Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin |

Alexander Borodin

Borodin lub suab paj nruag… zoo siab rau qhov kev xav ntawm lub zog, muaj zog, lub teeb; nws muaj lub zog ua pa, muaj peev xwm, dav, qhov chaw; nws muaj kev sib haum xeeb ntawm kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub neej, kev xyiv fab los ntawm kev nco qab uas koj nyob. B. Asafiev

A. Borodin yog ib tug ntawm cov neeg sawv cev zoo kawg nkaus ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMXth: tus kws sau ntawv ci ntsa iab, tus kws tshaj lij, tus kws tshaj lij, tus kws qhia ntawv, tus thawj coj, tus neeg thuam suab paj nruag, nws kuj tau qhia txog kev sau ntawv zoo heev. txuj ci. Txawm li cas los xij, Borodin nkag mus rau keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb kab lis kev cai feem ntau ua tus sau. Nws tsis tau tsim ntau yam haujlwm, tab sis lawv txawv ntawm qhov tob thiab nplua nuj ntawm cov ntsiab lus, ntau hom, classical kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog txuam nrog Lavxias teb sab epic, nrog rau zaj dab neeg ntawm lub heroic deeds ntawm cov neeg. Borodin kuj muaj nplooj siab siab ntsws, lub siab dawb paug, kev tso dag thiab kev lom zem tsis yog neeg txawv teb chaws rau nws. Tus kws sau nkauj lub suab paj nruag yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov dav ntawm cov lus piav qhia, melodiousness (Borodin muaj peev xwm los sau cov nkauj pej xeem), muaj yeeb yuj sib haum xeeb, thiab muaj kev xav zoo siab. Txuas ntxiv cov kev lig kev cai ntawm M Glinka, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nws opera "Ruslan thiab Lyudmila", Borodin tsim lub Lavxias teb sab epic symphony, thiab kuj pom zoo rau hom Lavxias teb sab epic opera.

Borodin yug los ntawm kev sib yuav tsis raug cai ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv L. Gedianov thiab Lavxias bourgeois A. Antonova. Nws tau txais nws lub xeem lub npe thiab patronymic los ntawm lub tshav puam tus txiv neej Gedianov - Porfiry Ivanovich Borodin, uas nws tus tub tau raug kaw.

Ua tsaug rau lub siab thiab lub zog ntawm nws niam, tus me nyuam tub tau txais kev kawm zoo hauv tsev thiab twb nyob rau hauv thaum yau nws tau qhia ntau yam peev xwm. Nws cov suab paj nruag tshwj xeeb yog ntxim nyiam. Nws kawm ua suab paj nruag, piano, cello, mloog nrog kev txaus siab rau symphonic tej hauj lwm, nws tus kheej kawm classical suab paj nruag ntaub ntawv, nws replayed tag nrho cov symphonies ntawm L. Beethoven, I. Haydn, F. Mendelssohn nrog nws tus phooj ywg Misha Shchiglev. Nws kuj tau qhia txog kev txawj sau ntawv thaum ntxov. Nws thawj qhov kev sim yog polka "Helene" rau piano, Flute Concerto, Trio rau ob lub violins thiab cello ntawm cov ntsiab lus los ntawm opera "Robert Devil" los ntawm J. Meyerbeer (4). Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, Borodin tsim ib tug mob siab rau rau chemistry. Qhia V. Stasov txog nws txoj kev phooj ywg nrog Sasha Borodin, M. Shchiglev nco qab tias "tsis yog nws chav tsev xwb, tab sis yuav luag tag nrho cov chav tsev tau ntim nrog jars, retorts thiab txhua yam tshuaj lom neeg. Txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub qhov rais sawv rhawv zeb nrog ntau yam kev daws teeb meem crystalline. Cov txheeb ze tau sau tseg tias txij li thaum yau, Sasha ib txwm tsis khoom nrog ib yam dab tsi.

Xyoo 1850, Borodin tau ua tiav qhov kev xeem rau Medico-Surgical (txij li xyoo 1881 Tub Rog Kev Kho Mob) Academy hauv St. Petersburg thiab tau mob siab rau nws tus kheej rau tshuaj, natural science, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog chemistry. Kev sib txuas lus nrog tus kws paub zoo tshaj plaws Lavxias teb sab N. Zinin, uas tau qhia qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv chemistry ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, tau ua ib tus neeg siv cov chav kawm hauv chav kuaj thiab pom nws tus neeg ua tiav hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas txawj ntse, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tsim ntawm Borodin tus cwj pwm. Sasha kuj nyiam cov ntaub ntawv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyiam tej hauj lwm ntawm A. Pushkin, M. Lermontov, N. Gogol, tej hauj lwm ntawm V. Belinsky, nyeem philosophical cov lus nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv Magazine. Lub sijhawm dawb los ntawm kev kawm tau mob siab rau kev ntaus suab paj nruag. Borodin feem ntau tuaj koom lub rooj sib tham suab paj nruag, qhov twg romances los ntawm A. Guriev, A. Varlamov, K. Vilboa, Lavxias teb sab pej xeem nkauj, arias los ntawm ces fashionable Italian operas tau ua; Nws tas li mus xyuas lub quartet yav tsaus ntuj nrog cov neeg nyiam ua suab paj nruag I. Gavrushkevich, feem ntau koom nrog cov cellist hauv kev ua yeeb yam ntawm chamber instrumental music. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, nws tau paub txog tej hauj lwm ntawm Glinka. Ci ntsa iab, suab paj nruag hauv teb chaws tau ntes thiab ntxim nyiam rau tus tub hluas, thiab txij li ntawd los nws tau dhau los ua tus neeg ntseeg siab thiab ua raws li tus kws sau nkauj zoo. Txhua yam no txhawb kom nws muaj tswv yim. Borodin ua haujlwm ntau ntawm nws tus kheej kom paub tus kws sau cov txheej txheem, sau cov suab paj nruag hauv lub nroog txhua hnub kev sib hlub ("Koj nyob li cas thaum ntxov, kaj ntug"; "Mloog, hluas nkauj, rau kuv zaj nkauj"; "Tus nkauj zoo nkauj poob tawm ntawm kev hlub"), nrog rau ob peb trios rau ob tug nkauj laus ncas thiab cello (nrog rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem song "Kuv chim koj li cas"), hlua Quintet, thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv nws instrumental tej hauj lwm ntawm lub sij hawm no, lub cawv ntawm cov qauv. ntawm Western European suab paj nruag, tshwj xeeb yog Mendelssohn, tseem ceeb heev. Xyoo 1856, Borodin tau dhau nws qhov kev xeem zaum kawg nrog cov xim ya, thiab txhawm rau kom dhau qhov kev coj ua kev kho mob nws tau raug xaiv los ua tus neeg ua haujlwm rau Tsev Kho Mob Thib Ob Tub Rog; nyob rau hauv 1858 nws tau ua tiav tiv thaiv nws daim ntawv pov thawj rau qib kws kho mob ntawm cov tshuaj, thiab ib xyoos tom qab ntawd nws raug xa mus rau txawv teb chaws los ntawm kev kawm rau kev txhim kho kev tshawb fawb.

Borodin tau nyob hauv Heidelberg, qhov twg los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd muaj ntau tus tub ntxhais hluas Lavxias tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm ntau yam tshwj xeeb tau sib sau ua ke, cov uas yog D. Mendeleev, I. Sechenov, E. Junge, A. Maikov, S. Eshevsky thiab lwm tus, uas tau los ua Borodin cov phooj ywg thiab ua. mus txog qhov hu ua "Heidelberg Circle. Kev sib sau ua ke, lawv tau sib tham tsis yog cov teeb meem kev tshawb fawb nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj tseem muaj teeb meem ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lub neej, xov xwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab kos duab; Kolokol thiab Sovremennik tau nyeem ntawm no, cov tswv yim ntawm A. Herzen, N. Chernyshevsky, V. Belinsky, N. Dobrolyubov tau hnov ​​​​ntawm no.

Borodin koom nrog hauv kev tshawb fawb. Thaum lub sij hawm 3 xyoos ntawm nws nyob txawv teb chaws, nws ua 8 thawj tshuaj ua hauj lwm, uas ua rau nws muaj koob meej. Nws siv txhua lub sijhawm mus ncig teb chaws Europe. Tus kws tshawb fawb hluas tau paub txog lub neej thiab kab lis kev cai ntawm cov neeg ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees, Ltalis, Fabkis thiab Switzerland. Tab sis suab paj nruag yeej ib txwm nrog nws. Nws tseem nyiam ua suab paj nruag hauv tsev thiab tsis nco lub sijhawm los mus koom kev sib tw suab paj nruag, ua yeeb yam hauv tsev, yog li tau paub txog ntau yam haujlwm los ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam Western European niaj hnub - KM Weber, R. Wagner, F. Liszt, G. Berlioz . Nyob rau hauv 1861, nyob rau hauv Heidelberg, Borodin tau ntsib nws yav tom ntej tus poj niam, E. Protopopova, txawj pianist thiab connoisseur ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem nkauj, uas mob siab rau txhawb lub suab paj nruag ntawm F. Chopin thiab R. Schumann. Tshiab suab paj nruag impressions txhawb Borodin lub creativity, pab nws paub nws tus kheej raws li ib tug Lavxias teb sab composer. Nws pheej tshawb nrhiav nws tus kheej txoj hauv kev, nws cov duab thiab cov suab paj nruag qhia tau hais tias nyob rau hauv suab paj nruag, composing chamber-instrumental ensembles. Hauv qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv - piano Quintet hauv C minor (1862) - ib tus tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​ob lub hwj chim thiab melodiousness, thiab lub teb chaws ci xim. Cov hauj lwm no, raws li nws tau, suav txog yav dhau los kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Borodin.

Nyob rau lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm 1862 nws rov qab mus rau Russia, raug xaiv los ua ib tug xib fwb ntawm Medico-Surgical Academy, qhov uas nws tau qhuab qhia thiab ua cov chav kawm nrog cov tub ntxhais kawm mus txog thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej; los ntawm 1863 nws kuj tau qhia rau qee lub sijhawm ntawm Forest Academy. Nws kuj tau pib tshawb fawb tshuaj lom neeg tshiab.

Tsis ntev tom qab nws rov qab los rau nws lub tebchaws, hauv tsev ntawm tus kws tshaj lij kev kawm S. Botkin, Borodin ntsib M. Balakirev, uas, nrog rau nws tus cwj pwm kev pom, tam sim ntawd txaus siab rau Borodin cov txuj ci sau thiab hais rau tus kws tshawb fawb hluas tias suab paj nruag yog nws txoj haujlwm tiag tiag. Borodin yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub voj voog, uas, ntxiv rau Balakirev, suav nrog C. Cui, M. Mussorgsky, N. Rimsky-Korsakov thiab kos duab thuam V. Stasov. Yog li ntawd, kev tsim lub zej zog muaj tswv yim ntawm Lavxias teb sab composers, paub nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv lub npe "Lub Mighty Handful", tau ua tiav. Raws li kev coj ntawm Balakirev, Borodin pib tsim thawj Symphony. Ua tiav xyoo 1867, nws tau ua tiav thaum Lub Ib Hlis 4, 1869 ntawm RMS kev hais kwv txhiaj hauv St. Petersburg ua los ntawm Balakirev. Hauv kev ua haujlwm no, cov duab muaj tswv yim ntawm Borodin thaum kawg tau txiav txim siab - lub siab tawv, lub zog, kev sib haum xeeb ntawm daim ntawv, ci ntsa iab, tshiab ntawm suab paj nruag, nplua nuj xim, originality ntawm cov duab. Cov tsos ntawm no symphony cim qhov pib ntawm lub composer lub tswv yim kom loj hlob thiab yug los ntawm ib tug tshiab qauv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab symphonic music.

Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub 60s. Borodin tsim ib tug xov tooj ntawm romances sib txawv heev nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus thiab qhov xwm ntawm lub suab paj nruas embodiment - "Tus Pw tsaug zog ntxhais fuabtais", "Song of the Dark Forest", "Hiav txwv Princess", "False Note", "Kuv zaj nkauj muaj puv. Poison", "Hiav txwv". Lawv feem ntau yog sau rau hauv lawv tus kheej cov ntawv.

Thaum kawg ntawm 60s. Borodin pib sau qhov thib ob Symphony thiab Opera Prince Igor. Stasov muab Borodin ib tug zoo monument ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv, zaj dab neeg ntawm Igor lub phiaj los nqis tes, raws li lub zajlus ntawm lub opera. “Kuv nyiam zaj dab neeg no tiag. Nws puas tsuas yog nyob hauv peb lub zog? .. "Kuv mam sim," Borodin teb Stasov. Lub tswv yim patriotic ntawm Lay thiab nws cov dab neeg yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob ze rau Borodin. Cov zajlus ntawm lub opera zoo kawg nkaus matched lub peculiarities ntawm nws txuj ci, nws penchant rau broad generalizations, epic dluab thiab nws txaus siab rau sab hnub tuaj. Lub opera tau tsim los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tiag tiag, thiab nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau Borodin kom ua tiav cov kev tsim cov cim tseeb. Nws kawm ntau qhov chaw ntsig txog "Lo Lus" thiab lub sijhawm ntawd. Cov no yog cov ntawv keeb kwm, thiab keeb kwm keeb kwm, kev tshawb fawb txog "Lo lus", cov nkauj Lavxias teb sab, suab paj nruag oriental. Borodin sau libretto rau opera nws tus kheej.

Txawm li cas los xij, kev sau ntawv tau qeeb qeeb. Lub ntsiab yog vim li cas yog kev ua hauj lwm ntawm scientific, pedagogical thiab social activities. Nws yog ib tug ntawm cov thawj coj thiab founders ntawm Lavxias teb sab Chemical Society, ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Society of Lavxias teb sab kws kho mob, nyob rau hauv lub Society for the Protection of Public Health, coj ib feem nyob rau hauv luam tawm cov magazine "Knowledge", yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm lub RMO, koom nrog hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm St. Medical-Surgical Academy cov tub ntxhais kawm hu nkauj thiab suab paj nruag.

Xyoo 1872, Cov Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab Cov Poj Niam Kev Kho Mob tau qhib hauv St. Borodin yog ib tug ntawm cov koom haum thiab cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab no rau cov poj niam, nws tau muab sijhawm rau nws ntau thiab siv zog. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Second Symphony tsuas yog ua tiav nyob rau hauv 1876. Lub symphony tau tsim nyob rau hauv parallel nrog lub opera "Prince Igor" thiab yog heev ze rau nws nyob rau hauv ideological ntsiab lus, qhov xwm ntawm cov suab paj nruas dluab. Nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub symphony, Borodin ua tiav cov yeeb yuj ci, concreteness ntawm suab paj nruas dluab. Raws li Stasov, nws xav kos ib phau ntawm Lavxias teb sab heroes thaum 1 teev sawv ntxov, nyob rau hauv Andante (3 teev) - daim duab ntawm Bayan, nyob rau hauv lub kawg - lub scene ntawm lub heroic tsiab peb caug. Lub npe "Bogatyrskaya", muab rau lub symphony los ntawm Stasov, tau ruaj khov nyob rau hauv nws. Lub symphony tau ua thawj zaug ntawm RMS kev hais kwv txhiaj hauv St. Petersburg thaum Lub Ob Hlis 26, 1877, ua los ntawm E. Napravnik.

Nyob rau hauv lub lig 70s - thaum ntxov 80s. Borodin tsim 2 hlua quartets, ua, nrog rau P. Tchaikovsky, tus tsim ntawm Lavxias teb sab classical chamber instrumental suab paj nruag. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrov yog Thib Ob Quartet, uas nws cov suab paj nruag nrog lub zog loj thiab kev mob siab rau muab lub ntiaj teb nplua nuj ntawm kev xav, nthuav tawm lub suab nkauj ntawm Borodin lub peev xwm.

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev txhawj xeeb tseem ceeb yog opera. Txawm hais tias nws tsis khoom nrog txhua yam haujlwm thiab ua raws li cov tswv yim ntawm lwm cov ntawv sau, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Igor tau nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm tus kws sau paj huam nyiam. Thaum lub sij hawm 70s. ib tug xov tooj ntawm lub hauv paus scenes tau tsim, ib co ntawm cov uas tau ua nyob rau hauv concerts ntawm lub Free Music School ua los ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov thiab pom ib tug sov so lus teb los ntawm cov neeg tuaj saib. Kev ua yeeb yam ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm Polovtsian seev cev nrog cov nkauj hu nkauj, hu nkauj ("Glory", thiab lwm yam), nrog rau cov lej solo (ntu ntawm Vladimir Galitsky, Vladimir Igorevich's cavatina, Konchak's aria, Yaroslavna's Lament) ua rau muaj kev zoo siab. Ntau yam tau ua tiav thaum xyoo 70s thiab thaum ntxov 80s. Cov phooj ywg tau tos ntsoov rau qhov ua tiav ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm opera thiab ua lawv qhov zoo tshaj plaws los pab rau qhov no.

Thaum ntxov 80s. Borodin tau sau cov qhab nia symphonic "Nyob rau hauv Central Asia", ob peb tus lej tshiab rau kev ua yeeb yam thiab ntau qhov kev sib hlub, ntawm cov elegy ntawm Art. A. Pushkin "Rau shores ntawm lub tebchaws nyob deb." Nyob rau hauv lub xeem xyoo ntawm nws lub neej, nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub thib peb Symphony (hmoov, tsis tiav), sau Petite Suite thiab Scherzo rau piano, thiab tseem mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub opera.

Kev hloov pauv hauv kev sib raug zoo-kev coj noj coj ua hauv tebchaws Russia hauv 80s. - qhov pib ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hnyav tshaj plaws, kev tsim txom ntawm cov kab lis kev cai siab heev, kev ua tsis ncaj ncees ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis ncaj ncees, kev kaw cov poj niam cov kev kawm kho mob - tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau tus neeg sau. Nws tau dhau los ua nyuaj dua los tawm tsam cov neeg tawm tsam hauv kev kawm, kev ua haujlwm tau nce ntxiv, thiab kev noj qab haus huv pib poob. Borodin thiab kev tuag ntawm cov neeg nyob ze rau nws, Zinin, Mussorgsky, ntsib ib tug nyuaj lub sij hawm. Tib lub sijhawm, kev sib txuas lus nrog cov tub ntxhais hluas - cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov npoj yaig - ua rau nws muaj kev xyiv fab heev; Lub voj voog ntawm cov neeg paub suab paj nruag kuj nthuav dav: nws txaus siab tuaj koom "Belyaev Fridays", tau paub A. Glazunov, A. Lyadov thiab lwm tus tub ntxhais hluas ntaus suab paj nruag. Nws zoo siab heev los ntawm nws cov rooj sib tham nrog F. Liszt (1877, 1881, 1885), uas tau qhuas Borodin txoj haujlwm thiab txhawb nqa nws tej hauj lwm.

Los ntawm qhov pib ntawm 80s. Lub koob meej ntawm Borodin tus composer yog loj hlob. Nws tej hauj lwm tau ua ntau thiab ntau zaus thiab raug lees paub tsis yog nyob rau hauv Russia, tab sis kuj txawv teb chaws: nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, Austria, Fabkis, Norway, thiab America. Nws tej hauj lwm tau muaj kev vam meej hauv Belgium (1885, 1886). Nws tau dhau los ua ib tus kws sau ntawv Lavxias nrov tshaj plaws thiab nrov tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe thaum xyoo pua XNUMXth thiab thaum ntxov xyoo pua.

Tam sim ntawd tom qab Borodin tuag tam sim ntawd, Rimsky-Korsakov thiab Glazunov txiav txim siab los npaj nws cov hauj lwm tsis tiav rau kev tshaj tawm. Lawv ua tiav cov hauj lwm ntawm lub opera: Glazunov recreated lub overture los ntawm lub cim xeeb (raws li npaj los ntawm Borodin) thiab tsim cov suab paj nruag rau Act III raws li tus sau sketches, Rimsky-Korsakov instrumented feem ntau ntawm cov opera tus xov tooj. Lub Kaum Hli 23, 1890 Tub Vaj Ntxwv Igor tau tshwm sim ntawm Mariinsky Theatre. Qhov kev ua yeeb yam tau txais tos txais los ntawm cov neeg tuaj saib. "Opera Igor yog nyob rau hauv ntau txoj hauv kev yog ib tug muam tiag tiag ntawm Glinka lub opera zoo Ruslan," sau Stasov. - "Nws muaj tib lub hwj chim ntawm epic paj huam, tib lub grandiosity ntawm pej xeem scenes thiab paintings, tib amazing painting ntawm cov cim thiab tus cwj pwm, tib colossality ntawm tag nrho cov tsos thiab, thaum kawg, xws li pej xeem comedy (Skula thiab Eroshka) uas surpasses. Txawm tias Farlaf's comedy. "

Borodin txoj hauj lwm muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau ntau tiam neeg ntawm Lavxias teb sab thiab txawv teb chaws composers (xws li Glazunov, Lyadov, S. Prokofiev, Yu. Shaporin, K. Debussy, M. Ravel, thiab lwm yam). Nws yog kev txaus siab ntawm Lavxias teb sab classical suab paj nruag.

A. Kuznetsova

• Lub neej ntawm Borodin lub suab paj nruag →