Giacomo Meyerbeer |
Giacomo Meyerbeer
Txoj hmoo ntawm J. Meyerbeer, tus kws sau nkauj ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. – muab tawm zoo siab. Nws tsis tas yuav khwv tau nws txoj sia, ib yam li WA Mozart, F. Schubert, M. Mussorgsky thiab lwm tus neeg ua yeeb yam, vim nws tau yug los hauv tsev neeg ntawm tus tswv lag luam loj hauv Berlin. Nws tsis tiv thaiv nws txoj cai rau kev muaj tswv yim hauv nws cov hluas - nws niam nws txiv, cov neeg paub zoo heev uas nyiam thiab nkag siab txog kev kos duab, ua txhua yam kom lawv cov menyuam tau txais kev kawm zoo tshaj plaws. Cov kws qhia ntawv zoo tshaj plaws hauv Berlin tau tsim rau lawv saj rau cov ntawv nyeem, keeb kwm, thiab hom lus. Meyerbeer tau paub lus Fab Kis thiab Italian, paub Greek, Latin, Hebrew. Cov kwv tij Giacomo kuj tau txais txiaj ntsig: Wilhelm tom qab ntawd los ua ib tus kws tshawb fawb nto moo, tus kwv yau, uas tau tuag ntxov, yog ib tus kws sau paj huam, tus sau ntawm Struensee xwm txheej, uas Meyerbeer tom qab sau nkauj.
Giacomo, tus hlob hlob ntawm cov kwv tij, pib kawm suab paj nruag thaum muaj hnub nyoog 5 xyoos. Muaj kev vam meej, thaum muaj hnub nyoog 9 xyoo nws ua yeeb yam hauv pej xeem nrog kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Mozart's Concerto hauv D me. Tus naas ej M. Clementi dhau los ua nws tus kws qhia, thiab tus kws tshaj lij thiab tus kws tshawb fawb Abbot Vogler los ntawm Darmstadt, tom qab mloog Meyerbeer me ntsis, qhia nws kom kawm counterpoint thiab fugue nrog nws tus tub kawm A. Weber. Tom qab ntawd, Vogler nws tus kheej tau caw Meyerbeer mus rau Darmstadt (1811), uas cov tub ntxhais kawm thoob plaws lub teb chaws Yelemees tuaj rau tus kws qhia nto moo. Muaj Meyerbeer tau los ua phooj ywg nrog KM Weber, yav tom ntej tus sau ntawm The Magic Shooter thiab Euryanta.
Ntawm thawj qhov kev sim ywj pheej ntawm Meyerbeer yog cantata "Vajtswv thiab Xwm" thiab 2 operas: "Jephtha's Oath" ntawm ib zaj dab neeg hauv phau Vajlugkub (1812) thiab ib zaj dab neeg, ntawm zaj dab neeg ntawm zaj dab neeg ntawm "Ib txhiab thiab ib hmo" , “Tus Tswv thiab Tus Qhua” (1813). Operas tau tshwm sim hauv Munich thiab Stuttgart thiab tsis ua tiav. Cov neeg thuam thuam tus kws sau nkauj rau qhov qhuav thiab tsis muaj khoom plig melodic. Weber nplij nws tus phooj ywg poob, thiab cov neeg paub txog A. Salieri tau qhia nws mus rau Ltalis kom pom qhov kev tshav ntuj thiab kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov suab paj nruag los ntawm nws cov tswv zoo.
Meyerbeer siv ntau xyoo hauv Ltalis (1816-24). Cov suab paj nruag ntawm G. Rossini kav rau theem ntawm Italian ua yeeb yam, premieres ntawm nws operas Tancred thiab Barber ntawm Seville yeej yeej. Meyerbeer mob siab kawm txog kev sau ntawv tshiab. Hauv Padua, Turin, Venice, Milan, nws qhov kev ua yeeb yam tshiab tau tshwm sim - Romilda thiab Constanza (1817), Semiramide Pom Zoo (1819), Emma ntawm Resburg (1819), Margherita ntawm Anjou (1820), Exile los ntawm Grenada (1822) thiab, Thaum kawg, qhov kev ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws ntawm xyoo ntawd, Tus Crusader hauv Egypt (1824). Nws muaj kev vam meej tsis yog nyob hauv Europe xwb, tab sis kuj tseem nyob hauv Asmeskas, hauv Brazil, qee qhov excerpts los ntawm nws tau nrov.
"Kuv tsis xav xyaum Rossini," Meyerbeer hais thiab zoo li ua rau nws tus kheej, "thiab sau ua lus Italian, raws li lawv hais, tab sis kuv yuav tsum tau sau li ntawd ... vim yog kuv qhov kev nyiam sab hauv." Tseeb tiag, ntau tus kws sau ntawv cov phooj ywg German - thiab feem ntau Weber - tsis tau txais tos qhov kev hloov pauv Italian no. Kev ua tau zoo me me ntawm Meyerbeer's Italian operas hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees tsis ua rau tus neeg sau ntawv poob siab. Nws muaj lub hom phiaj tshiab: Paris - qhov loj tshaj plaws kev nom kev tswv thiab kab lis kev cai nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd. Xyoo 1824, Meyerbeer tau raug caw tuaj rau Paris los ntawm tsis muaj lwm yam tshaj li maestro Rossini, uas tsis tau xav tias nws tab tom ua ib kauj ruam tuag rau nws lub koob meej. Nws txawm pab txhawb rau kev tsim cov Crusader (1825), patronizing tus hluas composer. Xyoo 1827, Meyerbeer tau tsiv mus rau Paris, qhov chaw nws pom nws lub tsev thib ob thiab lub ntiaj teb lub koob meej tuaj rau nws.
hauv Paris thaum xyoo 1820s. pom kev nom kev tswv thiab kev ua yeeb yam. Lub bourgeois kiv puag ncig ntawm 1830 tau los txog. Lub liberal bourgeoisie tau maj mam npaj lub liquidation ntawm Bourbons. Lub npe ntawm Napoleon yog surrounded los ntawm romantic legends. Cov tswv yim ntawm utopian socialism tau nthuav tawm. Young V. Hugo nyob rau hauv lub npe nrov preface rau ua yeeb yam "Cromwell" tshaj tawm cov tswv yim ntawm ib tug tshiab artistic qauv - romanticism. Nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam, nrog rau cov operas ntawm E. Megul thiab L. Cherubini, tej hauj lwm ntawm G. Spontini yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrov. Cov duab ntawm cov neeg Loos thaum ub nws tsim nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm Fabkis muaj ib yam dab tsi zoo sib xws nrog cov heroes ntawm Napoleonic era. Muaj comic operas los ntawm G. Rossini, F. Boildieu, F. Aubert. G. Berlioz sau nws lub tswv yim zoo heev Symphony. Cov kws sau ntawv vam meej los ntawm lwm lub tebchaws tuaj rau Paris - L. Berne, G. Heine. Meyerbeer ua tib zoo saib Parisian lub neej, ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo thiab kev lag luam, koom nrog kev ua yeeb yam ua yeeb yam, cov uas yog ob qho chaw ua haujlwm rau kev ua yeeb yam romantic - Aubert's The Mute los ntawm Portici (Fenella) (1828) thiab Rossini's William Qhia (1829). Qhov tseem ceeb yog tus composer lub rooj sib tham nrog rau yav tom ntej libretist E. Scribe, ib tug zoo heev connoisseur ntawm lub ua yeeb yam thiab cov tastes ntawm pej xeem, ib tug tswv ntawm theem intrigue. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm lawv txoj kev koom tes yog kev ua yeeb yam romantic Robert the Devil (1831), uas yog qhov ua tau zoo. Kev sib txawv ci ntsa iab, kev ua neej nyob, tus lej suab zoo nkauj, suab paj nruag - tag nrho cov no dhau los ua tus yam ntxwv ntawm lwm qhov Meyerbeer operas.
Lub triumphal premiere ntawm The Huguenots (1836) thaum kawg crushes tag nrho nws cov rivals. Lub koob meej nrov ntawm Meyerbeer kuj nkag mus rau nws lub tebchaws - Lub Tebchaws Yelemees. Xyoo 1842, Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm IV tau caw nws mus rau Berlin ua tus thawj coj suab paj nruag. Ntawm Berlin Opera, Meyerbeer tau txais R. Wagner rau kev tsim cov Flying Dutchman (tus sau ua), caw Berlioz, Liszt, G. Marschner mus rau Berlin, txaus siab rau lub suab paj nruag ntawm M. Glinka thiab ua ib qho trio los ntawm Ivan Susanin . Nyob rau hauv lem, Glinka sau: "Lub orchestra yog qhia los ntawm Meyerbeer, tab sis peb yuav tsum lees tias nws yog ib tug zoo bandmaster nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov respects." Rau Berlin, tus kws sau ntawv sau lub opera Camp hauv Silesia (qhov tseem ceeb yog ua los ntawm nto moo J. Lind), hauv Paris, Tus Yaj Saub (1849), North Star (1854), Dinora (1859) yog staged. Meyerbeer qhov kawg opera, Tus Poj Niam Neeg Asmeskas, pom theem ib xyoos tom qab nws tuag, xyoo 1865.
Hauv nws txoj haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws, Meyerbeer zoo li tus tswv loj tshaj plaws. Ib tug thawj-chav kawm suab paj nruag txuj ci, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm orchestration thiab suab paj nruag, twb tsis tau tsis pom zoo txawm los ntawm nws tw R. Schumann thiab R. Wagner. Lub virtuoso mastery ntawm lub orchestra tso cai rau nws mus ua kom tiav qhov zoo tshaj plaws picturesque thiab stunning cov teebmeem (ib qho chaw nyob rau hauv ib lub tsev teev ntuj, ib tug rov ntawm ib tug npau suav, ib tug coronation mus rau lub opera tus Yaj Saub, los yog kev fij tseg ntawm ntaj nyob rau hauv Huguenots). Tsis muaj tsawg dua kev txawj ntse thiab muaj cov choral pawg. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm Meyerbeer txoj haujlwm tau ntsib los ntawm ntau yam ntawm nws lub sijhawm, suav nrog Wagner hauv operas Rienzi, Flying Dutchman, thiab ib nrab hauv Tannhäuser. Cov neeg koom nrog kuj tau ntxim nyiam los ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Meyerbeer's operas. Hauv cov phiaj xwm pseudo-keeb kwm, lawv pom kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tswv yim niaj hnub no. Tus composer tswj kom subtly hnov lub era. Heine, uas txaus siab rau Meyerbeer txoj haujlwm, tau sau tias: "Nws yog ib tug txiv neej ntawm nws lub sijhawm, thiab lub sijhawm, uas ib txwm paub xaiv nws cov neeg, tsis muaj suab nrov tsa nws mus rau daim ntaub thaiv thiab tshaj tawm nws txoj kev tswj hwm."
E. Illeva
Cov khoom xyaw:
Ua yeeb yam - Jephtha's oath (The Jephtas Oath, Jephtas Gelübde, 1812, Munich), Tus tswv tsev thiab qhua, los yog lus tso dag (Wirth und Gast oder Aus Scherz Ernst, 1813, Stuttgart; nyob rau hauv lub npe Ob lub caliphs, Die beyden Kalifen, “1814 teer ”, Vienna; nyob rau hauv lub npe Alimelek, 1820, Prague thiab Vienna), Brandenburg Rooj vag (Das Brandenburger Tor, 1814, tsis tas li), Bachelor los ntawm Salamanca (Le bachelier de Salamanque, 1815 (?), tsis tiav), Tub kawm ntawv los ntawm Strasbourg (L'etudiant de Strasbourg, 1815 (?), tsis tiav), Robert thiab Elisa (1816, Palermo), Romilda thiab Constanta (melodrama, 1817, Padua), Paub Semiramis (Semiramide riconsciuta, 1819, tr. “Reggio”, tr. Turin), Emma ntawm Resburg (1819, tr "San Benedetto", Venice; nyob rau hauv lub npe Emma Lester, los yog Lub Suab ntawm Kev Ntseeg, Emma von Leicester oder Die Stimme des Gewissens, 1820, Dresden), Margaret of Anjou (1820, tr " La Scala”, Milan), Almanzor (1821, tsis tiav), Exile los ntawm Grenada (L'esule di Granada, 1822, tr “La Scala”, Milan), Crusader hauv Egypt (Il crociato hauv Egitto, 1824, tr Fenich e”, Venice), Ines di Castro, los yog Pedro ntawm Portugal (Ines di Castro o sia Pietro di Portogallo, melodrama, 1825, tsis tiav), Robert Devil (Robert le Diable, 1831, “Vajntxwv. Academy of Music thiab Dance, Paris), Huguenots (Les Huguenots, 1835, post. 1836, ibid; nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub npe Guelphs thiab Ghibellines), Tsev Hais Plaub Feast nyob rau hauv Ferrara (Das Hoffest von Ferrara, festive ua yeeb yam rau lub tsev hais plaub carnival costumed Pob, 1843, Royal Palace, Berlin), Chaw pw hauv Silesia (Ein Feldlager hauv Schlesien, 1844, “King. Spectacle”, Berlin), Noema, lossis Kev hloov siab lees txim (Nolma ou Le repentir, 1846, tsis xaus.), Yaj Saub ( Le prophete, 1849, King's Academy of Music thiab Dance, Paris; nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub npe Lub Siege ntawm Ghent, ces John ntawm Leiden), Northern Star (L'étoile du nord, 1854, Opera Comic, Paris); siv lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub opera Camp hauv Silesia), Judith (1854, tsis xaus.), Ploermel kev zam txim (Le pardon de Ploërmel, Ameslikas hu ua Treasure Seeker, Le chercheur du tresor; kuj hu ua Dinora, los yog Pilgrimage to Ploermel, Dinorah oder Die Wallfahrt nach Ploermel; 1859, tr Opera Comic, Paris), African (lub npe qub Vasco da Gama, 1864, post. 1865, Grand Opera, Steam izh); divertissement - Hla tus dej, los yog Tus Poj Niam Jealous (Le passage de la riviere ou La femme jalouse; kuj hu ua Tus Neeg nuv ntses thiab tus Milkmaid, los yog Ntau Lub Suab Vim Hnia, 1810, tr "King of the Spectacle", Berlin) ; xov oratorio – Vajtswv thiab xwm (Gott und die Natur, 1811); rau orchestra - Lub peb hlis ntuj mus rau lub coronation ntawm William I (1861) thiab lwm yam; pawg hu nkauj – Ntawv Nkauj 91 (1853), Stabat Mater, Miserere, Te Deum, psalms, nkauj hu nkauj rau soloists thiab hu nkauj (tsis luam tawm); rau lub suab thiab piano - St. 40 zaj nkauj, romances, ballads (ntawm nqe lus los ntawm IV Goethe, G. Heine, L. Relshtab, E. Deschamps, M. Bera, thiab lwm yam); suab paj nruag rau kev ua yeeb yam ua yeeb yam, suav nrog Struenze (ua yeeb yam los ntawm M. Behr, 1846, Berlin), Cov Hluas ntawm Goethe (La jeunesse de Goethe, ua yeeb yam los ntawm A. Blaze de Bury, 1859, tsis luam tawm).
