Nikolai Pavlovich Diletsky (Nikolai Diletsky) |
Nikolai Diletsky
Muaj Musikia, txawm tias nws lub suab nws ua rau tib neeg lub siab nyiam, ovo rau kev xyiv fab, ovo rau kev tu siab lossis tsis meej pem ... N. Diletsky
Lub npe ntawm N. Diletsky yog txuam nrog kev sib sib zog nqus rov ua dua tshiab ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag hauv tsev nyob rau xyoo pua XNUMX, thaum lub suab nrov znamenny chant tau hloov los ntawm qhov qhib siab lub suab ntawm choral polyphony. Ntau pua xyoo kev lig kev cai ntawm kev hu nkauj monophonic tau muab txoj hauv kev rau kev mob siab rau kev sib haum xeeb ntawm pawg hu nkauj. Kev faib cov suab rau ob tog tau muab lub npe rau cov qauv tshiab - cov nkauj hu nkauj. Thawj daim duab tseem ceeb ntawm cov masters ntawm kev sau ntawv yog Nikolai Diletsky, tus kws sau nkauj, kws tshawb fawb, kws qhia suab paj nruag, tus thawj coj hu nkauj (tus coj). Nyob rau hauv nws txoj hmoo, nyob kev sib raug zoo ntawm Lavxias teb sab, Ukrainian thiab Polish kab lis kev cai twb paub, uas txhawb kev vam meej ntawm lub partes style.
Ib haiv neeg ntawm Kyiv, Diletsky tau kawm ntawm Vilna Jesuit Academy (tam sim no Vilnius). Obviously, nyob ntawd nws kawm tiav los ntawm humanities department ua ntej 1675, txij li thaum nws tau sau txog nws tus kheej: "Sciences of the free students." Tom qab ntawd, Diletsky ua hauj lwm ntev nyob rau hauv Russia - nyob rau hauv Moscow, Smolensk (1677-78), ces dua nyob rau hauv Moscow. Raws li qee cov lus ceeb toom, tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag tau ua tus thawj coj hu nkauj rau "cov neeg tseem ceeb" ntawm Stroganovs, uas tau nto moo rau lawv cov nkauj hu nkauj ntawm "cov neeg hu nkauj nrov." Ib tug txiv neej ntawm kev vam meej, Diletsky tau koom nrog lub voj voog ntawm cov neeg nto moo ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. Ntawm nws cov neeg zoo li lub siab nyiam yog tus sau cov lus qhuab qhia "Ntawm Vajtswv Hu Nkauj Raws Li Kev Txiav Txim ntawm Kev Sib Tw Suab Nkauj" I. Korenev, uas tau lees paub qhov zoo nkauj ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas style, tus kws sau nkauj V. Titov, tus tsim ntawm ci ntsa iab thiab sab ntsuj plig. choral canvases, cov kws sau ntawv Simeon Polotsky thiab S. Medvedev.
Txawm hais tias muaj cov ntaub ntawv me me txog lub neej ntawm Diletsky, nws cov suab paj nruag thiab cov haujlwm tshawb fawb tau tsim kho cov tsos ntawm tus tswv. Nws txoj kev ntseeg yog qhov kev lees paub ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab, kev paub txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus kws ntaus nkauj: "Muaj ntau tus kws sau nkauj uas tsis paub txog cov cai, siv cov kev xav yooj yim, tab sis qhov no tsis tuaj yeem ua tau zoo tag nrho, ib yam li thaum muaj tus uas tau kawm rhetoric los yog ethics sau paj huam ... thiab tus composer uas tsim tsis tau kawm cov cai ntawm suab paj nruag. Tus uas taug txoj kev, tsis paub txoj kev, thaum ob txoj kev sib ntsib, tsis ntseeg tias qhov no yog nws txoj kev los yog lwm qhov, tib yam nrog tus kws sau ntawv uas tsis tau kawm txog txoj cai.
Thawj thawj zaug hauv keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag, tus tswv ntawm cov ntawv sau cia tsis yog tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws kev lig kev cai, tab sis kuj rau cov kev paub ntawm Western European musicians, thiab cov neeg tawm tswv yim rau nthuav nws cov kos duab qab ntug: "Tam sim no kuv tab tom pib sau ntawv ... raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau tus kws txawj ua yeeb yam, tus tsim kev hu nkauj ntawm lub Koom Txoos Orthodox thiab Roman, thiab ntau phau ntawv Latin ntawm suab paj nruag. Yog li, Diletsky nrhiav kev txhawb nqa rau tiam tshiab ntawm cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag muaj kev nkag siab ntawm kev koom nrog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm European suab paj nruag. Siv ntau qhov kev ua tiav ntawm Western European kab lis kev cai, tus kws sau nkauj tseem muaj tseeb rau Lavxias kev lig kev cai ntawm kev txhais cov nkauj hu nkauj: tag nrho nws cov nkauj tau sau rau pawg hu nkauj cappella, uas yog ib qho tshwm sim hauv Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov suab hauv Diletsky tej hauj lwm yog me me: los ntawm plaub mus rau yim. Ib qho kev sib xyaw zoo sib xws yog siv hauv ntau qhov sib xyaw, nws yog raws li kev faib cov suab rau hauv 4 ntu: treble, alto, tenor thiab bass, thiab tsuas yog txiv neej thiab menyuam lub suab koom hauv pawg hu nkauj. Txawm hais tias muaj kev txwv li no, lub suab palette ntawm cov suab paj nruag feem ntau muaj ntau xim thiab muaj suab nrov, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv choir concertos. Cov nyhuv ntawm fascination yog ua tiav nyob rau hauv lawv vim qhov sib txawv - qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm lub zog replicas ntawm tag nrho cov choir thiab pob tshab pawg ntu ntu, chord thiab polyphonic nthuav qhia, txawm thiab khib qhov ntau thiab tsawg, kev hloov ntawm tonal thiab modal xim. Diletsky txawj siv lub arsenal no los tsim cov hauj lwm loj, cim los ntawm kev xav txog suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam thiab kev sib koom ua ke.
Ntawm cov hauj lwm ntawm lub composer, lub monumental thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm kuj ceeb tias kev sib haum xeeb "Kev Sawv Rov Los" canon stands. Qhov kev ua haujlwm ntau yam no yog permeated nrog festivity, lyrical sincerity, thiab nyob rau hauv tej qhov chaw - kis tau kev lom zem. Lub suab paj nruag yog sau nrog melodic song, kanta thiab pej xeem-instrumental lem. Nrog kev pab los ntawm ntau modal, timbre thiab melodic echoes ntawm qhov chaw, Diletsky ua tiav ib qho amazing kev ncaj ncees ntawm ib tug loj choral canvas. Ntawm lwm yam haujlwm ntawm tus kws ntaus nkauj, ntau lub voj voog ntawm kev pabcuam (liturgies) tau paub niaj hnub no, kev hais kwv txhiaj "Koj tau nkag mus rau hauv pawg ntseeg", "Zoo li koj daim duab", "Los ntawm cov neeg", nqe vaj lug kub "Tau txais Khetos lub cev" , “Cherubim”, ib tug comic chant “Kuv lub npe muaj breathlessness. Tej zaum kev tshawb fawb archival yuav nthuav peb txoj kev nkag siab ntawm Diletsky txoj hauj lwm, tab sis nws twb paub meej tias hnub no nws yog ib tug loj suab paj nruag thiab pej xeem daim duab thiab ib tug zoo tswv ntawm choral suab paj nruag, nyob rau hauv uas nws ua hauj lwm lub partes style tau mus txog kev loj hlob.
Diletsky txoj kev mob siab rau yav tom ntej yog xav tsis yog hauv nws cov kev tshawb fawb suab paj nruag, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv nws cov kev kawm. Nws qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev tsim cov haujlwm tseem ceeb "Musician Idea Grammar" ("Musician Grammar"), uas tus tswv tau ua haujlwm ntau yam nyob rau hauv ib nrab xyoo 1670s. Kev paub ntau yam ntawm cov tshuab raj, kev paub ntawm ntau hom lus, kev paub txog ntau yam ntawm cov suab paj nruag hauv tsev thiab Western European tau tso cai rau Diletsky los tsim kev kho mob uas tsis muaj qhov sib piv hauv kev tshawb fawb hauv tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Rau ib ntev lub sij hawm no ua hauj lwm yog ib tug indispensable sau ntawm ntau yam theoretical cov ntaub ntawv thiab tswv yim tswv yim rau ntau tiam neeg ntawm Lavxias teb sab composers. Los ntawm cov nplooj ntawv ntawm cov ntawv sau qub, nws tus kws sau ntawv zoo li tau saib peb mus txog ntau pua xyoo, txog tus neeg tseem ceeb medievalist V. Metalov sau tau nkag siab: nws txoj kev hlub tiag tiag rau nws txoj haujlwm thiab kev hlub ntawm leej txiv uas tus kws sau ntawv ntxias cov neeg nyeem kom delve. tob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov teeb meem thiab ncaj ncees, dawb ceev txuas ntxiv no txoj kev zoo.
N. Zabolotnaya
