Cello: piav qhia ntawm qhov ntsuas, qauv, suab, keeb kwm, kev ua si, siv

Cello yog suav hais tias yog cov khoom siv suab paj nruag tshaj plaws. Tus neeg ua yeeb yam uas tuaj yeem ua si ntawm nws tuaj yeem ua tiav solo, tsis muaj tsawg dua ua tiav ua ib feem ntawm lub suab paj nruag.

Cello yog dab tsi

Lub cello belongs rau tsev neeg ntawm stringed bowed music instruments. Tus tsim tau txais ib qho classic zoo ua tsaug rau kev siv zog ntawm Italian masters, uas hu ua lub twj paj nruag violoncello (tshwj xeeb li "me ntsis ob bass") los yog luv luv li cello.

Sab nraud, cello zoo li violin lossis viola, tsuas yog loj dua. Tus neeg ua yeeb yam tsis tuav nws txhais tes, muab tso rau hauv pem teb pem hauv ntej ntawm nws. Kev ruaj ntseg ntawm qhov qis yog muab los ntawm ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb hu ua spire.

Lub cello muaj ib tug nplua nuj, melodious suab. Nws yog siv los ntawm lub orchestra thaum nws yog tsim nyog los qhia kev tu siab, melancholy, thiab lwm yam lyrical mus ob peb vas. Cov suab nrov zoo ib yam li tib neeg lub suab los ntawm qhov tob ntawm tus ntsuj plig.

Qhov ntau yog 5 tag nrho octaves (pib los ntawm "rau" loj octave, xaus nrog "mi" ntawm peb octave). Cov hlua yog tuned ib octave hauv qab viola.

Txawm hais tias qhov zoo nkauj zoo nkauj, qhov hnyav ntawm cov cuab yeej yog me me - tsuas yog 3-4 kg.

Cello suab zoo li cas?

Lub cello suab zoo kawg nkaus qhia, sib sib zog nqus, nws cov suab paj nruag zoo li tib neeg hais lus, kev sib tham hauv siab. Tsis yog ib qho cuab yeej muaj peev xwm ua tau kom raug, soulfully conveying yuav luag tag nrho cov kev xav uas twb muaj lawm.

Lub cello tsis muaj qhov sib npaug hauv qhov xwm txheej uas koj xav qhia qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub sijhawm. Nws zoo nkaus li quaj, quaj.

Lub suab qis ntawm cov cuab yeej zoo ib yam li txiv neej bass, lub sab sauv zoo li poj niam alto suab.

Lub cello system suav nrog sau ntawv hauv bass, treble, tenor clefs.

Tus qauv ntawm cello

Cov qauv zoo ib yam li lwm cov hlua (guitar, violin, viola). Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog:

• Lub taub hau. Muaj pes tsawg leeg: peg box, pegs, curl. Txuas rau caj dab.
• Vulture. Ntawm no, cov hlua yog nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb grooves. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov hlua yog tus qauv - 4 daim.
• Ncej. Cov khoom siv - ntoo, varnished. Cheebtsam: sab sauv, qis decks, plhaub (sab ib feem), efs (resonator qhov nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm 2 daim uas adorn rau pem hauv ntej ntawm lub cev yog hu ua li ntawd vim hais tias lawv zoo li tsab ntawv "f" nyob rau hauv cov duab).
• Kab laug sab. Nws yog nyob rau hauv qab, pab cov qauv so rau hauv pem teb, muab stability.
• Hneev. Lub luag haujlwm rau lub suab tsim tawm. Nws tshwm sim hauv ntau qhov sib txawv (ntawm 1/8 txog 4/4).

Keeb kwm ntawm lub cuab yeej

Keeb kwm ntawm cello pib nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XNUMX. Nws tau hloov nws tus thawj coj, viola da gamba, los ntawm lub orchestra, raws li nws suab ntau sib haum xeeb. Muaj ntau yam qauv uas txawv ntawm qhov loj me, cov duab, muaj peev xwm ua suab paj nruag.

XVI - XVII centuries - lub sij hawm thaum Italian masters txhim kho tus tsim, nrhiav kom qhia tag nrho nws muaj peev xwm. Ua tsaug rau kev sib koom ua ke, tus qauv nrog tus qauv lub cev loj, ib tus lej ntawm cov hlua, pom lub teeb. Cov npe ntawm cov craftsmen uas muaj ib txhais tes hauv kev tsim cov cuab yeej yog paub thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no - A. Stradivari, N. Amati, C. Bergonzi. Qhov tseeb nthuav - cov cellos kim tshaj plaws niaj hnub no yog Stradivari txhais tes.

Classical cello sai sai tau muaj koob meej. Solo tej hauj lwm tau sau rau nws, ces nws yog tig mus ua kev txaus siab ntawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub orchestra.

Lub xyoo pua 8th yog lwm kauj ruam rau kev lees paub thoob ntiaj teb. Lub cello dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm, cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm lub tsev kawm suab paj nruag tau qhia ua si, tsis muaj nws qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm classical tej hauj lwm yog unthinkable. Lub orchestra suav nrog yam tsawg kawg ntawm XNUMX cellists.

Lub repertoire ntawm lub twj paj nruag yog ntau haiv neeg: concerts, solo qhov chaw, sonatas, accompaniment.

Qhov ntau thiab tsawg

Tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag tuaj yeem ua si yam tsis muaj qhov tsis yooj yim yog tias qhov ntsuas qhov loj me tau raug xaiv raug. Qhov luaj li cas muaj xws li cov kev xaiv hauv qab no:

• 1/4
• 1/2
• 3/4
• 4/4

Qhov kev xaiv kawg yog qhov feem ntau. Qhov no yog yam uas cov kws ua yeeb yam siv. 4/4 yog tsim rau cov neeg laus nrog tus qauv tsim, nruab nrab qhov siab.

Cov kev xaiv ntxiv yog tsim nyog rau cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag, cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm cov menyuam yaus lub tsev kawm suab paj nruag. Cov neeg ua yeeb yam nrog kev loj hlob siab dua qhov nruab nrab raug yuam kom tsim khoom ntawm cov cuab yeej tsim nyog (tsis yog tus qauv) qhov ntev.

Cov txheej txheem ua si

Virtuoso cellists siv cov txheej txheem ua si hauv qab no:

• harmonic (extracting lub suab overtone los ntawm nias txoj hlua nrog tus ntiv tes me ntsis);
• pizzicato ( rho tawm suab yam tsis muaj kev pab ntawm hneev nti, los ntawm plucking txoj hlua nrog koj cov ntiv tes);
• trill (ntaus lub ntsiab lus);
• legato (nqus, coherent suab ntawm ob peb sau ntawv);
• ntiv tes xoo thawj koom ruam (ua rau nws yooj yim dua los ua si hauv rooj plaub loj).

Qhov kev txiav txim ua si qhia cov hauv qab no: tus ntaus suab paj nruag zaum, tso cov qauv ntawm ob txhais ceg, tilting lub cev me ntsis ntawm lub cev. Lub cev so ntawm lub capstan, ua rau nws yooj yim dua rau tus neeg ua yeeb yam los tuav lub ntsuas hauv qhov tseeb.

Cellists rub lawv hneev nrog ib hom tshwj xeeb ntawm rosin ua ntej ua si. Xws li kev ua haujlwm txhim kho qhov adhesion ntawm cov plaub hau ntawm hneev thiab cov hlua. Thaum kawg ntawm kev ua si suab paj nruag, rosin yog ua tib zoo tshem tawm kom tsis txhob muaj kev puas tsuaj ntxov rau lub ntsuas.