Gaetano Donizetti (Gaetano Donizetti) |

Gaetano donizetti

Donizetti lub suab paj nruag zoo siab rau lub ntiaj teb nrog lawv cov kev ua si zoo siab. Hein

Donizetti yog ib tug txawj ntse txawj ntse uas nrhiav tau txoj kev nyiam ntawm Renaissance. G. Mazzini

Suab paj nruag Donizetti zoo, zoo kawg li, amazing! V. Bellini

G. Donizetti - tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Italian romantic opera, tus mlom ntawm bel canto kiv cua - tau tshwm sim ntawm lub qab ntug ntawm Ltalis thaum lub sijhawm "Bellini tuag thiab Rossini nyob ntsiag to." Tus tswv ntawm ib qho khoom plig zoo nkauj uas tsis muaj zog, kev sib sib zog nqus poetic txuj ci thiab kev nkag siab ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, Donizetti tsim 74 operas, uas qhia qhov dav thiab ntau haiv neeg ntawm nws cov txuj ci sau ntawv. Donizetti txoj haujlwm operatic yog txawv txawv nyob rau hauv ntau hom: cov no yog socio-psychological melodramas ("Linda di Chamouni" - 1842, "Gemma di Vergi" - 1834), keeb kwm thiab heroic dramas ("Velisario" - 1836, "Lub Siege ntawm Calais" – 1836, “Torquato Tasso” – 1833, “Mary Stuart” – 1835, “Marina Faliero” – 1835), lyric-dramatic operas (“Lucia di Lammermoor” – 1835, “The Favorite” – 1840, “Maria di Lammermoor” – 1843), tragic melodramas (“Lucretia Borgia” – 1833, “Anne Boleyn” – 1830). Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ntau haiv neeg yog operas sau nyob rau hauv ib hom ntawv buffa, suab paj nruag farces ("Castle of the Invalids" - 1826, "New Pursonyak" - 1828, "Crazy by Order" - 1830), comic operas ("Hlub's Potion" - 1832, "Don Pasquale” - 1843), comic operas nrog kev sib tham sib tham (Tus Ntxhais ntawm Cov Tub Rog - 1840, Rita - staged hauv 1860) thiab buffa operas kom raug (Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws hauv Nyuaj Siab - 1824, Hmo Tswb - 1836).

Donizetti's operas yog cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm tus kws sau ntawv ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm ob lub suab paj nruag thiab libretto. Ua ib tug neeg txawj ntaus suab paj nruag, nws siv tej hauj lwm ntawm V. Hugo, A. Dumas-txiv, V. Scott, J. Byron thiab E. Scribe, nws tus kheej tau sim sau libretto, thiab sau paj huam lom zem zoo kawg nkaus.

Hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Donizetti, ob lub sijhawm tuaj yeem ua qhov txawv txav. Nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm thawj (1818-30), lub hwj chim ntawm G. Rossini yog heev pom. Txawm hais tias cov operas tsis sib npaug ntawm cov ntsiab lus, kev txawj ntse thiab kev tshwm sim ntawm tus kws sau ntawv tus kheej, hauv lawv Donizetti zoo li ib tus neeg hu nkauj zoo. Lub sij hawm muaj tswv yim loj hlob ntawm tus kws sau paj huam poob rau 30s - thawj ib nrab ntawm 40s. Lub sijhawm no, nws tsim cov masterpieces uas tau nkag mus rau keeb kwm ntawm cov suab paj nruag. Xws li yog "ib txwm tshiab, ib txwm ntxim nyiam" (A. Serov) opera "Hlub Potion"; "Ib qho ntawm cov pob zeb zoo nkauj tshaj plaws ntawm Italian opera" (G. Donati-Petteni) "Don Pasquale"; "Lucia di Lammermoor", qhov twg Donizetti qhia tag nrho cov subtleties ntawm kev xav ntawm tus neeg hlub (De Valori).

Kev siv zog ntawm tus kws sau ntawv ua haujlwm yog qhov tshwj xeeb: "Qhov yooj yim uas Donizetti tsim suab paj nruag, muaj peev xwm ntes tau lub suab paj nruag sai sai, ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los sib piv cov txheej txheem ntawm nws txoj haujlwm nrog lub ntuj fruiting ntawm flowering txiv hmab txiv ntoo" (Donati- Petteni). Qhov sib npaug yooj yim, tus sau tau paub ntau lub teb chaws thiab hom opera. Ntxiv nrog rau operas, Donizetti tau sau oratorios, cantatas, symphonies, quartets, quintes, sab ntsuj plig thiab lub suab sau.

Outwardly, Donizetti lub neej zoo li kev vam meej tas mus li. Qhov tseeb, qhov no tsis yog li ntawd. Tus kws sau ntawv sau hais tias "Kuv yug los yog zais hauv qhov tsis paub," vim tias kuv tau yug los hauv av, hauv qab daus ntawm Borgo Canal, qhov twg lub hnub ci tsis tau nkag mus." Donizetti niam txiv yog cov neeg pluag: nws txiv yog ib tug saib xyuas, nws niam yog ib tug weaver. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 9 xyoos, Gaetano nkag mus rau Simon Mayr Charitable Music School thiab dhau los ua tus menyuam kawm ntawv zoo tshaj plaws. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 14 xyoos, nws tsiv mus rau Bologna, qhov chaw nws kawm ntawm Lyceum of Music nrog S. Mattei. Lub peev xwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Gaetano tau tshwm sim thawj zaug ntawm qhov kev xeem hauv xyoo 1817, qhov chaw nws ua haujlwm symphonic thiab cantata tau ua. Txawm tias nyob rau ntawm Lyceum, Donizetti tau sau 3 operas: Pygmalion, Olympias thiab Txoj Kev Npau Suav ntawm Achilles, thiab twb nyob rau hauv 1818 nws opera Enrico, suav ntawm Burgundy tau ua tiav hauv Venice. Txawm tias muaj kev vam meej ntawm opera, nws yog ib lub sij hawm nyuaj heev nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm composer: daim ntawv cog lus rau sau tsis tau xaus, tsev neeg xav tau kev pab nyiaj txiag, thiab cov neeg nyob ze tsis to taub nws. Simon Mayr tau teem caij rau Donizetti rau kev cog lus nrog Rome Opera los sau cov opera Zoraida ntawm Granata. Kev tsim khoom tau ua tiav, tab sis qhov kev thuam uas poob rau tus tub ntxhais hluas composer yog insultingly siab phem. Tab sis qhov no tsis ua txhaum Donizetti, tab sis tsuas yog ntxiv dag zog rau nws lub zog hauv kev siv zog los txhim kho nws cov kev txawj ntse. Tab sis kev txom nyem ua raws ib qho tom qab: thawj tus kws sau ntawv tus tub tuag, ces nws niam nws txiv, nws tus poj niam uas nws hlub Virginia, uas tseem tsis tau muaj hnub nyoog 30 xyoo: "Kuv nyob ib leeg hauv ntiaj teb, thiab kuv tseem muaj sia nyob!" Donizetti sau hauv kev poob siab. Art cawm nws ntawm kev tua tus kheej. Ib qho kev caw mus rau Paris tom qab tsis ntev. Nyob ntawd nws sau ib tug romantic, charming, "Daughter ntawm lub Regiment", ib tug elegant "Favorite". Ob qho ntawm cov haujlwm no, nrog rau kev txawj ntse Polievkt, tau txais nrog kev txaus siab. Donizetti qhov kawg opera yog Catarina Cornaro. Nws tau tshwm sim hauv Vienna, qhov twg hauv 1842 Donizetti tau txais lub npe ntawm Austrian tsev hais plaub composer. Tom qab 1844, kev puas siab puas ntsws yuam Donizetti tso tseg kev sau thiab ua rau nws tuag.

Donizetti cov kos duab, uas sawv cev rau cov nkauj zoo nkauj, yog cov organic thiab ntuj. "Donizetti absorbed tag nrho cov kev xyiv fab thiab kev tu siab, kev txhawj xeeb thiab kev txhawj xeeb, tag nrho cov kev ntshaw ntawm cov neeg zoo tib yam rau kev hlub thiab kev zoo nkauj, thiab ces qhia lawv nyob rau hauv zoo nkauj suab paj nruag uas tseem nyob rau hauv lub plawv ntawm cov neeg" (Donati-Petteni).

M. Dvorkina

• Italian opera tom qab Rossini: cov hauj lwm ntawm Bellini thiab Donizetti →

Tus tub ntawm cov niam txiv txom nyem, nws pom thawj tus kws qhia ntawv thiab muaj txiaj ntsig hauv tus neeg ntawm Mayr, tom qab ntawd kawm ntawm Bologna Musical Lyceum raws li kev qhia ntawm Padre Mattei. Nyob rau hauv 1818, nws thawj opera, Enrico, suav ntawm Burgundy, tau staged nyob rau hauv Venice. Xyoo 1828 nws tau sib yuav tus neeg hu nkauj thiab pianist Virginia Vasselli. Xyoo 1830, qhov kev ua yeeb yam Anna Boleyn tau ua tiav nrog kev yeej ntawm Carcano theatre hauv Milan. Hauv Naples, nws tuav lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm kev ua yeeb yam thiab txoj haujlwm ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm lub tsev khaws khoom, thaum nws muaj kev hwm heev; Txawm li cas los xij, hauv 1838, Mercadante tau los ua tus thawj coj ntawm lub chaw saib xyuas. Qhov no yog ib tug loj tshuab rau lub composer. Tom qab nws niam nws txiv tuag, peb tus tub thiab tus poj niam, nws (txawm hais tias muaj ntau zaj dab neeg sib hlub) tseem nyob ib leeg, nws txoj kev noj qab haus huv tau shaken, suav nrog vim kev ua haujlwm zoo kawg nkaus. Tom qab dhau los ua tus sau thiab tus thawj coj ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ntiag tug ntawm Vienna Tsev Hais Plaub, nws rov nthuav tawm nws lub peev xwm zoo. Xyoo 1845 nws mob hnyav heev.

"Kuv yug hauv Borgo Canal underground: lub teeb ci tsis tau nkag mus rau hauv lub cellar, qhov chaw uas kuv nqis los rau hauv tus ntaiv. Thiab, zoo li tus plas, ya tawm ntawm lub zes, kuv ib txwm nqa hauv kuv tus kheej tsis zoo los yog zoo siab forebodings. Cov lus no yog los ntawm Donizetti, uas yog li xav txiav txim siab nws lub hauv paus chiv keeb, nws txoj hmoo, cim los ntawm kev tuag ua ke ntawm cov xwm txheej, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tsis tiv thaiv nws los ntawm kev hloov pauv loj, txawm tias muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab ntxhov siab hauv nws txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm nrog funny thiab downright. farcical zajlus. "Thaum lub suab paj nruag comic yug hauv kuv lub taub hau, Kuv xav tias muaj kev xav tsis thoob hauv nws sab laug, thaum loj, Kuv xav tias tib yam drilling ntawm sab xis," tus kws sau ntawv tau sib cav nrog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, zoo li xav qhia cov tswv yim yooj yim li cas tshwm sim hauv nws lub siab. . “Koj puas paub kuv lub ntsiab lus? Ceev ceev! Tej zaum qhov no tsis tsim nyog tau txais kev pom zoo, tab sis qhov kuv ua tau zoo yog ib txwm ua tiav sai, "nws sau rau Giacomo Sacchero, ib tus ntawm nws cov neeg sau ntawv, thiab cov txiaj ntsig, txawm tias tsis tas li, tau lees paub qhov tseeb ntawm cov lus no. Sau Carlo Parmentola kom raug: "Qhov tsis sib xws ntawm Donizetti cov ntawv sau tam sim no yog ib qho chaw rau kev thuam, nrog rau nws cov kev ua yeeb yam dawb huv, cov laj thawj uas feem ntau nrhiav hauv qhov tseeb tias nws ib txwm tau tsav los ntawm lub sijhawm tsis muaj hnub kawg. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseeb tseem yog tias txawm tias yog ib tug tub ntxhais kawm hauv Bologna, thaum tsis muaj dab tsi maj nrawm rau nws, nws ua haujlwm kub taub hau thiab txuas ntxiv mus ua haujlwm ntawm tib lub sijhawm txawm tias thaum kawg ua tiav txoj kev vam meej, nws tau tshem ntawm qhov xav tau txuas ntxiv mus. Tej zaum qhov no yuav tsum tau ua kom tsis tu ncua, tsis hais qhov xwm txheej sab nraud, ntawm tus nqi ntawm kev ua kom tsis muaj zog ntawm kev tswj hwm, yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm nws tus cwj pwm tsis zoo li tus kws ntaus nkauj romantic. Thiab, ntawm chav kawm, nws yog ib tug ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv uas, tau tawm ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm Rossini, tau nce kev ntseeg ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau ua raws li kev hloov pauv hauv kev saj.

"Tau ntau tshaj kaum xyoo," sau Piero Mioli, "Donizetti lub peev xwm ntawm ntau sab tau muaj kev ywj pheej thiab sib txawv hauv kev ua yeeb yam loj, ib nrab thiab comic ua yeeb yam raws li ntau tshaj li ib nrab xyoo ntawm Italian opera xyaum, tus neeg lub sijhawm ntawd. nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm lub impeccable Rossini, thaum pib los ntawm lub 30s XNUMXs, ntau lawm nyob rau hauv ib tug loj ib hom ntawv nyeem tau ib tug ntau kom zoo dua, li cas los xij, qhov no yuav tsum tau los ntawm lub sij hawm los txog ntawm romanticism thiab cov piv txwv ntawm xws li ib tug niaj hnub xws li Bellini, uas yog. neeg txawv teb chaws rau comedy ... Yog hais tias Rossini ua yeeb yam tau tsim nws tus kheej hauv ltalis nyob rau hauv lub thib ob thiab thib peb xyoo caum ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX, yog tias Verdi theatre tau nce qib thib tsib, qhov thib plaub yog Donizetti.

Nyob hauv txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb no, Donizetti, nrog nws tus yam ntxwv kev ywj pheej ntawm kev tshoov siab, maj nrawm mus rau qhov kev paub tseeb ntawm qhov tseeb, uas nws tau muab tib lub peev xwm, tso lawv, yog tias tsim nyog, los ntawm lub hom phiaj thiab cov kev xav tau ntawm kev ua yeeb yam. Tus kws sau ntawv qhov kev tshawb nrhiav kub taub hau ua rau nws nyiam qhov kawg ntawm opera series raws li qhov tseeb tsuas yog tsim nyog los nkag siab txog zaj dab neeg. Nws yog qhov kev ntshaw rau qhov tseeb uas ib txhij pub nws txoj kev tshoov siab comic, ua tsaug rau qhov uas, tsim caricatures thiab caricatures, nws tau los ua tus sau loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov suab paj nruag comedies tom qab Rossini, thiab txiav txim siab nws tig nyob rau hauv nws lub sij hawm loj hlob mus rau comic zajlus cim tsis tsuas yog los ntawm kev tu siab irony. , tab sis los ntawm kev ua siab mos siab muag thiab tib neeg. . Raws li Francesco Attardi, "opera buffa yog nyob rau hauv lub Romantic lub sij hawm ib tug counterbalance, ib tug sober thiab tiag tiag sim ntawm lub zoo tagnrho aspirations ntawm lub xyoo pua puv XNUMX melodrama. Opera buffa yog, zoo li nws yog, sab nraud ntawm lub npib, txhawb kom peb xav ntau ntxiv txog opera seria. yog hais tias nws yog ib daim ntawv qhia txog lub bourgeois social qauv.

Cov keeb kwm loj heev ntawm Donizetti, uas tseem tos txog qhov kev lees paub, tsim nyog tau txais kev ntsuam xyuas dav dav tias txoj cai no hauv kev kawm tus kws sau ntawv ua haujlwm li Guglielmo Barblan muab rau nws: "Thaum twg qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev kos duab ntawm Donizetti yuav pom tseeb rau peb? Qhov kev xav ua ntej uas hnyav rau nws ntau tshaj li ib puas xyoo tau nthuav tawm nws ua ib tus kws kos duab, txawm tias nws yog ib tus neeg txawj ntse, tab sis nqa tawm los ntawm nws txoj kev ci ntsa iab ntawm txhua yam teeb meem txhawm rau tso siab rau lub hwj chim ntawm kev tshoov siab ib ntus. Kev saib sai ntawm xya lub kaum os Donizetti operas, ua tiav kev txhawb siab niaj hnub ntawm kev ua yeeb yam tsis nco qab ua pov thawj, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, tias yog qee qhov kev xav no yuav tsis yog kev ntxub ntxaug, tom qab ntawd hauv nws cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ... Donizetti yog tus kws kos duab uas paub txog qhov lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub luag hauj lwm entrusted rau nws thiab peering intently nyob rau hauv European kab lis kev cai, nyob rau hauv uas nws kom meej meej pom tib txoj kev uas yuav txav peb melodrama los ntawm lub simplistic txoj hauj lwm uas muab nws lub xeev, uas yog dag hu ua "kev lig kev cai" ".

G. Marchesi (los ntawm E. Greceanii)

Cov khoom xyaw:

Ua yeeb yam (74), suav nrog Madness (Una Follia, 1818, Venice), Poor wandering virtuosos (I piccoli virtuosi ambulanti, 1819, Bergamo), Peter the Great, Lavxias teb sab Tsar, los yog Livonian kws ntoo (Pietro il grande Czar delle Russieo I. Falegname di Livonia, 1819, Venice), Kab tshoob nyob deb nroog (Le Nozze hauv villa, 1820-21, Mantua, carnival), Zoraida Pomegranate (1822, theatre "Argentina", Rome), Chiara thiab Serafina, los yog Pirates (1822, theatre " La Scala”, Milan), Zoo siab delusion (Il fortunato inganno, 1823, theatre “Nuovo”, Naples), Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws hauv kev nyuaj (L'Ajo nell'imbarazzo, tseem hu ua Don Gregorio, 1824, theatre “Valle”, Rome) , Tsev fuabtais ntawm Invalids (Il Castello degli invalidi, 1826, Carolino Theatre, Palermo), Yim Hli Ntuj hauv Ob Teev, lossis Exiles hauv Siberia (Otto mesi in due ore, ossia Gli Esiliati hauv Siberia, 1827, Nuovo Theatre , Naples), Alina, Poj huab tais ntawm Golconda (Alina regina di Golconda, 1828, Carlo Felice Theatre, Genoa), Pariah (1829, San Carlo Theatre, Naples), Elizabeth hauv Castle Kenilw orth (Elisabetta al castello di Kenilworth, kuj hu ua. Kenilworth Castle, raws li cov ntawv tshiab los ntawm W. Scott, 1829, ibid.), Anne Boleyn (1830, Carcano Theatre, Milan), Hugo, suav ntawm Paris (1832, La Scala Theatre, Milan), Hlub Potion (L' Elisir d'amore, 1832, Canobbiana Theatre, Milan), Parisina (tom qab J. Byron, 1833, Pergola Theatre, Florence), Torquato Tasso (1833, Valle Theatre, Rome), Lucrezia Borgia (raws li kev ua yeeb yam ntawm tib lub npe V. . Hugo, 1833, La Scala Theatre, Milan), Marino Faliero (raws li kev ua si ntawm tib lub npe los ntawm J. Byron, 1835, Italien Theatre, Paris), Mary Stuart (1835, La Scala Theatre, Milan), Lucia di Lammermoor (raws li phau ntawv tshiab los ntawm W. Scott “The Lammermoor Bride”, 1835, San Carlo Theatre, Naples), Belisarius (1836, Fenice Theatre, Venice), Lub Siege of Calais (L'Assedio di Calais, 1836, Theatre ” San Carlo, Naples), Pia de'Tolomei (1837, Apollo Theatre, Venice), Robert Devereux, lossis Earl of Essex (1837, San Carlo Theatre, Naples), Maria Di Rudenz (1838, theatre ” Fenice, Venice ), tus ntxhais ntawm lub Regiment(La fille du régiment, 1840, Opera Comique, Paris), Martyrs (Les Martyrs, ib tsab tshiab ntawm Polyeuctus, raws li kev xwm txheej los ntawm P. Corneille, 1840, Grand Opera Theatre, Paris), Nyiam (1840, ibid. ), Adelia, los yog tus ntxhais ntawm Archer (Adelia, hais txog La figlia dell'arciere, 1841, theatre ” Apollo, Rome), Linda di Chamouni (1842, Kärntnertorteatr, Vienna), Don Pasquale (1843, Italien Theatre, Paris) , Maria di Rohan (Maria dl Rohan ntawm Il conte di Chalais, 1843, Kärntnertorteatr), Vienna), Don Sebastian ntawm Portugal (1843, Grand Opera Theatre, Paris), Caterina Cornaro (1844, San Carlo Theatre, Naples) thiab lwm yam; 3 lus, 28 kab, 16 symphonies, 19 quartet, 3 quartets, suab paj nruag nkauj ntseeg, ntau lub suab ua haujlwm.