Henry Purcell (Henry Purcell) |
Henry Purcell
Purcell. Prelude (Andres Segovia)
… Los ntawm nws txoj kev ntxim nyiam, kev muaj nyob tsis ntev, tau muaj cov suab paj nruag, tshiab, los ntawm lub siab, yog ib daim iav ntshiab ntawm cov lus Askiv tus ntsuj plig. R. Rollan
"British Orpheus" hu ua H. Purcell contemporaries. Nws lub npe nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm lus Askiv kab lis kev cai sawv ntawm ib tug zoo lub npe ntawm W. Shakespeare, J. Byron, C. Dickens. Purcell txoj hauj lwm tsim nyob rau hauv lub Restoration era, nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw ntawm sab ntsuj plig uplift, thaum lub zoo kawg nkaus kab lig kev cai ntawm Renaissance kos duab rov qab mus rau lub neej (piv txwv li, lub heyday ntawm lub ua yeeb yam, uas raug tsim txom nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm Cromwell); Cov ntaub ntawv kev ywj pheej ntawm lub neej suab paj nruag tau tshwm sim - kev ua yeeb yam them nyiaj, cov koom haum kev hais kwv txhiaj secular, tshiab orchestras, chapels, thiab lwm yam. Loj hlob ntawm cov av nplua nuj ntawm cov kab lis kev cai Askiv, nqus cov suab paj nruag zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Fabkis thiab Ltalis, Purcell cov kev kos duab tseem nyob rau ntau tiam neeg ntawm nws cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig ib leeg, tsis tuaj yeem ncov.
Purcell tau yug los rau hauv tsev neeg ntawm tsev hais plaub kws ntaus suab paj nruag. Cov kev tshawb fawb suab paj nruag ntawm yav tom ntej composer pib ntawm Royal Chapel, nws txawj ua nkauj laus ncas, cev nqaij daim tawv thiab harpsichord, hu nkauj hauv pawg hu nkauj, coj cov lus qhia los ntawm P. Humphrey (prev.) thiab J. Blow; nws cov hluas sau ntawv tsis tu ncua tshwm nyob rau hauv luam. Los ntawm 1673 mus txog rau thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej, Purcell yog nyob rau hauv kev pab cuam ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Charles II. Ua ntau lub luag haujlwm (tus kws sau nkauj ntawm 24 Violins ntawm Vaj Ntxwv, ua qauv ntawm lub suab paj nruag nto moo ntawm Louis XIV, tus kws kho mob ntawm Westminster Abbey thiab Royal Chapel, tus kheej harpsichordist ntawm huab tais), Purcell tau tsim ntau xyoo no. Composer txoj haujlwm tseem yog nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb. Kev ua haujlwm hnyav tshaj plaws, kev poob hnyav (3 tus tub ntawm Purcell tuag thaum yau) ua rau lub zog ntawm tus kws sau nkauj - nws tuag thaum muaj hnub nyoog 36.
Lub tswv yim txawj ntse ntawm Purcell, uas tau tsim tej hauj lwm ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws artistic tus nqi nyob rau hauv ntau yam hom, tau pom meej meej tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm theatre suab paj nruag. Tus kws sau nkauj tau sau nkauj rau 50 theatrical productions. Qhov kev nthuav dav tshaj plaws ntawm nws txoj haujlwm yog inextricably txuas nrog cov kab lig kev cai ntawm lub teb chaws ua yeeb yam; tshwj xeeb, nrog rau hom ntsej muag uas tau tshwm sim ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Stuarts nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. (lub masque yog ib theem ua yeeb yam nyob rau hauv uas game scenes, dialogues alternated nrog suab paj nruas tooj). Kev sib cuag nrog lub ntiaj teb ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, kev koom tes nrog cov kws ua yeeb yam txawj ntse, thov rau ntau lub phiaj xwm thiab ntau hom kev tshoov siab rau tus kws sau ntawv lub tswv yim, ua rau nws tshawb nrhiav ntau qhov kev nthuav qhia thiab ntau yam. Yog li, qhov kev ua si Tus poj huab tais Fairy (kev hloov pauv pub dawb ntawm Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, tus sau ntawv, pref. E. Setl) yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov duab suab paj nruag. Allegory thiab extravaganza, fantasy thiab siab lyrics, pej xeem ib hom ntawv nyeem thiab buffoonery - txhua yam yog reflected nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag tooj ntawm no tej yam yees siv ua yeeb yam. Yog hais tias lub suab paj nruag rau The Tempest (ib qho kev rov ua haujlwm ntawm Shakespeare qhov kev ua si) los rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog Italian operatic style, ces cov suab paj nruag rau King Arthur kom meej meej qhia qhov xwm ntawm lub teb chaws tus cwj pwm (nyob rau hauv J. Dryden txoj kev ua si, barbaric kev lis kev cai ntawm lub Saxons. yog contrasted nrog nobility thiab hnyav ntawm Britons).
Purcell's theatrical tej hauj lwm, nyob ntawm seb qhov kev loj hlob thiab qhov hnyav ntawm cov suab paj nruag, mus rau opera los yog ua yeeb yam ua yeeb yam nrog suab paj nruag. Purcell's opera nkaus xwb nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntsiab lus, qhov twg tag nrho cov ntawv ntawm lub libretto yog teem rau suab paj nruag, yog Dido thiab Aeneas (libretto los ntawm N. Tate raws li Virgil's Aeneid – 1689). Tus cwj pwm ntawm tus kheej ntawm cov duab zoo nkauj, paj huam, tsis yooj yim, kev puas siab puas ntsws, thiab kev sib sib zog nqus hauv av nrog lus Askiv cov dab neeg, txhua hnub (qhov chaw ntawm kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov dab, hu nkauj thiab seev cev ntawm cov neeg tsav nkoj) - qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke no tau txiav txim siab qhov zoo ntawm cov neeg tsav nkoj. thawj lub teb chaws Askiv opera, yog ib qho ntawm cov kws sau ntawv zoo tshaj plaws. Purcell npaj "Dido" ua yeeb yam tsis yog los ntawm cov kws hu nkauj, tab sis los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm nce qib. Qhov no feem ntau piav qhia txog lub tsev khaws khoom ntawm kev ua haujlwm - cov ntaub ntawv me me, qhov tsis muaj qhov nyuaj virtuoso, qhov tseem ceeb nruj, lub suab nrov. Dido's aria tuag, qhov kawg ntawm qhov ua yeeb yam, nws qhov kev ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj tshaj plaws, yog tus kws sau ntawv qhov kev tshawb pom zoo. Kev xa mus rau txoj hmoo, kev thov Vajtswv thiab kev tsis txaus siab, kev tu siab ntawm lub suab farewell nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag tob tob. R. Rolland sau hais tias "Qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev hais lus thiab kev tuag ntawm Dido ib leeg tuaj yeem ua tsis tau txoj haujlwm no,"
Raws li cov kev coj noj coj ua zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub teb chaws choral polyphony, Purcell lub suab ua haujlwm tau tsim: cov nkauj suav nrog hauv cov ntawv tshaj tawm tom qab "British Orpheus", cov nkauj hu nkauj pej xeem, suab paj nruag (Lus Askiv hu nkauj ntawm sab ntsuj plig rau phau Vajlugkub, uas keeb kwm tau npaj lub oratorios ntawm GF Handel. ), secular odes, cantatas, catches (canons ntau nyob rau hauv lus Askiv lub neej), thiab lwm yam. Tau ua hauj lwm rau ntau xyoo nrog 24 Violins ntawm huab tais pawg, Purcell tshuav tej hauj lwm zoo rau cov hlua (15 fantasies, Violin Sonata, Chaconne thiab Pavane rau 4. qhov chaw, 5 pawan, thiab lwm yam). Raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm trio sonatas los ntawm Italian composers S. Rossi thiab G. Vitali, 22 trio sonatas tau sau rau ob violins, bass thiab harpsichord. Purcell's clavier ua hauj lwm (8 suites, ntau tshaj 40 nyias daim, 2 cycles variations, toccata) tsim cov kab lig kev cai ntawm cov lus Askiv virginalists (virginel yog lus Askiv ntau yam harpsichord).
Tsuas yog 2 centuries tom qab Purcell tuag tau lub sij hawm los rau kev txhawb siab ntawm nws txoj hauj lwm. Lub Koom Haum Purcell, nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv 1876, tau teem caij raws li nws lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kawm loj ntawm tus kws sau cov cuab yeej cuab tam thiab kev npaj ntawm kev tshaj tawm cov ntawv sau tiav ntawm nws cov haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XX. Cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag Askiv tau nrhiav kev nyiam rau pej xeem cov hauj lwm ntawm thawj lub suab paj nruag Lavxias teb sab; Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhov tseem ceeb yog kev ua yeeb yam, kev tshawb fawb, thiab kev muaj tswv yim ntawm B. Britten, tus kws sau ntawv Askiv zoo tshaj plaws uas tau npaj rau Purcell cov nkauj, ib tsab tshiab ntawm Dido, uas tsim Variations thiab Fugue ntawm lub ntsiab lus los ntawm Purcell - ib qho zoo nkauj orchestral muaj pes tsawg leeg, a hom kev qhia rau symphony orchestra.
I. Okhalova
