Alexander Tikhonovich Grechaninov |

Alexander Gretchaninov

Grechaninov. "Qhov Tshwj Xeeb Litany" los ntawm "Demesne Liturgy" (Fyodor Chaliapin, 1932)

Tau ntau xyoo, kuv tau muaj zog ntxiv rau hauv kev nco qab ntawm kuv txoj haujlwm tiag tiag, thiab hauv txoj haujlwm no kuv pom kuv lub luag haujlwm… A. Grechaninov

Muaj ib yam dab tsi indestructible Lavxias teb sab nyob rau hauv nws xwm, txhua leej txhua tus uas tshwm sim tau ntsib A. Grechaninov sau tseg. Nws yog hom neeg txawj ntse Lavxias teb sab tiag tiag - zoo nkauj, blond, hnav tsom iav, nrog lub hwj txwv "Chekhov"; Tab sis feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov - qhov tshwj xeeb purity ntawm tus ntsuj plig, nruj kev coj ncaj ncees kev ntseeg uas txiav txim siab nws lub neej thiab muaj tswv yim txoj hauj lwm, loyalty rau cov kab lig kev cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai, lub siab dawb paug ntawm kev pab nws. Cov cuab yeej cuab tam muaj tswv yim ntawm Grechaninov yog loj heev - kwv yees. 1000 tej hauj lwm, suav nrog 6 operas, menyuam yaus ntaus pob, 5 symphonies, 9 lub suab paj nruag loj, suab paj nruag rau 7 kev ua yeeb yam, 4 txoj hlua quartets, ntau yam cuab yeej thiab suab paj nruag. Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam no yog choral music, romances, choral thiab piano ua haujlwm rau menyuam yaus. Grechaninov cov suab paj nruag nrov, F. Chaliapin, L. Sobinov txaus siab ua nws. A. Nezhdanova, N. Golovanov, L. Stokovsky. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj tswv yim biography ntawm tus kws sau ntawv yog qhov nyuaj.

“Kuv tsis yog cov muaj hmoo uas nws txoj kev ua neej nyob nrog cov roses. Txhua kauj ruam ntawm kuv txoj kev ua yeeb yam tau ua rau kuv lub dag zog zoo kawg. " Tsev neeg ntawm Moscow tub lag luam Grechaninov kwv yees tus tub ua lag luam. "Nws tsuas yog thaum kuv muaj 14 xyoos uas kuv pom piano thawj zaug… Txij thaum ntawd los, lub piano tau dhau los ua kuv tus phooj ywg tas li." Kawm nyuaj, Grechaninov nyob rau hauv 1881, tsis pub leej twg paub los ntawm nws niam nws txiv, nkag mus rau lub Moscow Conservatory, qhov uas nws kawm nrog V. Safonov, A. Arensky, S. Taneyev. Nws suav hais tias keeb kwm Concerts ntawm A. Rubinstein thiab kev sib txuas lus nrog cov suab paj nruag ntawm P. Tchaikovsky yog cov xwm txheej loj tshaj plaws ntawm nws lub neej kev saib xyuas. "Raws li ib tug me nyuam tub, kuv tau tswj hwm thawj zaug ua yeeb yam ntawm Eugene Onegin thiab Poj huab tais ntawm Spades. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd ntawm kuv lub neej, kuv khaws cov kev xav loj heev uas cov operas ua rau kuv. Nyob rau hauv 1890, vim tsis pom zoo nrog Arensky, uas tsis kam Grechaninov lub peev xwm sau, nws yuav tsum tau tawm hauv Moscow Conservatory thiab mus rau St. Ntawm no tus kws sau ntawv hluas ntsib kev nkag siab thiab kev txhawb nqa zoo ntawm N. Rimsky-Korsakov, suav nrog kev txhawb nqa khoom, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau ib tug tub hluas uas xav tau kev pab. Grechaninov kawm tiav los ntawm Conservatory nyob rau hauv 1893, nthuav qhia lub cantata "Samson" raws li ib tug diploma ua hauj lwm, thiab ib xyoo tom qab ntawd nws tau txais ib tug nqi zog ntawm lub Belyaevsky kev sib tw rau thawj String Quartet. (Qhov thib ob thiab thib peb Quartets tom qab tau txais tib yam khoom plig.)

Nyob rau hauv 1896, Grechaninov rov qab mus rau Moscow raws li ib tug zoo-paub composer, sau thawj Symphony, ntau romances thiab hu nkauj. Lub sij hawm ntawm lub feem ntau nquag muaj tswv yim, pedagogical, kev sib raug zoo kev ua si pib. Tom qab tau nyob ze nrog K. Stanislavsky, Grechaninov tsim suab paj nruag rau kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Moscow Art Theatre. Cov suab paj nruag nrog A. Ostrovsky ua si "Lub Snow Maiden" tau ua tiav tshwj xeeb. Stanislavsky hu ua lub suab paj nruag zoo heev.

Nyob rau hauv 1903, tus composer ua nws debut nyob rau hauv lub Bolshoi Theatre nrog lub opera Dobrynya Nikitich, nrog kev koom tes ntawm F. Chaliapin thiab A. Nezhdanova. Lub opera tau txais kev pom zoo los ntawm cov pej xeem thiab cov neeg thuam. Rimsky-Korsakov tau sau ntawv rau tus sau tias "Kuv xav tias nws yog ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo rau Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag opera." Thaum lub sij hawm xyoo no, Grechaninov ua hauj lwm ntau nyob rau hauv ib hom ntawm cov suab paj nruag dawb ceev, teem nws tus kheej lub hom phiaj ntawm coj nws kom ze li sai tau mus rau lub "cov pej xeem ntsuj plig". Thiab kev qhia hauv tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Gnessin cov viv ncaus (txij li xyoo 1903) tau txais kev txhawb siab los sau cov menyuam yaus ua si. Grechaninov hais tias, "Kuv hlub cov menyuam… Nrog cov menyuam yaus, kuv ib txwm xav tias muaj kev sib npaug rau lawv," Grechaninov hais, piav qhia qhov yooj yim uas nws tsim cov nkauj rau menyuam yaus. Rau cov menyuam yaus, nws tau sau ntau lub voj voog choral, xws li "Ai, doo-doo!", "Cockerel", "Brook", "Ladushki", thiab lwm yam .; piano collections “Children's Album”, “Beads”, “Fairy Tales”, “Spikers”, “On a Green Meadow”. Cov yeeb yaj kiab Elochkin's Dream (1911), Teremok, Cat, Rooster thiab Hma liab (1921) tau tsim tshwj xeeb rau menyuam yaus ua yeeb yam. Tag nrho cov compositions yog melodic, nthuav nyob rau hauv suab paj nruag lus.

Nyob rau hauv 1903, Grechaninov coj ib feem nyob rau hauv lub koom haum ntawm lub suab paj nruag seem ntawm lub Ethnographic Society ntawm Moscow University, nyob rau hauv 1904 nws koom nyob rau hauv lub creation ntawm cov neeg Conservatory. Qhov no txhawb kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev kawm thiab ua cov nkauj pej xeem - Lavxias, Bashkir, Belarusian.

Grechaninov tau pib ua haujlwm hnyav thaum xyoo 1905 kiv puag ncig. Ua ke nrog kev thuam suab paj nruag Y. Engel, nws yog tus thawj coj ntawm "Kev Tshaj Tawm ntawm Moscow Musicians", sau nyiaj rau tsev neeg ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tuag. Rau lub ntees tuag ntawm E. Bauman, uas ua rau muaj kev ua yeeb yam nrov, nws tau sau "Lub Peb Hlis Ntuj Pam Tuag". Cov ntawv ntawm cov xyoo no yog tag nrho ntawm kev thuam thuam ntawm tsarist tsoom fwv. “Zoo kawg li homeland! Dab tsi yog lub hauv paus ruaj khov uas lawv tau tsim rau lawv tus kheej los ntawm kev tsaus ntuj thiab kev tsis paub ntawm cov neeg ”… Cov pej xeem cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tuaj tom qab kev poob ntawm lub kiv puag ncig yog qee qhov cuam tshuam los ntawm Grechaninov txoj haujlwm: nyob rau hauv lub suab voj voog "Flowers of Evil" (1909 ), “Dead Leaves” (1910), nyob rau hauv lub opera “Sister Beatrice” tom qab M. Maeterlinck (1910), xav pessimistic mus ob peb vas.

Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov Soviet lub hwj chim, Grechaninov nquag koom nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruas lub neej: nws npaj concerts thiab lectures rau cov neeg ua hauj lwm, coj lub hu nkauj ntawm ib tug me nyuam lub zos, muab choral zaj lus qhia nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv suab paj nruag, ua yeeb yam nyob rau hauv concerts, npaj pej xeem nkauj, thiab tsim ib tug choral zaj lus qhia. ntau. Txawm li cas los xij, xyoo 1925 tus kws sau nkauj tau mus txawv tebchaws thiab tsis tau rov qab los rau nws lub tebchaws. Txog rau xyoo 1939, nws nyob hauv Paris, qhov chaw uas nws muab concerts, tsim ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm tej hauj lwm (Fourth, Fifth symphonies, 2 pawg, 3 sonatas rau txawv instruments, cov me nyuam ballet "Forest Idyll", thiab lwm yam), nyob rau hauv uas nws tseem nyob. ncaj ncees rau Lavxias teb sab classical kab lis kev cai, tawm tsam nws txoj hauj lwm rau Western suab paj nruag avant-garde. Xyoo 1929, Grechaninov, ua ke nrog tus hu nkauj N. Koshyts, ncig New York nrog kev vam meej thiab xyoo 1939 tau tsiv mus rau Tebchaws Meskas. Tag nrho cov xyoo ntawm nws nyob txawv teb chaws, Grechaninov tau ntsib ib tug mob siab rau nws lub teb chaws, tsis tu ncua rau kev sib cuag nrog lub Soviet lub teb chaws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog. Nws mob siab rau symphonic paj huam "To Victory" (1943), cov ntawv uas nws xa mus rau lub Soviet Union, thiab "Elegiac paj huam nyob rau hauv nco txog Heroes" (1944) rau cov xwm txheej ntawm tsov rog.

Lub Kaum Hli 24, 1944, Grechaninov lub 80th hnub yug tau ua kev zoo siab nyob rau hauv lub Great Hall ntawm Moscow Conservatory, thiab nws tau ua suab paj nruag. Qhov no tsis tshua muaj kev tshoov siab rau tus kws sau nkauj, ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam tshiab ntawm kev muaj tswv yim.

Txog rau hnub kawg, Grechaninov ua npau suav txog kev rov qab los rau nws lub tebchaws, tab sis qhov no tsis yog lub hom phiaj los ua qhov tseeb. Yuav luag lag ntseg thiab dig muag, nyob rau hauv kev txom nyem heev thiab kho siab, nws tuag nyob rau txawv teb chaws thaum muaj hnub nyoog 92.

O. Averyanova