Sergei Sergeevich Prokofiev |

Sergei Prokofiev, tus kws kho mob

Qhov txiaj ntsig cardinal (lossis, yog tias koj nyiam, qhov tsis zoo) ntawm kuv lub neej yeej ib txwm yog qhov kev tshawb nrhiav rau tus thawj, kuv tus kheej cov lus suab paj nruag. Kuv ntxub imitation, Kuv ntxub cliches…

Koj tuaj yeem nyob ntev npaum li koj nyiam nyob txawv teb chaws, tab sis koj yuav tsum tau rov qab mus rau koj lub tebchaws ib ntus rau tus ntsuj plig ntawm Lavxias. S. Prokofiev

Lub xyoo thaum yau ntawm tus neeg sau yav tom ntej dhau los hauv tsev neeg suab paj nruag. Nws niam yog tus ntaus piano zoo, thiab tus tub, tsaug zog, feem ntau hnov ​​​​cov suab ntawm L. Beethoven tus sonatas los ntawm qhov deb, ntau chav nyob deb. Thaum Seryozha muaj 5 xyoos, nws tsim nws thawj daim rau piano. Xyoo 1902, S. Taneyev tau paub txog nws cov me nyuam txoj kev sau ntawv, thiab ntawm nws cov lus qhia, cov lus qhia pib nrog R. Gliere. Nyob rau hauv 1904-14 Prokofiev kawm nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg Conservatory nrog N. Rimsky-Korsakov (instrumentation), J. Vitols (suab paj nruag daim ntawv), A. Lyadov (suab paj nruag), A. Esipova (piano).

Ntawm qhov kev xeem zaum kawg, Prokofiev ci ntsa iab ua nws thawj Concerto, uas nws tau txais nqi zog. A. Rubinstein. Tus kws sau nkauj hluas tau mob siab rau qhov kev xav tshiab hauv suab paj nruag thiab tsis ntev nws pom nws tus kheej txoj hauv kev ua tus kws ntaus nkauj tshiab. Hais lus raws li ib tug pianist, Prokofiev feem ntau suav nrog nws tus kheej tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv nws cov kev pab cuam, uas ua rau ib tug muaj zog cov lus teb los ntawm cov neeg tuaj saib.

Xyoo 1918, Prokofiev tau tawm mus rau Tebchaws Meskas, pib ntxiv mus rau ntau lub tebchaws - Fabkis, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Askiv, Ltalis, Spain. Nyob rau hauv kev rau siab los yeej thoob ntiaj teb cov neeg tuaj saib, nws muab concerts ntau, sau tej hauj lwm loj - lub operas Hlub rau peb txiv kab ntxwv (1919), Lub Fiery Angel (1927); cov ballets Steel Leap (1925, tshwm sim los ntawm cov xwm txheej tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Russia), Tus Tub Tuag (1928), Nyob rau Dnieper (1930); instrumental.

Thaum pib ntawm 1927 thiab thaum kawg ntawm 1929, Prokofiev ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union. Nyob rau hauv 1927, nws concerts nyob rau hauv Moscow, Leningrad, Kharkov, Kyiv thiab Odessa. "Kev txais tos uas Moscow tau muab rau kuv tsis zoo li qub. ... Kev txais tos hauv Leningrad tau dhau los ua qhov kub tshaj hauv Moscow, "tus kws sau ntawv sau rau hauv nws phau ntawv keeb kwm. Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1932, Prokofiev txiav txim siab rov qab mus rau nws lub tebchaws.

Txij li thaum nruab nrab 30s. Prokofiev lub creativity ncav nws qhov siab. Nws tsim ib qho ntawm nws cov masterpieces - tus ballet "Romeo thiab Juliet" tom qab W. Shakespeare (1936); lyric-comic opera Betrothal nyob rau hauv ib lub Monastery (Lub Duenna, tom qab R. Sheridan – 1940); cantatas "Alexander Nevsky" (1939) thiab "Toast" (1939); ib zaj dab neeg symphonic rau nws tus kheej cov ntawv "Peter thiab Hma" nrog cov cuab yeej-cov cim (1936); Sixth Piano Sonata (1940); Lub voj voog ntawm piano pieces "Children's Music" (1935).

Hauv 30-40s. Prokofiev lub suab paj nruag yog ua los ntawm cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag zoo tshaj plaws hauv Soviet: N. Golovanov, E. Gilels, B. Sofronitsky, S. Richter, D. Oistrakh. Qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Soviet choreography yog cov duab ntawm Juliet, tsim los ntawm G. Ulanova. Nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1941, ntawm lub dacha ze Moscow, Prokofiev painting commissioned los ntawm Leningrad Opera thiab Ballet Theatre. SM Kirov ballet-tale "Cinderella". Cov xov xwm ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog nrog fascist lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab cov xwm txheej tragic tom ntej ua rau muaj kev tawm tswv yim tshiab hauv cov neeg sau ntawv. Nws tsim ib tug grandiose heroic-patriotic epic opera "Kev Tsov Rog thiab Kev Thaj Yeeb" raws li qhov tshiab los ntawm L. Tolstoy (1943), thiab ua haujlwm nrog tus thawj coj S. Eisenstein ntawm keeb kwm zaj duab xis "Ivan the Terrible" (1942). Cov duab cuam tshuam, kev xav txog kev ua tub rog thiab, tib lub sijhawm, kev xav tsis thoob thiab lub zog yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm Xya Piano Sonata (1942). Majestic kev ntseeg siab tau raug ntes nyob rau hauv Fifth Symphony (1944), uas tus kws sau ntawv, hauv nws cov lus, xav "hu nkauj ntawm ib tug txiv neej dawb thiab zoo siab, nws lub zog muaj zog, nws lub hwj chim, nws txoj kev dawb huv ntawm sab ntsuj plig."

Nyob rau lub sijhawm tom qab tsov rog, txawm tias muaj mob hnyav, Prokofiev tau tsim ntau yam haujlwm tseem ceeb: thib rau (1947) thiab Xya (1952) symphonies, Ninth Piano Sonata (1947), ib tsab tshiab ntawm Tsov Rog thiab Kev Thaj Yeeb (1952) , Cello Sonata (1949) thiab Symphony Concerto rau cello thiab orchestra (1952). 40s lig-thaum ntxov 50s. tau overshadowed los ntawm nrov campaigns tawm tsam "kev tawm tsam lub teb chaws formalist" kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv Soviet kos duab, kev tsim txom ntawm ntau ntawm nws zoo tshaj plaws sawv cev. Prokofiev tau dhau los ua ib tus neeg tseem ceeb hauv suab paj nruag. Kev thuam pej xeem ntawm nws cov suab paj nruag hauv xyoo 1948 ua rau tus kws sau ntawv noj qab haus huv ntxiv.

Prokofiev siv lub xyoo kawg ntawm nws lub neej nyob rau hauv ib tug dacha nyob rau hauv lub zos Nikolina Gora ntawm Lavxias teb sab xwm nws hlub, nws tseem mus sau tsis tu ncua, ua txhaum cov kev txwv ntawm cov kws kho mob. Cov xwm txheej nyuaj ntawm lub neej kuj cuam tshuam rau kev muaj tswv yim. Nrog rau cov kev txawj ntse tiag tiag, ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm xyoo tas los no muaj cov haujlwm ntawm "kev xav yooj yim" - kev tshaj tawm "Lub Rooj Sib Tham ntawm Volga nrog Don" (1951), lub oratorio "Nyob Saib Xyuas Lub Ntiaj Teb" (1950), suite "Lub caij ntuj no Bonfire" (1950), ib co nplooj ntawv ntawm lub ballet "Teev txog ib tug pob zeb paj" (1950), Xya Symphony. Prokofiev tuag nyob rau tib hnub raws li Stalin, thiab farewell rau tus zoo Lavxias teb sab composer nyob rau hauv nws lub xeem taug kev twb obscured los ntawm nrov excitement nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog lub ntees tuag ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm cov neeg.

Prokofiev's style, uas nws ua hauj lwm npog 4 thiab ib nrab xyoo caum ntawm kev kub ntxhov nyob rau xyoo pua XNUMX, tau dhau los ua qhov kev hloov pauv loj heev. Prokofiev tau ua txoj hauv kev rau lub suab paj nruag tshiab ntawm peb lub xyoo pua, nrog rau lwm cov neeg tsim kho tshiab ntawm qhov pib ntawm lub xyoo pua - C. Debussy. B. Bartok, A. Scriabin, I. Stravinsky, composers ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Novovensk. Nws nkag mus rau kos duab raws li ib tug daring subverter ntawm lub dilapidated canons ntawm lig Romantic art nrog nws exquisite sophistication. Nyob rau hauv ib tug peculiar txoj kev txhim kho cov kab lig kev cai ntawm M. Mussorgsky, A. Borodin, Prokofiev coj mus rau hauv lub suab paj nruag unbridled zog, onslaught, dynamism, freshness ntawm primordial rog, perceived li "barbarism" ("Obsession" thiab Toccata rau piano, "Sarcasms"; symphonic "Scythian Suite" raws li ballet "Ala thiab Lolly"; Thawj thiab Thib Ob Piano Concertos). Prokofiev's suab paj nruag echoes lub innovation ntawm lwm Lavxias teb sab musicians, kws sau paj lug, paintings, ua yeeb yam ua hauj lwm. "Sergey Sergeevich ua si ntawm cov paj hlwb tshaj plaws ntawm Vladimir Vladimirovich," V. Mayakovsky hais txog ib qho ntawm Prokofiev kev ua yeeb yam. Tom thiab muaj kua dej ntawm Lavxias teb sab-lub zos figurativeness los ntawm lub prism ntawm exquisite aesthetics yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus neeg dhia tes "The Tale of the Jester Who Cheated on Seven Jesters" (raws li fairy tales los ntawm Afanasyev sau). Comparatively tsawg thaum lub sij hawm lyricism; Nyob rau hauv Prokofiev, nws yog devoid ntawm sensuality thiab rhiab heev - nws yog txaj muag, maj, ilv ("Fleeting", "Tales ntawm ib tug pog laus" rau piano).

Brightness, variegation, nce kev qhia yog ib yam ntawm cov style ntawm txawv teb chaws kaum tsib xyoo. Qhov no yog qhov ua yeeb yam "Kev Hlub rau Peb Txiv Kab Ntxwv", txaws nrog kev xyiv fab, nrog kev txaus siab, raws li zaj dab neeg los ntawm K. Gozzi ("ib khob ntawm champagne", raws li A. Lunacharsky); Lub splendid Thib Peb Concerto nrog nws lub zog lub cev muaj zog, teem tawm los ntawm cov yeeb nkab suab paj nruag zoo kawg nkaus ntawm qhov pib ntawm ntu 1, qhov nkag mus rau lyricism ntawm ib qho kev hloov pauv ntawm ntu 2 (1917-21); kev ntxhov siab ntawm kev xav muaj zog hauv "Fiery Angel" (raws li cov ntawv tshiab los ntawm V. Bryusov); lub hwj chim heroic thiab Scope ntawm Second Symphony (1924); "Cubist" urbanism ntawm "Steel lope"; lyrical introspection ntawm "Xav" (1934) thiab "Thiab hauv lawv tus kheej" (1928) rau piano. Style lub sij hawm 30-40s. cim los ntawm kev txawj ntse kev tswj hwm tus kheej hauv kev loj hlob, ua ke nrog qhov tob thiab lub teb chaws av ntawm cov tswv yim kos duab. Tus kws sau ntawv sib zog ua rau tib neeg lub tswv yim thiab cov ntsiab lus, nthuav dav cov duab ntawm keeb kwm, ci ntsa iab, tiag tiag-pob zeb ua suab paj nruag. Txoj kab ntawm kev muaj tswv yim no tau nthuav dav tshwj xeeb hauv 40s. nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog lub ordeals uas tau tshwm sim rau cov neeg Soviet thaum lub sij hawm tsov rog xyoo. Kev nthuav tawm ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm tib neeg tus ntsuj plig, kev sib sib zog nqus kev ua yeeb yam dhau los ua qhov kev ntshaw ntawm Prokofiev: "Kuv yog kev ntseeg tias tus kws sau ntawv, zoo li tus kws sau paj huam, sculptor, painter, yog hu ua pab txiv neej thiab cov neeg. Nws yuav tsum hu nkauj ntawm tib neeg lub neej thiab coj ib tug neeg mus rau lub neej yav tom ntej. Xws li, los ntawm kuv qhov kev xav, yog txoj cai tsis muaj kev kos duab.

Prokofiev tshuav ib qho cuab yeej cuab tam loj heev - 8 operas; 7 ballets; 7 symphonies; 9 piano sonatas; 5 piano concertos (ntawm plaub yog rau ib sab laug); 2 violin, 2 cello concertos (thib ob - Symphony-concert); 6 khob; hais lus; 2 lub suab thiab symphonic suites; ntau yam piano; tej daim rau orchestra (xws li Lavxias teb sab Overture, Symphonic Song, Ode mus rau thaum xaus ntawm tsov rog, 2 Pushkin Waltzes); Chamber ua hauj lwm (Overture ntawm cov neeg Yudais cov ntsiab lus rau clarinet, piano thiab hlua quartet; Quintet rau oboe, clarinet, violin, viola thiab ob bass; 2 hlua quartets; 2 sonatas rau violin thiab piano; Sonata rau cello thiab piano; ib tug xov tooj ntawm vocal compositions rau cov lus A. Akhmatova, K. Balmont, A. Pushkin, N. Agnivtsev thiab lwm tus).

Creativity Prokofiev tau txais kev lees paub thoob ntiaj teb. Tus nqi ntawm nws lub suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv nws lub siab dawb paug thiab kev ua siab zoo, hauv nws txoj kev cog lus rau cov tswv yim zoo ntawm tib neeg, hauv kev nplua nuj ntawm kev kos duab ntawm nws tej hauj lwm.

Y. Kholopov

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