Manuel de Falla |
Manuel de Falla
Kuv siv zog rau kev kos duab kom muaj zog raws li nws yooj yim, tsis muaj kev xav tsis thoob thiab qia dub. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kos duab yog tsim kom muaj kev xav hauv txhua yam, thiab nws tsis tuaj yeem thiab yuav tsum tsis muaj lwm lub hom phiaj. M. de Falla
M. de Falla yog tus kws sau ntawv Spanish zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. - hauv nws txoj hauj lwm nws tau tsim cov ntsiab lus zoo nkauj ntawm F. Pedrel - tus thawj coj ideological thiab tus thawj coj ntawm lub zog rau kev txhawb siab ntawm Spanish lub teb chaws suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai (Renacimiento). Thaum pib ntawm lub XIX-XX centuries. Qhov kev txav no embraced ntau yam ntawm lub neej ntawm lub teb chaws. Renacimiento cov duab (cov kws sau ntawv, kws ntaus suab paj nruag, kws ua yeeb yam) tau nrhiav kom coj Spanish kab lis kev cai tawm ntawm stagnation, rov kho nws qhov qub, thiab tsa suab paj nruag hauv tebchaws mus rau qib siab ntawm European cov tsev kawm sau ntawv. Falla, zoo li nws cov neeg kawm tiav - cov kws sau nkauj I. Albeniz thiab E. Granados, nrhiav kom muaj lub hauv paus zoo nkauj ntawm Renacimiento hauv nws txoj haujlwm.
Falla tau txais nws thawj zaj nkauj ntawm nws niam. Tom qab ntawd nws tau kawm piano los ntawm X. Trago, uas tom qab ntawd nws tau kawm ntawm Madrid Conservatory, qhov chaw nws kuj kawm txog kev sib haum xeeb thiab kev sib cav. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 14 xyoos, Falla twb tau pib sau ua haujlwm rau lub koom haum chamber-instrumental, thiab hauv 1897-1904. sau ntawv rau piano thiab 5 zarzuelas. Fallu tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau xyoo kawm nrog Pedrel (1902-04), uas tau taw qhia cov tub ntxhais hluas sau ntawv rau kev kawm txog lus Mev. Yog li ntawd, thawj txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb tau tshwm sim - opera A Short Life (1905). Sau rau ntawm zaj dab neeg ua yeeb yam los ntawm pej xeem lub neej, nws muaj cov duab qhia thiab puas siab puas ntsws qhov tseeb, cov yeeb yuj toj roob hauv pes sketches. Qhov kev ua yeeb yam no tau txais txiaj ntsig thawj zaug ntawm kev sib tw ntawm Madrid Academy of Fine Arts hauv 1905. Nyob rau tib lub xyoo, Falla yeej thawj qhov khoom plig ntawm kev sib tw piano hauv Madrid. Nws muab concerts ntau, muab piano zaj lus qhia, composes.
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev nthuav tawm Falla cov kev xav zoo nkauj thiab txhim kho nws cov txuj ci yog nws nyob hauv Paris (1907-14) thiab kev sib txuas lus zoo nrog cov kws sau ntawv Fabkis txoj C. Debussy thiab M. Ravel. Ntawm cov lus qhia ntawm P. Duke hauv xyoo 1912, Falla tau rov ua dua qhov qhab nia ntawm qhov ua yeeb yam "Ib Lub Neej Luv", uas tau tshwm sim hauv Nice thiab Paris. Xyoo 1914, tus kws sau nkauj tau rov qab los rau Madrid, qhov twg, ntawm nws txoj haujlwm, lub suab paj nruag tau tsim los txhawb cov suab paj nruag qub thiab niaj hnub ntawm Spanish composers. Cov xwm txheej txaus ntshai ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib yog tshwm sim hauv "Kev Thov Vajtswv ntawm cov niam uas tuav lawv cov tub hauv lawv txhais tes" rau lub suab thiab piano (1914).
Xyoo 1910-20. Falla's style siv rau kev ua tiav. Nws organically synthesizes achievements ntawm Western European suab paj nruag nrog lub teb chaws Spanish suab paj nruag kab lig kev cai. Qhov no tau ci ntsa iab nyob rau hauv lub suab voj voog "Seven Spanish Folk Songs" (1914), nyob rau hauv ib qho kev ua yeeb yam pantomime nrog hu nkauj "Hlub tus Khawv koob" (1915), uas qhia txog cov duab ntawm lub neej ntawm Spanish gypsies. Nyob rau hauv symphonic impressions (raws li tus sau lub npe) "Hmo ntuj nyob rau hauv lub vaj ntawm Spain" rau piano thiab orchestra (1909-15), Falla combines cov yam ntxwv nta ntawm Fabkis impressionism nrog lub hauv paus lus Mev. Raws li kev koom tes nrog S. Diaghilev, ballet "Cocked Hat" tau tshwm sim, uas tau paub dav. Xws li cov kab lis kev cai zoo li choreographer L. Massine, tus thawj coj E. Ansermet, tus kws kos duab P. Picasso tau koom nrog hauv kev tsim thiab kev ua yeeb yam ntawm tus neeg ntaus pob. Falla tau txais txoj cai ntawm European nplai. Raws li qhov kev thov ntawm tus kws tshaj lij pianist A. Rubinstein, Falla sau ib daim ntawv zoo nkauj "Betic Fantasy", raws li Andalusian pej xeem cov ntsiab lus. Nws siv cov txheej txheem qub los ntawm kev ua yeeb yam Spanish guitar.
Txij li thaum xyoo 1921, Falla tau nyob hauv Granada, qhov twg, nrog F. Garcia Lorca, xyoo 1922 nws tau tsim lub Cante Jondo Festival, uas muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau pej xeem. Hauv Granada, Falla tau sau thawj zaj nkauj thiab ua yeeb yam ua yeeb yam Maestro Pedro's Pavilion (raws li zaj dab neeg ntawm ib tshooj ntawm Don Quixote los ntawm M. Cervantes), uas sib txuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm opera, pantomime ballet thiab puppet yeeb yam. Cov suab paj nruag ntawm txoj haujlwm no embodies cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus dab neeg ntawm Castile. Hauv 20s. Hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Falla, cov yam ntxwv ntawm neoclassicism tau tshwm sim. Lawv pom meej meej nyob rau hauv Concerto rau clavicembalo, flute, oboe, clarinet, violin thiab cello (1923-26), mob siab rau tus zoo tshaj Polish harpsichordist W. Landowska. Tau ntau xyoo, Falla ua hauj lwm rau lub monumental theem cantata Atlantis (raws li cov paj huam los ntawm J. Verdaguer y Santalo). Nws tau ua tiav los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv tus tub ntxhais kawm E. Alfter thiab ua yeeb yaj kiab hauv xyoo 1961, thiab ua yeeb yam hauv La Scala xyoo 1962. Hauv nws xyoo kawg, Falla nyob hauv Argentina, qhov chaw nws raug yuam kom tsiv teb tsaws ntawm Francoist Spain. hauv 1939.
Falla lub suab paj nruag thawj zaug embodies tus cwj pwm Spanish hauv nws qhov kev tshwm sim hauv tebchaws, tsis muaj kev txwv hauv zos. Nws txoj hauj lwm muab cov suab paj nruag Spanish sib npaug nrog rau lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv Western European thiab coj nws kev lees paub thoob ntiaj teb.
V. Ilyeva
