André Gretry |
Andre Gretry
Fabkis opera composer ntawm lub xyoo pua 60th. A. Gretry - ib tug niaj hnub thiab ua tim khawv ntawm Fabkis Revolution - yog tus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub opera tsev ntawm Fabkis thaum lub sij hawm Enlightenment. Lub zog ntawm kev nom kev tswv huab cua, thaum lub tswv yim npaj rau kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam tau tshwm sim, thaum kev xav thiab kev xav tau sib cav sib ceg hauv kev tawm tsam, tsis tau hla lub opera ib qho: txawm tias qhov kev tsov rog no tawg, ob tog ntawm cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm ib lossis lwm tus neeg sau, hom lossis kev taw qhia tshwm sim. Gretry's operas (c. XNUMX) muaj ntau hom kev kawm thiab ib hom ntawv nyeem, tab sis cov comic opera, hom kev ywj pheej tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua yeeb yam suab paj nruag, nyob hauv qhov chaw tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv nws txoj haujlwm. Nws cov phab ej tsis yog cov vajtswv thaum ub thiab cov phab ej (raws li nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej lyrical, outdated los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd), tab sis cov neeg zoo tib yam thiab feem ntau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm peb lub qub txeeg qub tes).
Gretry tau yug los rau hauv ib tug neeg ntaus suab paj nruag tsev neeg. Txij li thaum muaj hnub nyoog 9 xyoos, tus tub kawm ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv parochial, pib sau nkauj. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 17 xyoo, nws twb yog tus sau ntau yam ntawm sab ntsuj plig (masses, motets). Tab sis tsis yog cov hom no yuav dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv nws lub neej muaj tswv yim ntxiv. Rov qab nyob rau hauv Liege, thaum lub sij hawm mus ncig ua si ntawm Italian troupe, raws li ib tug tub hluas muaj hnub nyoog kaum peb xyoo, nws thawj zaug pom kev ua yeeb yam ntawm opera buffa. Tom qab ntawd, txhim kho hauv Rome rau 5 xyoos, nws muaj peev xwm paub txog cov haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm hom ntawv no. Kev tshoov siab los ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm G. Pergolesi, N. Piccinni, B. Galuppi, xyoo 1765 Gretry tau tsim nws thawj qhov kev ua yeeb yam, Lub Grape Picker. Tom qab ntawd nws tau txais kev qhuas siab ntawm kev raug xaiv los ua tswv cuab ntawm Bologna Philharmonic Academy. Qhov tseem ceeb rau kev vam meej yav tom ntej hauv Paris yog lub rooj sib tham nrog Voltaire hauv Geneva (1766). Sau rau ntawm zaj dab neeg ntawm Voltaire, opera Huron (1768) - tus kws sau ntawv Parisian debut - coj nws lub koob meej thiab kev lees paub.
Raws li tus kws sau paj nruag keeb kwm G. Abert tau sau tseg, Gretry muaj "kev paub ntau yam thiab zoo siab heev, thiab ntawm cov kws suab paj nruag Parisian tom qab ntawd nws muaj pob ntseg hnov mob rau ntau qhov kev thov tshiab uas Rousseau thiab Encyclopedists tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej ua ntej operatic ..." Gretry ua rau Fabkis comic opera tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj ntau haiv neeg nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus: lub opera Huron idealizes (nyob rau hauv lub ntsuj plig ntawm Rousseau) lub neej ntawm American Indians untouched los ntawm civilization; Lwm qhov kev ua yeeb yam, xws li "Lucille", qhia lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsis sib xws ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab mus rau opera-seria. Gretry yog ze tshaj plaws rau qhov kev xav, "kua kua muag" comedy, endowing tib neeg nrog kev xav tob, siab dawb paug. Nws muaj (txawm hais tias me ntsis) ua yeeb yam nkaus xwb, ci ntsa iab nrog kev lom zem, ua yeeb yam hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm G. Rossini: "Ob tus neeg siab phem", "Hais lus". Gretry nyiam heev ntawm cov dab neeg zoo heev, dab neeg dab neeg ("Zemira thiab Azor"). Lub exoticism, colourfulness thiab picturesqueness ntawm suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv xws ua yeeb yam qhib txoj kev rau romantic opera.
Gretry tau tsim nws qhov kev ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws hauv 80s. (nyob rau hnub ua ntej ntawm lub kiv puag ncig) koom tes nrog cov librettist - playwright M. Seden. Cov no yog cov keeb kwm-lus dab neeg opera "Richard lub Lionheart" (lub suab los ntawm nws tau siv los ntawm P. Tchaikovsky nyob rau hauv "Tus poj huab tais ntawm Spades"), "Raul lub Bluebeard". Gretry tau txais lub koob npe nrov hauv Tebchaws Europe. Los ntawm 1787 nws tau los ua tus soj ntsuam ntawm lub theatre ntawm Comedie Italienne; tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau nws, txoj haujlwm ntawm huab tais censor ntawm suab paj nruag tau tsim. Cov xwm txheej ntawm 1789 tau qhib nplooj ntawv tshiab hauv kev ua ub no ntawm Gretry, uas tau los ua ib tus tsim ntawm cov suab paj nruag tshiab. Nws cov nkauj thiab cov nkauj hu nkauj thaum lub sijhawm ua koob tsheej, muaj neeg coob coob ua koob tsheej nyob rau hauv cov squares ntawm Paris. Lub kiv puag ncig ua rau cov kev xav tau tshiab ntawm theatrical repertoire ib yam. Kev ntxub ntxaug ntawm kev tswj hwm huab tais tau coj mus rau kev txwv los ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Nyab Xeeb ntawm nws cov yeeb yam xws li "Richard the Lionheart" thiab "Peter the Great". Gretry tsim cov haujlwm uas ua tau raws li tus ntsuj plig ntawm lub sijhawm, qhia txog kev xav tau kev ywj pheej: "William Qhia", "Tyrant Dionysius", "Republican Chosen One, lossis Lub Koobtsheej ntawm Kev Tsim Nyog". Ib hom ntawv tshiab tshwm sim - lub npe hu ua "opera ntawm kev txaus ntshai thiab kev cawm seej" (qhov twg qhov xwm txheej hnyav tau raug daws los ntawm kev ua tiav zoo) - kos duab ntawm cov suab nrov nruj thiab kev ua yeeb yam ci ntsa iab, zoo ib yam li cov classicist painting ntawm David. Gretry yog ib tus thawj tsim ua yeeb yam hauv hom no (Lisabeth, Eliska, lossis Niam Txoj Kev Hlub). Kev cawmdim Opera tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau Beethoven nkaus xwb opera, Fidelio.
Thaum lub sij hawm lub xyoo ntawm lub Napoleonic Empire, Gretry lub composer kev ua feem ntau tsis kam, tab sis nws tig mus rau kev sau ntawv thiab luam tawm Memoirs, los yog Essays rau suab paj nruag, qhov uas nws qhia nws nkag siab txog cov teeb meem ntawm kos duab thiab tshuav ib tug ntau ntawm nthuav cov ntaub ntawv hais txog nws lub sij hawm thiab. txog nws tus kheej.
Xyoo 1795, Gretry tau raug xaiv los ua tus kws tshaj lij (tus tswv cuab ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Fab Kis) thiab tau tsa ib tus neeg soj ntsuam ntawm Paris Conservatory. Nws tau siv xyoo kawg ntawm nws lub neej hauv Montmorency (ze Paris). Qhov tseem ceeb tsawg dua hauv Gretry txoj haujlwm yog cov suab paj nruag (symphony, concerto rau flute, quartets), nrog rau kev ua yeeb yam hauv hom kev ua yeeb yam ntawm kev ua phem rau cov kev kawm qub (Andromache, Cephalus thiab Prokris). Lub zog ntawm Gretry lub peev xwm yog nyob rau hauv qhov hnov ntxhiab ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm lub sijhawm, ntawm qhov zoo siab thiab kov tib neeg ntawm qee lub sijhawm hauv keeb kwm.
K. Zenkin
