Suab paj nruag paleography |

Suab paj nruag paleography (los ntawm Greek palaios - qub, qub thiab grapo - Kuv sau) - thaj tsam ntawm uXNUMXbuXNUMXbhistorical musicology, tshwj xeeb suab paj nruag-keeb kwm. kev qhuab qhia. Nws kawm cov txheej txheem thaum ub ntawm kev kaw suab paj nruag, cov qauv ntawm evolution ntawm muses. kos npe, hloov kho ntawm lawv cov duab. cov ntaub ntawv, nrog rau monuments ntawm muses. sau ntawv (ch. arr. hu nkauj sau ntawv rau cult lub hom phiaj) nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm suab paj nruas systems, lub sij hawm thiab qhov chaw ntawm creation, authorship. Scope ntawm P. m. suav nrog kev kawm ntawm cov ntawv watermarks (filigrees), cov ntaub ntawv thiab hom suab paj nruag. cov ntawv sau. Hauv kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no P. m. kuj ua qhov chaw-vedch. functions: qhia, piav qhia thiab systematization ntawm tes sau muses. monuments, lub ntsiab lus ntawm lawv hom kev koom tes, kev kawm ntawm evolution ntawm hom lawv tus kheej, thiab lwm yam P. m. kawm ntau yam tshuab ntawm muses. Cov ntaub ntawv: cov tsiaj ntawv, digital, notolinear, siv cov paib tshwj xeeb (ekphonetic, neumatic, znamenny, thiab lwm yam).

Lub hom phiaj kawg ntawm suab paj nruag-paleographic. kev tshawb fawb - deciphering ntau yam tshuab ntawm muses. kaw thiab txhais suab paj nruag. cov ntawv nyeem ntawm tes monuments nyob rau hauv niaj hnub. linear sau ntawv. Yog li ntawd, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ua hauj lwm ntawm P. m. yog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb cov tswv yim thiab cov txheej txheem rau kev nyeem suab paj nruag. cov ntawv ntawm cov ntawv sau thaum ub, nthuav tawm ntawm intonation-figurative nta ntawm muses. hom lus ntawm txawv eras. Hauv qhov no, P. m. tshawb cov semantics ntawm muses. cov ntawv, suav nrog (hauv keeb kwm nam) cov teeb meem ntawm coding suab paj nruag. cov ntaub ntawv. P. m. kuj ntsib ntau yam teeb meem ntawm keeb kwm dav dav. thiab suab paj nruag. kev txiav txim - lub genesis ntawm systems ntawm muses. cov ntaub ntawv, lawv cov kev faib tawm thiab kev sib cuam tshuam hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm evolution, qhov xwm ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv no, kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov lus thiab cov muses. ntawv, intonational-figurative kev sib txuas ntawm muses. kab lis kev cai ntawm kev sau ntawv kab lis kev cai thiab lus dab neeg, txheej txheem rau kev kawm ntawm cov ntawv sau ntawv. monuments.

Yuav ua li cas tshwj xeeb. ib p.m. muaj nyob rau hauv keeb kwm thiab philological. paleography, siv nws txoj kev kawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau. P. m. raws li kev tshawb fawb. kev qhuab qhia raug tsim los ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm keeb kwm. musicology, paleography thiab suab paj nruag. qhov kev tshawb fawb, yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv Pm paleographic txoj kev yog ua ke, suab paj nruag thiab analytical. thiab suab paj nruag-keeb kwm. kev tshawb fawb, siv theoretical. kev txhim kho thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txheeb cais, cov ntaub ntawv theory, thiab lwm yam kev tshawb fawb thiab kev qhuab qhia.

Kev tshawb nrhiav suab paj nruag. cov ntaub ntawv sau ntawv hla dhau cov thev naus laus zis hauv qab no. theem:

1) qhov kev kawm (kev txheeb xyuas ntawm lub monument, nws cov lus piav qhia thiab kev faib tawm);

2) dav dav paleographic (paleographic txoj kev kawm ntawm cov ntawv sau: sab nraud nta, yos, authorship, preservation, sau style ntawm lus thiab suab paj nruas ntawv, pagination, thiab lwm yam);

3) suab paj nruag-paleographic (cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus hais thiab suab paj nruag, kev faib tawm ntawm cov kab ke ntawm cov suab paj nruag, kev sib piv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov duab kos thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov suab paj nruag, thiab lwm yam). Suab paj nruag-paleographic. qhov kev tshawb fawb theem muaj kev siv cov keeb kwm sib piv, suab paj nruag thiab theoretical, lej. thiab lwm txoj hauv kev, lub voj voog uas nthuav dav raws li cov khoom sib sau thiab kev loj hlob ntawm P. m. nws tus kheej ua suab paj nruag-technological. kev qhuab qhia.

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm suab paj nruag-paleographic. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom nyob rau hauv cov ntawv tshaj tawm, suav nrog cov ntawv facsimile ntawm muses. monuments nrog kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tawm tswv yim, uas feem ntau muaj kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem rau kev txiav txim siab thiab txhais cov suab paj nruag. ntawv rau linear notation.

Hauv P. m., Lavxias tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv. chanter paleography, Byzantine (Greek) suab paj nruag. paleography, Latin (Gregorian) suab paj nruag. paleography, caj npab. suab paj nruag paleography thiab lwm qhov chaw. Lub subdivision yog raws li nraaj, syntactic. thiab lwm yam suab paj nruag. cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam monuments. Txhua qhov chaw kawm ntawm P. m. sib raug rau ib lub voj voog ntawm cov ntawv sau, raws li txoj cai, hauv ib hom lus, uas muaj ib hom lus tshwj xeeb. nta hauv cov tshuab siv suab paj nruag. cov ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, nrog ntau dua tshwj xeeb thiab tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov khoom, hom tshiab ntawm P. m yuav sawv tawm.

Raws li kev tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb, P. m. pib coj zoo nyob rau hauv lub 50s. Xyoo 19th Qhov tseem ceeb tseem ceeb yog cov haujlwm ntawm Fabkis. tus kws tshawb fawb EA Kusmaker, uas tau teeb tsa txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. suab paj nruag sau rau hauv av scientific thiab refuted unfounded hypotheses txog keeb kwm ntawm Western European. nevm. Tom qab ntawd, X. Riemann, O. Fleischer, P. Wagner tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev kawm thiab kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev sau ntawv, thiab tom qab ntawd - P. Ferretti, J. Handshin, E. Yammers thiab lwm tus. Nyob rau hauv 1889-1950 nyob rau hauv Fabkis, nyob rau hauv lub editorship ntawm . A. Mokro (txij li xyoo 1931 - J. Gazhar) tau luam tawm cov ntawv sau dav dav ntawm kev sau ntawv demented nrog kev tshawb fawb ntxaws. kev tawm tswv yim (“Paleographie musicale” – “Musical paleography”, 19 vols.). Nta ntawm Byzantine Nrab Hnub nyoog. Cov ntawv sau thawj zaug tau nthuav dav hauv cov haujlwm ntawm A. Gastuet thiab JB Thibaut thaum tig ntawm 19th thiab 20th centuries; Txawm li cas los xij, kev txiav txim siab ua tiav tau tiav hauv cheeb tsam no hauv 20s thiab 30s. ua tsaug rau kev tshawb fawb ntawm E. Welles, GJW Tilyard thiab K. Hög. Lawv tswj kom txiav txim siab tag nrho cov ntawv sau nruab nrab ntawm Byzantine, uas qhib txoj hauv kev kom nkag siab txog cov cim ntawm Paleo-Byzantine cov ntawv. Txij li xyoo 1935, Monumentae musicae byzantinae (Monuments of Byzantine Music) series tau raug luam tawm, uas suav nrog cov ntawv tshaj tawm tshawb fawb thiab kev tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb. Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub Nyob rau hauv scientific tej hauj lwm, lub tswv yim ntawm lub commonality ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm Byzantine yog tau txais ntau thiab ntau paub. thiab Western European kev sau ntawv tsis yog kev ua txhaum cai thiab muaj peev xwm tsim tau ib qho universal P. m., npog txhua hom Nrab Hnub nyoog. sau nkauj.

Rus. Hu nkauj paleography tshawb txog Slavic-Lavxias hu nkauj monuments ntawm 12th - thaum ntxov. 18th caug xyoo (cov ntawv sau cais - mus txog rau lub xyoo pua 20): Kondakari, Stihirari, Irmologii, Oktoikhi, thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv cov ntawv sau, raws li txoj cai, ideographic (znamenny) systems ntawm muses yog siv. cov ntaub ntawv: kondakar, ncej, mus ncig, thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, Lavxias teb sab hu nkauj paleography txiav txim siab sau ntawv notolinear, uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th. tshwj xeeb hauv Russia. nta (lub thiaj li hu ua Kiev banner, cov yam ntxwv uas tseem tsis tau kawm tag nrho), thiab banner-notolinear manuscripts ntawm con. 17 – lus. 18th caug xyoo (saib. Ob daim chij), muab lub sijhawm los sib piv. tsom xam ntawm ob semantically sib txawv suab paj nruag coding tshuab. intonation. Txoj kev kawm ntawm Znamenny sau tau pib los ntawm VM Undolsky (1846) thiab IP Sakharov (1849). Suab paj nruag-paleographic. Kev tshawb fawb tau ua los ntawm VF Odoevsky thiab VV Stasov. Ib theem tshiab, uas muab qhov tseem ceeb keeb kwm generalizations thiab scientific. systematization ntawm cov khoom, yog cov hauj lwm ntawm DV Razumovsky. Qhov tseem ceeb pab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab teeb meem. Hu nkauj paleography tau qhia los ntawm SV Smolensky, VM Metallov, AV Preobrazhensky, thiab tom qab ntawd los ntawm VM Belyaev, MV Brazhnikov, ND Uspensky, thiab lwm yam. Brazhnikov ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Basics ntawm Lavxias teb sab hu nkauj paleography. Nws tau tsim ib chav kawm tshwj xeeb hauv suab paj nruag rau cov tub ntxhais kawm suab paj nruag, uas nws tau qhia hauv Leningrad Conservatory los ntawm 1969 mus txog rau thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej (1973). Nws tsim lub tswvyim ntawm Lavxias teb sab. hu nkauj paleography raws li kev tshawb fawb. kev qhuab ntuas (yav dhau los, ntau yam ntawm nws cov kev xav tau suav nrog Lavxias tsev neeg lossis pawg ntseeg hu nkauj archaeology). Nyob rau theem niaj hnub ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no los ua qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, cov txheej txheem thiab muz.-paleographic. Teeb meem. Cov txheej txheem piav qhia txog kev hu nkauj sau ntawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus dav dav (Brazhnikov), tab sis cov teeb meem ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab kev faib tawm ntawm Lavxias tseem tsis tau daws. suab paj nruag monuments, evolution ntawm hu nkauj hom; qhov teeb meem ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab tsis tau daws. suab paj nruag systems. cov ntaub ntawv ob leeg los ntawm sab ntawm syntactic thiab los ntawm sab ntawm semantics. Hais txog qhov teeb meem ntawm noob caj noob ces yog cov teeb meem ntawm coding muses. cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv znamenny systems thiab cov evolution ntawm znamenny systems lawv tus kheej. Ib yam ntawm evolution yog lo lus nug ntawm keeb kwm. periodization ntawm Znamenny tsab ntawv (Brazhnikov thov paleographic periodization raws li hloov cov duab ntawm banners); kev faib tawm ntawm znamenny systems tau tsim.

Ib qho teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias teb sab hu nkauj paleography - deciphering Znamenny tsab ntawv ntawm lub sij hawm tsis cim (saib Kryuki). Hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, ob txoj hauv kev sib txawv los daws qhov teeb meem no tau raug txheeb xyuas. Ib qho ntawm lawv yog txoj hauv kev "los ntawm kev paub mus rau qhov tsis paub", piv txwv li los ntawm cov hom kev sib txuas tom qab, uas muaj qhov txheeb ze tus nqi ("cim" thiab "kos npe" sau), mus rau yav dhau los uas tseem tsis tau tag nrho. deciphered. Cov qauv no tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej los ntawm Smolensky, tom qab ntawd nws tau tiv thaiv los ntawm Metallov, Brazhnikov, thiab txawv teb chaws los ntawm I. Gardner. Lwm txoj hauv kev ua raws li cov kws tshawb fawb sab hnub poob (M. Velimirovic, O. Strunk, K. Floros, K. Levi) yog raws li kev sib piv ntawm cov laus tshaj plaws ntawm Znamenny thiab Kondakar sau nrog Paleo-Byzantine sau ntawv. Tsis muaj ib txoj hauv kev no ib leeg tuaj yeem ua rau qhov xaus. los daws qhov teeb meem, thiab kom ua tiav qhov txiaj ntsig zoo, kev txhawb nqa kev tshawb fawb, lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam yog qhov tsim nyog.

Caj npab. suab paj nruag paleography kawm cov txheej txheem qub ntawm muses. cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub monuments ntawm lub Armenian. suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai ntawm 5th-18th centuries. (los ntawm lub xyoo pua 8th - khaz notation). Hauv kev tshawb fawb tshiab, Cov kws sau ntawv sau tseg tias qhov kev sau ntawv ywj pheej tau tsim nyob rau hauv Armenia, uas muaj ib qho tshwj xeeb nat. yam ntxwv. Ancient caj npab. cov ntawv sau nkauj tau sau thiab kawm hauv Xeev. repository ntawm ancient manuscripts nyob rau hauv lub Council of Ministers ntawm lub caj npab. SSR (Matenadaran), uas yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv ntiaj teb. Ntawm cov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm caj npab. suab paj nruag paleography suav nrog kev sib tham ntawm cov ntawv sau thaum ntxov, lub hauv paus ntawm Arm. sau ntawv thiab tshawb nrhiav cov qauv ntawm haz notation, deciphering, kawm txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. prof. thiab Nar. suab paj nruag thiab lwm yam.

Kev loj hlob ntawm suab paj nruag-paleographic. teeb meem ntawm Armenian suab paj nruag paleography yog txuam nrog cov npe ntawm Gr. Gapasakalyan, E. Tntesyan, Komitas. Tom qab thawj zaug tau tsa cov teeb meem ntawm cov noob caj noob ces thiab evolution ntawm haz notation, pib scientific. suab paj nruag-paleographic. kawm txog cov monuments ntawm Armenian. suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai; Cov teeb meem theoretical raug txiav txim siab hauv cov haujlwm ntawm XS Kushnarev, PA Atayan, NK Tagmizyan.

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UA Nikishov