Boris Nikolaevich Lyatoshinsky (Boris Lyatoshinsky) |

Boris Lyatoshinsky

Lub npe ntawm Boris Nikolaevich Lyatoshinsky yog txuam tsis tau tsuas yog nrog ib tug loj thiab, tej zaum, lub sij hawm zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob ntawm Ukrainian Soviet suab paj nruag, tab sis kuj nrog lub cim xeeb ntawm ib tug zoo txuj ci, ua siab loj thiab ncaj ncees. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm nws lub teb chaws, nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau iab lub sij hawm ntawm nws tus kheej lub neej, nws tseem yog ib tug ncaj ncees, ua siab loj artist. Lyatoshinsky feem ntau yog ib tug symphonic composer. Rau nws, symphonism yog ib txoj hauv kev ntawm lub neej hauv suab paj nruag, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev xav hauv txhua yam haujlwm yam tsis muaj kev zam - los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv loj tshaj plaws mus rau choral me me lossis ib qho kev npaj ntawm pej xeem nkauj.

Txoj kev ntawm Lyatoshinsky hauv kev kos duab tsis yooj yim. Ib tug neeg txawj ntse txawj ntse, nyob rau hauv 1918 nws kawm tiav los ntawm Kws qhia ntawv ntawm txoj cai ntawm Kyiv University, ib xyoos tom qab - los ntawm lub Kyiv Conservatory nyob rau hauv lub composition ntawm R. Gliere. Lub turbulent xyoo ntawm thawj kaum xyoo ntawm lub xyoo pua kuj tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv thawj tej hauj lwm ntawm cov tub ntxhais composer, nyob rau hauv uas nws hlub twb pom meej meej hnov. Thawj thiab Thib Ob String Quartets, Thawj Symphony yog tag nrho ntawm cov cua daj cua dub romantic, cov nkauj zoo nkauj zoo nkauj hnub rov qab mus rau Scriabin lig. Kev mloog zoo rau lo lus - paj huam ntawm M. Maeterlinck, I. Bunin, I. Severyanin, P. Shelley, K. Balmont, P. Verlaine, O. Wilde, cov kws sau paj huam Suav thaum ub tau muab tso rau hauv kev sib txig sib luag nrog cov suab paj nruag nyuaj, ib tug txawv txawv ntau yam ntawm harmonic thiab rhythmic txhais tau tias. Tib yam tuaj yeem hais tau hais txog kev ua haujlwm piano ntawm lub sijhawm no (Reflections, Sonata), uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov duab qhia tau zoo, aphoristic laconism ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab lawv txoj kev loj hlob zoo tshaj plaws, ua rau thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Lub hauv paus muaj pes tsawg leeg yog Thawj Symphony (1918), uas qhia meej meej txog qhov khoom plig polyphonic, ib qho kev hais kom zoo ntawm orchestral timbres, thiab qhov ntsuas ntawm cov tswv yim.

Nyob rau hauv 1926, lub Overture tau tshwm sim ntawm plaub lub ntsiab lus Ukrainian, kos lub cim pib ntawm lub sijhawm tshiab, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev ua tib zoo mloog Ukrainian lus dab neeg, nkag mus rau hauv cov lus zais ntawm pej xeem kev xav, hauv keeb kwm, kab lis kev cai (operas Golden Hoop thiab The. Commander (Shchors) ); cantata "Zapovit" ntawm T. Shevchenko; cim los ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws lyricism, kev npaj ntawm Ukrainian pej xeem nkauj rau lub suab thiab piano thiab hu nkauj ib tug cappella, nyob rau hauv uas Lyatoshinsky ua siab loj qhia txoj kev complex polyphonic, raws li zoo raws li txawv txawv rau pej xeem suab paj nruag, tab sis heev nthuav thiab organic harmonies). Lub opera Golden Hoop (raws li zaj dab neeg los ntawm I. Franko) ua tsaug rau cov keeb kwm keeb kwm los ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. ua kom nws tuaj yeem pleev xim rau cov duab ntawm cov neeg, thiab kev hlub tragic, thiab cov cim zoo heev. Cov lus suab paj nruag ntawm lub opera yog ib yam li ntau haiv neeg, nrog ib tug complex system ntawm leitmotifs thiab nruam symphonic txoj kev loj hlob. Thaum lub sij hawm tsov rog xyoo, ua ke nrog lub Kyiv Conservatory, Lyatoshinsky tau khiav tawm mus rau Saratov, qhov chaw ua hauj lwm nyuaj txuas ntxiv nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob nyuaj. Tus kws sau paj huam tas li koom tes nrog cov neeg kho xov tooj cua. T. Shevchenko, uas tshaj tawm nws cov kev pab cuam rau cov pej xeem thiab partisans ntawm lub occupied ib ncig ntawm Ukraine. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, Ukrainian Quintet, Plaub Txoj hlua Quartet, thiab Suite rau String Quartet ntawm Ukrainian pej xeem cov ntsiab lus raug tsim.

Cov xyoo tom qab tsov rog tau tshwj xeeb yog khaus thiab muaj txiaj ntsig. Rau 20 xyoo, Lyatoshinsky tau tsim cov choral zoo nkauj me me: ntawm st. T. Shevchenko; cycles "Season" ntawm st. A. Pushkin, ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb. A. Fet, M. Rylsky, “Los ntawm Yav Dhau Los”.

Qhov thib peb Symphony, sau rau xyoo 1951, tau los ua haujlwm tseem ceeb. Nws lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog kev tawm tsam ntawm qhov zoo thiab qhov phem. Tom qab thawj qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm lub plenum ntawm lub Union ntawm Composers ntawm Ukraine, lub symphony tau raug kev thuam hnyav hnyav, raug rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Tus composer yuav tsum remake lub scherzo thiab qhov kawg. Tab sis, hmoov zoo, suab paj nruag tseem ciaj sia. Los ntawm lub embodiment ntawm lub feem ntau complex tswvyim, suab paj nruas kev xav, ua yeeb yam kev daws teeb meem, Lyatoshinsky's Thib Symphony tuaj yeem muab tso rau ntawm qhov sib npaug nrog D. Shostakovich's Xya Symphony. 50-60s cim los ntawm tus kws sau paj huam zoo siab rau Slavic kab lis kev cai. Nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov hauv paus hniav, kev sib koom ntawm Slavs, Polish, Serbian, Croatian, Bulgarian lus dab neeg tau raug kawm zoo. Yog li ntawd, "Slavic Concerto" rau piano thiab orchestra tshwm; 2 mazurkas ntawm Polish cov ntsiab lus rau cello thiab piano; romances ntawm st. A. Mitskevich; symphonic paj huam "Grazhina", "Nyob ntawm ntug dej ntawm lub Vistula"; "Polish Suite", "Slavic Overture", Tsib ("Slavic") Symphony, "Slavic Suite" rau symphony orchestra. Pan-Slavism Lyatoshinsky txhais los ntawm tib neeg txoj haujlwm siab, raws li lub zej zog ntawm kev xav thiab kev nkag siab ntawm lub ntiaj teb.

Tus kws sau ntawv tau coj los ntawm tib lub hom phiaj hauv nws txoj haujlwm pedagogical, nqa ntau tshaj ib tiam ntawm Ukrainian composers. Lyatoshinsky lub tsev kawm ntawv yog, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, kev txheeb xyuas ntawm tus kheej, kev hwm rau ib tug txawv lub tswv yim, kev ywj pheej ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Tias yog vim li cas nws cov tub ntxhais kawm V. Silvestrov thiab L. Grabovsky, V. Godzyatsky thiab N. Poloz, E. Stankovich thiab I. Shamo thiaj li tsis zoo li ib leeg hauv lawv txoj haujlwm. Txhua tus ntawm lawv, tau xaiv nws tus kheej txoj kev, txawm li cas los xij, hauv txhua yam ntawm nws txoj haujlwm, tseem ua raws li cov lus qhuab qhia tseem ceeb ntawm tus Xib Hwb - kom nyob twj ywm ib tug neeg ncaj ncees thiab tsis sib haum xeeb, ib tug tub qhe ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees thiab lub siab.

S. Filstein