Neeb |

Late Lat., unit tus naj npawb neuma, los ntawm Greek. Pneyuma - ua pa

1) Cov cim ntawm kev sau suab paj nruag siv nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, feem ntau. hauv kev hu nkauj Catholic (saib Gregorian chant). N. tau muab tso rau saum cov lus hais thiab tsuas yog qhia tus neeg hu nkauj ntawm kev taw qhia ntawm kev txav ntawm cov suab paj nruag hauv cov suab paj nruag uas paub rau nws. Cov cim ntawm cov cim tsis yog khi tau txais qiv los ntawm lwm cov Greek. kev xaiv ntawm kev hais lus accents - tsa thiab txo cov intonations ntawm kev hais lus, uas txiav txim siab nws cov lus qhia. Nyob rau hauv N., lawv pom lub embodiment thiab cov cim qhia ntawm cheironomy - kev tswj ntawm lub choir nrog kev pab los ntawm tej yam kev mob ntawm tes thiab ntiv tes. N. systems muaj nyob rau hauv ntau. cov kab lis kev cai qub (Iyiv, Is Nrias teb, Palestine, Persia, Syria, thiab lwm yam). Ib qho kev tsim ntawm kev sau ntawv demented tsim hauv Byzantium; Catholic N. muaj Byzantium. keeb kwm. Cov ntawv sau npe zoo ib yam li cov ntawv sau tsis tas li muaj nyob hauv Bulgaria, Serbia, Armenia (saib Khazy), Russia (kondakar notation, nuv lossis banner sau - saib Kondakar hu nkauj, Kryuki). Hauv Zap. Teb chaws Europe txawv nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. lub zos ntau yam txuam nrog cov Catholic. liturgy ntawm demented sau; Benevetian (qhov chaw ntawm lub swarm yog lub nroog ntawm Benevento nyob rau yav qab teb Ltalis), Middle Italian, North Fabkis, Aquitaine, Anglo-Norman, German los yog St. Gallen (qhov chaw ntawm lub swarm yog lub nroog ntawm St. Gallen nyob rau hauv Switzerland). , thiab lwm yam. Lawv txawv heev nyob rau hauv cov ntawv sau ntawm cov cim tsis tas yuav tsum tau siv, feem ntau siv ntawm ib lossis lwm qhov ntawm lawv. Lub N. system tau tsim dav siv los sau cov suab paj nruag tsim los ntawm Catholic. kev pabcuam hauv pawg ntseeg. Ntawm no muaj N., denoting otd. cov suab los yog pawg suab poob rau ntawm ib lub suab ntawm cov ntawv nyeem (lat. virga thiab punctum), lub suab txav (lat. pes lossis podatus) thiab nqes (lat. flexa lossis clinis), thiab lwm yam. N. derivatives kuj tau siv, sawv cev. kev sib txuas yooj yim. Qee yam ntawm N. tau txais kev pab los xaiv txoj kev ua yeeb yam thiab suab paj nruag. hniav nyiaj hniav kub.

Lub monument qub tshaj plaws ntawm lub Koom Txoos Catholic uas tau nqis los rau peb. dementia sau hais txog lub xyoo pua 9th. (Cuaj hauv Munich "Code 9543", sau cia ntawm 817 thiab 834).

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib tsab ntawv deranged tau ua raws li cov cai ntawm muses. kev coj ua. Kev siv tib cov ntawv nrog qhov sib txawv. suab paj nruag xav kom tus neeg hu nkauj tuaj yeem nco tau sai npaum li cas nws yuav tsum ua, thiab kev kaw lus demented pab nws hauv qhov no. Piv nrog cov tsiaj ntawv sau, kev sau ntawv tsis yog phau ntawv muaj qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb - melodic. kab tau piav qhia hauv nws kom meej meej. Txawm li cas los xij, nws kuj muaj qhov tsis zoo - txij li lub suab meej ntawm lub suab tsis raug kho, muaj teeb meem hauv kev txiav txim siab cov suab paj nruag, thiab cov neeg hu nkauj raug yuam kom cim tag nrho cov nkauj. Yog li ntawd, twb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 9th. ntau muses. activists qhia tsis txaus siab rau qhov system no. Kev sim tau ua los txhim kho cov ntawv sau tsis yog phau ntawv. Pib nyob ib ncig ntawm lub 9th c. nyob rau sab hnub poob, cov tsiaj ntawv pib ntxiv rau N., qhia qhov siab ntawm lub suab lossis lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm lawv. Ib qho zoo li no tau qhia los ntawm yawg Hermann Khromy (Hermannus Contractus - 11th caug xyoo). Nws muab rau qhov tseeb ntawm txhua lub sijhawm ntawm lub suab paj nruag. Cov tsiaj ntawv thawj zaug tau ntxiv rau N., qhia txog kev txav mus rau qee lub sijhawm: e - equisonus (unison), s - semitonium (semitone), t - suab (tone), ts - suab nrov cum semitonio (me me thib peb), tt -ditonus (loj thib peb), d – diatessaron (quart), D – diapente (thib tsib), D s – diapente cum semitonio (me thib rau), D t – diapente cum tono (loj thib rau).

Nrog rau kev qhia cov kab hla cov ntawv kom haum rau lawv, cov tsiaj tshiab tau tshwm sim. restructuring qhov system no. Thawj zaug, cov kab suab paj nruag tau siv hauv con. 10 ib c. nyob rau hauv lub monastery ntawm Korbi (chronological record 986). Thaum xub thawj, nws lub suab nqi tsis tas li; Tom qab ntawd, lub suab f ntawm me me octave tau muab rau nws. Tom qab thawj kab, ib qho thib ob, c1, tau qhia. Kab f tau kos liab, thiab kab c1 daj. Txhim kho qhov sau ntawv muses. theorist, hauj sam Guido d'Arezzo (Italian: Guido d'Arezzo); nws siv plaub kab hauv terts ratio; qhov siab ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv tau txiav txim siab los ntawm kev pleev xim lossis kos npe tseem ceeb hauv daim ntawv sau npe. Cov kab plaub tau muab tso rau ntawm Guido d'Arezzo, nyob ntawm qhov xav tau, saum toj lossis hauv qab no:

H. pib muab tso rau ntawm kab thiab nruab nrab ntawm lawv; ces. qhov tsis paub meej ntawm lub suab lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov cim tsis hais lus tau kov yeej. Tom qab kev taw qhia txog kev sau suab paj nruag, cov kab lawv tus kheej kuj tau hloov pauv - feem ntau ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm Franco-Norman system ntawm kev sau ntawv, cov ntawv hu ua suab paj nruag tau tshwm sim thiab pib tsim sai heev. square notation (nota quadrata). Lub npe ntawm choral notation tau muab rau qhov system no; nws txawv ntawm demented linear sau ntawv nkaus xwb nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm suab paj nruas cim. Muaj ob lub ntsiab lus ntawm choral notation - Roman thiab German. Cov lus nug ntawm kev sib dhos hauv lub tsev teev ntuj Gregorian tseem tsis tau meej meej. hu nkauj ntawm lub sijhawm uas tsis yog kev xav. Muaj ob lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev pom: raws li thawj zaug, lub suab ntawm lub suab tau txiav txim siab los ntawm kev hais lus accents thiab feem ntau tsis sib xws; raws li qhov thib ob - suab paj nruag. kev sib txawv tseem muaj nyob thiab tau txhais los ntawm qee qhov H. thiab ntxiv. ntawv.

2) Ib xyoos - melismatic. decorations nyob rau hauv Gregorian chant, ua nyob rau hauv ib lub suab los yog vowel, predominately. Thaum kawg ntawm lub antiphon, Hallelujah, thiab lwm yam. Txij li thaum cov suab nrov no feem ntau ua nyob rau hauv ib qho pa, lawv kuj hu ua pneuma (los ntawm Latin pneuma - ua pa).

3) Peb. centuries, kuj yog ib lub suab cais, hu los ntawm ib tug pli ob peb. suab ib lub suab ntawm ib lub suab, qee zaum ib lub suab tag nrho.

References: Грубер R. И., История музыкальной культуры, т. 1, hnu. 2, M.—H., 1941; Fleischer OO, Neumenstudien, Vol. 1-2, Ib., 1895-97, Vol. 3, В, 1904, Wagner PJ, Introduction to the Gregorian Melodies, Vol. 2 — Neumenkunde, Lpz., 1905, 1912, Hildesheim — Wiesbaden, 1962 ; Wolf J., Handbuch der Notationkunde, Vol. 1, Ib., 1913; его же, Die Tonschriften, Breslau, 1924; Agustioni L, Notation neumatique et interprйtation, «Revue Grйgorienne», 1951, n 30; Huglo M., Les noms des neumes et leur origine, «Etudes Gregoriennes», 1954, No 1; Jammers E., Cov khoom siv thiab kev txawj ntse ua ntej rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sau ntawv neume, "German Quarterly Journal for Literary Science thiab Intellectual History", 1958, xyoo 32, H. 4, его же, Studies on Neumenschnften, neume manuscripts thiab neumatic music, nyob rau hauv Library thiab Science, Vol 2, 1965; Cardine E., Neumes et rythme, «Etudes grígoriennes», 1959, No 3; Kunz L., Antiquity ntsiab nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov medieval neumes, «Kirchenmusikalisches Jahrbuch», 1962 (xyoo 46); Floros С., Universale Neumenkunde, vols. 1–3, Kassel, 1970; Apel W., The Notation of Polyphonic Music 900-1600, Lpz., 1970.

VA Vakhromeev