hu nkauj cappella, lub npe qub, viola, tau khaws cia.

3) Nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm nws. hom lus lub npe contralto.

4) Cov menyuam yaus lub suab qis. Thaum xub thawj, lub suab ntawm cov tub uas hu ib feem ntawm A. nyob rau hauv lub hu nkauj hu ua li ntawd, tom qab ntawd - ib tug tsawg tus me nyuam lub suab hu nkauj (ob leeg tub thiab ntxhais), nws ntau - (g) a – es2 (e2).

5) Bowed instrument (Italian viola, French alto, German Bratsche) ntawm tsev neeg violin, uas nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub violin thiab cello. Los ntawm qhov loj ntawm ob peb loj dua ib tug nkauj laus ncas (lub cev ntev li ntawm 410 hli; ancient craftsmen ua violas mus txog 460-470 hli ntev; nyob rau hauv 19 B. cov nkauj laus ncas me me tau dav - 380-390 mm ntev; nyob rau hauv sib piv rau qhov txaus siab rau. lawv los ntawm G. Ritter thiab tom qab ntawd L. Tertis tau tsim cov qauv loj dua, tseem tsis tau ncav cuag qhov loj ntawm classic A.). Tsim A. thib tsib hauv qab lub violin (c, g, d1, a1); A.'s ib feem yog ioted nyob rau hauv lub alto thiab treble clefs. Nws ntseeg tau hais tias lub violin yog qhov cuab yeej ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm pab pawg neeg nkauj laus ncas (tsim nyob rau hauv lig 15th thiab thaum ntxov 16th centuries). Lub suab ntawm A. txawv ntawm lub violin ib tug nyob rau hauv nws qhov ntom, contralto suab nyob rau hauv qis register thiab ib tug me ntsis nasal "oboe" timbre nyob rau hauv lub Upper ib. Ua ntawm A. ceev technical. cov kab lus nyuaj dua li ntawm lub violin. A. yog siv rau hauv kam. instr. ensembles (invariably ib feem ntawm lub hneev quartet), symphony. orchestras, tsawg zaus raws li ib tug solo conc. cuab tam. Conc. plays rau A. pib tshwm sim thaum ntxov li 18th caug xyoo. (conc. symphony rau violin thiab viola nrog orchestra los ntawm WA Mozart, concertos los ntawm J. Stamitz ntawm cov kwv tij K. thiab A. Stamitz, GF Telemann, JS Bach, JKF Bach, M Haydn, A. Rolls, variations rau violin thiab viola los ntawm IE Khandoshkin thiab lwm tus). Sonata rau A. sau MI Glinka. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th concertos thiab sonatas rau A. tau tsim los ntawm B. Bartok, P. Hindemith, W. Walton, S. Forsythe, A. Bax, A. Bliss, D. Milhaud, A. Honegger, BN Kryukov, BI Zeidman , RS Bunin thiab lwm tus; muaj conc. ua si rau A. thiab lwm yam. Cov neeg violists: K. Uran (Fabkis), O. Nedbal (Czech koom pheej), P. Hindemith (Lub Tebchaws Yelemees), L. Tertis (England), W. Primrose (USA), VR Bakaleinikov (Russia), VV Borisovsky (USSR) . Qee tus kws ntaus nkauj nrov tshaj plaws qee zaum ua yeeb yaj kiab - N. Paganini, los ntawm owls. Violinists - DF Oistrakh.

6) Alto ntau yam ntawm qee cov orcs. Cua twj - flugelhorns (A., los yog altohorn) thiab saxhorns, clarinet (basset horn), oboe (alto oboe, los yog lus Askiv horn), trombone (alto trombone).

7) Alto ntau yam ntawm domra.

References: Struve BA, Tus txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim viols thiab violins, M., 1959; Grinberg MM, Lavxias teb sab viola ntaub ntawv, M., 1967; Straeten E. van der, The viola, “The Strad”, XXIII, 1912; Clarke R., keeb kwm ntawm viola hauv Quartet sau, “ML”, IV, 1923, Tsis muaj 1; Altmann W., Borislowsky W., Literaturverzeichnis für Bratsche und Viola d'amore, Wolfenbüttel, 1937; Thors B. thiab Shore B., The viola, L., 1946; Zeyringer Fr., Literatur für Viola, Kassel, 1963, Ergänzungsband, 1965, Kassel, 1966.

IG Litsvenko, L. Ya. Raaben