Darius Milhaud |
Dali Milhaud
Ntau tus tau muab nws lub npe ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse, thiab ntau tus neeg suav tias nws yog ib tus neeg txawj ntse uas nws lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog "kev poob siab rau bourgeois." M. Bauer
Creativity D. Milhaud tau sau ib nplooj ntawv ci ntsa iab, muaj yeeb yuj hauv Fabkis cov suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua XX. Nws vividly thiab meej qhia lub ntiaj teb no saib ntawm lub tom qab tsov rog 20s, thiab lub npe ntawm Milhaud yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub suab paj nruag-tseem ceeb controversy ntawm lub sij hawm.
Milhaud yug nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Fabkis; Provencal lus dab neeg thiab xwm ntawm nws haiv neeg thaj av tau mus ib txhis imprinted nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm composer thiab sau nws daim duab nrog lub cim tsw ntawm Mediterranean. Thawj cov kauj ruam hauv suab paj nruag yog txuam nrog lub violin, uas Milhaud kawm thawj zaug hauv Aix, thiab los ntawm 1909 ntawm Paris Conservatory nrog Bertelier. Tab sis tsis ntev, kev mob siab rau kev sau ntawv tau dhau mus. Ntawm cov xib fwb ntawm Milhaud yog P. Dukas, A. Gedalzh, C. Vidor, thiab kuj V. d'Andy (hauv Schola cantorum).
Nyob rau hauv thawj tej hauj lwm (romances, chamber ensembles), lub impressionism cawv ntawm C. Debussy yog pom. Tsim cov Fabkis txoj kev coj noj coj ua (H. Berlioz, J. Bazet, Debussy), Milhaud tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo rau Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag - M. Mussorgsky, I. Stravinsky. Stravinsky's ballets (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog The Rite of Spring, uas xav tsis thoob rau tag nrho lub ntiaj teb suab paj nruag) pab cov tub ntxhais hluas composer pom lub qab ntug tshiab.
Txawm tias thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog, thawj 2 qhov chaw ntawm opera-oratorio trilogy "Oresteia: Agamemnon" (1914) thiab "Choephors" (1915) raug tsim; Ntu 3 ntawm Eumenides tau sau tom qab (1922). Nyob rau hauv lub trilogy, tus composer tso tseg impressionistic sophistication thiab nrhiav tau ib tug tshiab, yooj yim lus. Rhythm dhau los ua txoj kev qhia tau zoo tshaj plaws (yog li, kev hais lus ntawm pawg hu nkauj feem ntau yog nrog los ntawm cov twj paj nruag percussion). Ib qho ntawm thawj Milhaud siv ntawm no ib txhij ua ke ntawm cov yuam sij sib txawv (polytonality) los txhim kho qhov nro ntawm lub suab. Cov ntawv nyeem ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm Aeschylus tau muab txhais thiab ua tiav los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij Fab Kis tus kws ua yeeb yam P. Claudel, tus phooj ywg thiab nyiam Milhaud tau ntau xyoo. "Kuv pom kuv tus kheej nyob rau ntawm qhov pib ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb thiab noj qab nyob zoo kos duab ... nyob rau hauv uas ib tug xav tias muaj hwj chim, lub zog, sab ntsuj plig thiab rhiab tawm ntawm lub fetters. Nov yog daim duab ntawm Paul Claudel!” tus kws sau ntawv rov qab los.
Xyoo 1916, Claudel tau raug tsa los ua tus sawv cev rau Brazil, thiab Milhaud, ua tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntiag tug, nrog nws mus. Milhaud embodied nws admiration rau lub brightness ntawm cov xim ntawm tropical xwm, exoticism thiab nplua nuj ntawm Latin American lus dab neeg nyob rau hauv Brazilian Dances, qhov twg polytonal ua ke ntawm suab paj nruag thiab accompaniment muab lub suab tshwj xeeb sharpness thiab txuj lom. Tus txiv neej ballet thiab Nws txoj kev ntshaw (1918, tsab ntawv los ntawm Claudel) tau tshoov siab los ntawm kev seev cev ntawm V. Nijinsky, uas tau mus ncig Rio de Janeiro nrog S. Diaghilev's Lavxias teb sab ballet troupe.
Rov qab mus rau Paris (1919), Milhaud koom nrog pab pawg "Six", cov tswv yim txhawb nqa uas yog tus sau E. Satie thiab tus kws sau paj huam J. Cocteau. Cov tswv cuab ntawm pab pawg no tau tawm tsam qhov kev nthuav dav ntawm kev nyiam romantic thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm kev xav, rau "lub ntiaj teb" kos duab, kos duab ntawm "txhua hnub". Lub suab ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMXth nkag mus rau hauv cov suab paj nruag ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas composers: cov suab paj nruag ntawm kev siv tshuab thiab cov suab paj nruag.
Ib tug nab npawb ntawm ballets tsim los ntawm Milhaud nyob rau hauv lub 20s sib sau ua ke tus ntsuj plig ntawm eccentricity, ib tug clown ua yeeb yam. Nyob rau hauv lub ballet Bull on the Roof (1920, tsab ntawv los ntawm Cocteau), uas qhia tau hais tias ib tug American bar thaum lub sij hawm xyoo txwv, lub suab paj nruag ntawm niaj hnub seev cev, xws li tango, tau hnov. Hauv Kev Tsim Ntiaj Teb (1923), Milhaud tig mus rau jazz style, coj ua qauv ntawm lub suab paj nruag ntawm Harlem (lub quarter Negro ntawm New York), tus kws sau nkauj tau ntsib nrog cov suab paj nruag zoo li no thaum nws ncig xyuas Tebchaws Meskas. Nyob rau hauv lub ballet "Salad" (1924), reviving cov kev lig kev cai ntawm comedy ntawm lub qhov ncauj qhov ntswg, qub Italian suab paj nruag suab.
Milhaud cov kev tshawb fawb kuj muaj ntau yam hauv hom kev ua haujlwm. Tawm tsam lub backdrop ntawm chamber operas (Lub Sufferings ntawm Orpheus, Neeg pluag Sailor, thiab lwm yam) nce lub monumental ua yeeb yam Christopher Columbus (tom qab Claudel), lub pinnacle ntawm lub composer txoj hauj lwm. Feem ntau ntawm kev ua haujlwm rau suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam tau sau hauv 20s. Lub sijhawm no, 6 chamber symphonies, sonatas, quartets, thiab lwm yam.
Tus kws sau ntawv tau ncig ntau heev. Nyob rau hauv 1926 nws tau mus xyuas lub USSR. Nws ua yeeb yam nyob rau hauv Moscow thiab Leningrad tsis cia leej twg indifferent. Raws li cov neeg ua pov thawj pom, "qee tus npau taws, lwm tus xav tsis thoob, lwm tus tau zoo, thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas txawm mob siab rau."
Nyob rau hauv lub 30s, Milhaud cov kos duab mus txog cov teeb meem kub hnyiab ntawm lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no. Ua ke nrog R. Rolland. L. Aragon thiab nws cov phooj ywg, cov tswv cuab ntawm Six pab pawg, Milhaud tau koom tes hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Tib Neeg Lub Suab Paj Nruag Federation (txij li xyoo 1936), sau nkauj, hu nkauj, thiab cantatas rau pawg neeg nyiam ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg coob coob. Hauv cantatas, nws tig mus rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm tib neeg ("Kev tuag ntawm ib tug tyrant", "Peace Cantata", "War Cantata", thiab lwm yam). Tus kws sau ntawv kuj tseem sau cov yeeb yaj kiab zoo siab rau cov menyuam yaus, suab paj nruag rau cov yeeb yaj kiab.
Kev cuam tshuam ntawm Nazi cov tub rog hauv Fab Kis tau yuam Milhaud mus rau Tebchaws Meskas (1940), qhov chaw nws tau tig mus qhia hauv Mills College (ze Los Angeles). Tau dhau los ua tus xibfwb ntawm Paris Conservatory (1947) thaum nws rov qab los rau nws lub tebchaws, Milhaud tsis tau tso nws txoj haujlwm hauv Asmeskas thiab mus rau qhov ntawd tsis tu ncua.
Ntau thiab ntau nws yog attracted rau instrumental music. Tom qab rau symphonies rau chamber compositions (tsim nyob rau hauv 1917-23), nws sau 12 ntau symphonies. Milhaud yog tus sau 18 quartets, orchestral suites, overtures thiab ntau concertos: rau piano (5), viola (2), cello (2), violin, oboe, harp, harpsichord, percussion, marimba thiab vibraphone nrog orchestra. Milhaud qhov kev txaus siab rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tawm tsam rau kev ywj pheej tsis muaj zog (opera Bolivar - 1943; Plaub Symphony, sau rau centenary ntawm lub kiv puag ncig ntawm 1848; cantata Castle of Fire - 1954, mob siab rau lub cim xeeb ntawm cov neeg raug tsim txom. fascism, hlawv nyob rau hauv concentration camps).
Ntawm cov hauj lwm ntawm peb caug xyoo dhau los yog cov sau nyob rau hauv ntau hom: lub monumental epic opera David (1952), sau rau 3000th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm Yeluxalees, opera-oratorio St. niam "(1970, tom qab P. Beaumarchais), ib tug nab npawb ntawm ballets (xws li "Lub Tswb" los ntawm E. Poe), ntau yam instrumental tej hauj lwm.
Milhaud tau siv ob peb xyoos dhau los hauv Geneva, txuas ntxiv sau thiab ua haujlwm tiav ntawm nws phau ntawv sau txog keeb kwm, Kuv Lub Neej Zoo Siab.
K. Zenkin
- Cov npe ntawm Milhaud ua haujlwm loj →
