Lyubomir Pipkov |

Lyubomir Pipkov

L. Pipkov yog "tus kws sau nkauj uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam" (D. Shostakovich), tus thawj coj ntawm Bulgarian lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cov kws sau ntawv, uas tau mus txog qib ntawm niaj hnub European kev tshaj lij thiab tau txais kev lees paub thoob ntiaj teb. Pipkov loj hlob ntawm kev ywj pheej kev txawj ntse, nyob rau hauv tsev neeg ntawm ib tug tshuab raj. Nws txiv Panayot Pipkov yog ib tug ntawm cov pioneers ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag Bulgarian, ib tug songwriter uas tau dav nyob rau hauv lub revolutionary voj voog. Los ntawm nws txiv, tus kws ntaus nkauj yav tom ntej tau txais nws lub txiaj ntsim thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm pej xeem - thaum muaj hnub nyoog 20 xyoo nws tau koom nrog kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam, koom nrog kev ua ub no ntawm pawg ntseeg hauv av, ua rau nws muaj kev ywj pheej, thiab qee zaum nws lub neej.

Hauv nruab nrab ntawm 20s. Pipkov yog ib tug menyuam kawm ntawv ntawm State Musical Academy hauv Sofia. Nws ua tus ntaus piano, thiab nws qhov kev sim ua thawj zaug kuj yog nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm kev muaj tswv yim piano. Ib tug tub hluas uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tau txais nyiaj pab kawm ntawv hauv Paris - ntawm no xyoo 1926-32. Nws kawm ntawm Ecole Normale nrog tus kws sau nkauj Paul Duc thiab nrog tus kws qhia Nadia Boulanger. Pipkov sai sai hlob mus rau hauv ib tug loj artist, raws li muaj pov thawj los ntawm nws thawj paub tab opuses: Concerto rau cua, Percussion thiab Piano (1931), String Quartet (1928, feem ntau nws yog thawj Bulgarian quartet), kev npaj ntawm pej xeem nkauj. Tab sis qhov kev ua tiav tseem ceeb ntawm cov xyoo no yog qhov ua yeeb yaj kiab The Nine Brothers of Yana, pib xyoo 1929 thiab ua tiav tom qab rov qab mus rau nws lub tebchaws xyoo 1932. Pipkov tsim thawj classical Bulgarian opera, lees paub los ntawm cov keeb kwm suab paj nruag ua haujlwm zoo, uas ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv. taw tes nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub Bulgarian suab paj nruas ua yeeb yam. Nyob rau hauv cov hnub, tus composer yuav embody lub acutely niaj hnub kev sib raug zoo lub tswv yim tsuas allegorically, nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm pej xeem legends, xa mus rau qhov kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv lub XIV caug xyoo. Raws li cov lus dab neeg thiab cov khoom siv poetic, lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm qhov zoo thiab qhov phem tau tshwm sim, embodied feem ntau nyob rau hauv kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm ob tug kwv tij - lub siab phem khib Georgy Groznik thiab tus txawj ntse artist Angel, uas tau rhuav tshem los ntawm nws, kaj lug. plig. Kev ua yeeb yam ntawm tus kheej txhim kho mus rau hauv lub teb chaws kev txom nyem, rau nws nthuav tawm hauv qhov tob ntawm cov neeg coob coob, raug kev txom nyem los ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws, los ntawm tus kab mob plague uas tau tshwm sim hauv lub tebchaws ... nco txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm nws hnub. Lub opera tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub footsteps tshiab ntawm lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj tawm tsam kev tawm tsam ntawm 1923 uas ua rau tag nrho lub teb chaws thiab raug tua los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm - yog lub sijhawm uas ntau tus neeg zoo tshaj plaws hauv lub tebchaws tau tuag, thaum Bulgarian tua ib tug Bulgarian. Nws topicality tau to taub tam sim ntawd tom qab lub premiere nyob rau hauv 1937 - ces official critics liam Pipkov ntawm "communist propaganda", lawv sau hais tias lub opera tau pom raws li ib tug tawm tsam "tawm tsam niaj hnub no lub social system", uas yog, tawm tsam lub monarchical fascist tsoom fwv. Ntau xyoo tom qab ntawd, tus kws sau ntawv lees paub tias qhov no yog qhov xwm txheej, uas nws tau nrhiav hauv opera "kom nthuav tawm qhov tseeb ntawm lub neej uas muaj kev txawj ntse, kev paub thiab kev ntseeg yav tom ntej, kev ntseeg uas tsim nyog los tawm tsam fascism." "Yana's Nine Brothers" yog ib zaj yeeb yaj kiab ua yeeb yaj kiab nrog cov lus hais tau zoo, tag nrho ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm kev nplua nuj, nrog rau cov neeg coob coob uas muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm scenes ntawm M. Mussorgsky's "Boris Godunov" tuaj yeem taug qab. Lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub opera, nrog rau tag nrho cov Pipkov lub creation, yog txawv los ntawm ib tug kaj lub teb chaws cim.

Ntawm cov hauj lwm uas Pipkov teb rau lub heroism thiab xwm txheej ntawm lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj tawm tsam fascist uprising yog lub cantata Lub tshoob (1935), uas nws hu ua ib tug revolutionary symphony rau hu nkauj thiab orchestra, thiab lub suab ballad The Horsemen (1929). Ob leeg sau rau ntawm Art. tus kws sau paj huam N. Furnadzhiev.

Rov qab los ntawm Paris, Pipkov suav nrog lub suab paj nruag thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm nws lub tebchaws. Nyob rau hauv 1932, ua ke nrog nws cov npoj yaig thiab cov phooj ywg P. Vladigerov, P. Staynov, V. Stoyanov thiab lwm tus, nws tau los ua ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm Modern Music Society, uas koom ua ke txhua yam kev vam meej nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab composer tsev kawm ntawv, uas twb muaj nws thawj zaug. nce siab. Pipkov kuj ua tus ntaus suab paj nruag thiab tshaj tawm. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev pab cuam tsab xov xwm "Nyob rau lub Bulgarian Musical Style", nws cam hais tias composer creativity yuav tsum txhim kho nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog kev sib raug zoo active kos duab thiab hais tias nws lub hauv paus yog fidelity rau pej xeem lub tswv yim. Social tseem ceeb yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm feem ntau ntawm tus tswv txoj hauj lwm loj. Nyob rau hauv 1940, nws tsim thawj Symphony - qhov no yog thawj lub teb chaws tiag tiag nyob rau hauv Bulgaria, suav nrog lub teb chaws classics, lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb symphony. Nws qhia txog sab ntsuj plig huab cua ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm Spanish Civil War thiab pib ntawm Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob. Lub tswv yim ntawm lub symphony yog lub teb chaws tus thawj version ntawm lub tswv yim paub zoo "los ntawm kev tawm tsam kom yeej" - embodied los ntawm Bulgarian imagery thiab style, raws li cov qauv ntawm folklore.

Pipkov thib ob opera "Momchil" (lub npe ntawm lub teb chaws hero, tus thawj coj ntawm lub haiduks) tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1939-43, ua tiav nyob rau hauv 1948. Nws qhia txog lub patriotic mus ob peb vas thiab kev ywj pheej upsurge nyob rau hauv Bulgarian haiv neeg nyob rau hauv lub lem ntawm lub 40s. Qhov no yog ib tug pej xeem suab paj nruas ua yeeb yam, nrog ib tug ci ntsa iab sau, multifaceted duab ntawm cov neeg. Ib qho chaw tseem ceeb yog nyob los ntawm tus phab ej ntawm tus phab ej, cov lus ntawm ntau hom yog siv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov suab paj nruag kiv puag ncig - ntawm no nws organically sib xyaw nrog cov neeg ua liaj ua teb qub. Lub tswv yim ntawm playwright-symphonist thiab lub teb chaws sib sib zog nqus av ntawm style, tus yam ntxwv ntawm Pipkov, yog khaws cia. Lub opera, thawj zaug pom nyob rau hauv 1948 ntawm lub Sofia Theatre, tau los ua tus thawj kos npe rau ntawm ib tug tshiab theem nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob ntawm Bulgarian suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai, theem uas tuaj tom qab lub kiv puag ncig ntawm lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj 9, 1944 thiab lub teb chaws nkag mus rau hauv txoj kev ntawm socialist txoj kev loj hlob. .

Ib tug neeg ywj pheej-tus kws sau ntawv, ib tus neeg koom siab, nrog rau kev coj noj coj ua zoo, Pipkov siv lub zog ua haujlwm. Nws yog thawj tus thawj coj ntawm Revived Sofia Opera (1944-48), thawj tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm Union of Bulgarian Composers tsim nyob rau hauv 1947 (194757). Txij li thaum xyoo 1948 nws tau ua tus xibfwb ntawm Bulgarian State Conservatory. Lub sijhawm no, lub ntsiab lus niaj hnub tau lees paub nrog lub zog tshwj xeeb hauv Pipkov txoj haujlwm. Nws yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb tshaj tawm los ntawm opera Antigone-43 (1963), uas tseem nyob rau niaj hnub no qhov zoo tshaj plaws Bulgarian opera thiab yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws operas ntawm cov kev kawm niaj hnub hauv European suab paj nruag, thiab oratorio On Our Time (1959). Ib tug neeg txawj ntse tau tsa nws lub suab ntawm no tawm tsam kev ua tsov ua rog - tsis yog tus uas tau dhau mus lawm, tab sis tus uas rov ua phem rau tib neeg. Kev nplua nuj ntawm cov ntsiab lus puas siab puas ntsws ntawm oratorio txiav txim siab lub siab tawv thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv, kev hloov pauv hloov pauv - los ntawm cov lus sib raug zoo ntawm cov ntawv los ntawm ib tug tub rog mus rau nws tus hlub mus rau daim duab siab phem ntawm kev puas tsuaj loj vim yog kev tawm tsam atomic, rau daim duab tragic ntawm cov me nyuam tuag, bloodied noog. Qee lub sij hawm lub oratorio tau txais kev ua yeeb yam ntawm lub hwj chim.

Cov tub ntxhais hluas heroine ntawm lub opera "Antigone-43" - cov tub ntxhais kawm Anna, zoo li Antigone ib zaug, nkag mus rau hauv ib tug heroic duel nrog cov tub ceev xwm. Anna-Antigone tshwm sim los ntawm kev tawm tsam tsis sib xws raws li tus yeej, txawm hais tias nws tau txais qhov kev coj ncaj ncees yeej ntawm tus nqi ntawm nws lub neej. Lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub opera yog qhov tseem ceeb rau nws qhov hnyav txwv lub zog, originality, subtlety ntawm lub hlwb kev loj hlob ntawm lub suab, nyob rau hauv uas lub ariose-declamatory style dominates. Kev ua yeeb yam yog qhov tsis sib haum xeeb, lub zog nruj ntawm lub duel scenes yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua yeeb yam suab paj nruag thiab luv luv, zoo li lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav, tense orchestral interludes, yog tawm tsam los ntawm epic choral interludes - qhov no yog, raws li nws yog, lub suab ntawm cov neeg, nrog rau nws. philosophical reflections thiab ethical ntsuam xyuas ntawm qhov tshwm sim.

Nyob rau hauv lub lig 60s - thaum ntxov 70s. Ib theem tshiab tau piav qhia nyob rau hauv Pipkov txoj haujlwm: los ntawm lub tswv yim heroic thiab tragic ntawm lub suab ntawm pej xeem, muaj ib qho kev tig mus rau lyrical-psychological, philosophical thiab ethical teeb meem, tshwj xeeb kev txawj ntse sophistication ntawm cov nkauj. Cov hauj lwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov xyoo no yog Tsib Zaj Nkauj ntawm Art. Cov kws sau paj huam txawv teb chaws (1964) rau ntses bass thaj tsam, soprano thiab chamber orchestra, Concerto rau clarinet nrog chamber orchestra thiab Third Quartet nrog timpani (1966), lyrical-meditative two-part Symphony Fourth for string orchestra (1970), choral chamber cycle at st. M. Tsvetaeva “Muffled Songs” (1972), cycles of pieces for piano. Nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm Pipkov cov hauj lwm tom qab, muaj ib qho kev hloov tshiab ntawm nws lub peev xwm nthuav tawm, ua kom nws muaj txiaj ntsig nrog qhov tseeb. Tus kws sau ntawv tau los ntev. Nyob rau txhua qhov ntawm nws qhov kev hloov pauv muaj tswv yim, nws tau daws cov haujlwm tshiab thiab cuam tshuam rau tag nrho lub tebchaws lub tsev kawm ntawv, ua txoj hauv kev rau yav tom ntej.

R. Leites

Cov khoom xyaw:

Ua yeeb yam - Lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj ntawm Yana (Yaninite tus kwv nkauj muam, 1937, Sofia pej xeem opera), Momchil (1948, ibid.), Antigone-43 (1963, ibid.); rau soloists, hu nkauj thiab orchestra - Oratorio txog peb lub sijhawm (Oratorio rau peb lub sijhawm, 1959), 3 cantatas; rau orchestra - 4 symphonies (1942, mob siab rau kev ua tsov rog hauv Spain; 1954; rau txoj hlua., 2 fp., trumpet thiab percussion; 1969, rau cov hlua), kev hloov pauv rau cov hlua. orc. ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm Albanian nkauj (1953); concerts nrog orchestra - rau fp. (1956), Skr. (1951), chav. (1969), clarinet thiab chamber orchestra. nrog percussion (1967), conc. symphony rau vlc. nrog orc. (1960); concerto rau cua, percussion thiab piano. (1931); chamber-instrumental ensembles - sonata rau Skr. thiab fp. (1929), 3 ib. quartet (1928, 1948, 1966); rau piano - Cov me nyuam yaus album (Children's album, 1936), Pastoral (1944) thiab lwm yam kev ua si, cycles (suav sau); pawg hu nkauj, suav nrog lub voj voog ntawm 4 zaj nkauj (rau poj niam hu nkauj, 1972); pawg thiab solo nkauj, suav nrog rau cov menyuam yaus; nkauj rau cov yeeb yaj kiab.