Tact |

German Takt, los ntawm lat. tactus - kov

Txij li thaum lub xyoo pua 17th, qhov yooj yim chav tsev ntawm meter nyob rau hauv suab paj nruag, ib feem ntawm ib daim suab paj nruag pib nrog ib tug muaj zog metrical accent. Hauv kev sau suab paj nruag, T. yog qhov txawv ntawm cov kab ntsug sawv ntsug nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm cov accents - bar kab. Keeb kwm, T. los ntawm cov bunks nrog. suab paj nruag ntawm tus cwj pwm ua las voos ntawm cov neeg ntaus tsis sib xws, cov ntu nruab nrab ntawm cov uas nyob ze rau qhov sib tw sib tw ntawm ib txwm mem tes, feem ntau raug kwv yees nyob rau hauv qhov loj ntawm kev xaav ncaj qha. Nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag mensural, xws li ib qho tseem ceeb "tua T." muab xwm. ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm kev ceeb toom ntev (Latin mensura, li no Italian misura thiab Fabkis mesure, lub ntsiab lus T.). Hauv ars antiqua, longa sib raug rau qhov ntsuas no; Tom qab ntawd nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau kev taw qhia rau polyphonic. cov suab paj nruag ntawm cov ntawv me me ntev, qhov tseeb tus nqi uas nce, lub luag hauj lwm ntawm chav ntsuas ntsuas dhau mus rau brevis; nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th, thaum lub sij hawm tactus los rau hauv kev siv, nws yog sib npaug nrog qhov loj ntawm lub semibrevis. Txij li thaum nce thiab txo qis ("proportions") tuaj yeem hloov lub sijhawm sau ntawv piv rau lawv cov txiaj ntsig ib txwm muaj (tus lej muaj peev xwm), nrog rau T. alla semibreve muaj T. alla breve (vim yog halving, brevis tau sib npaug rau tus nqi ib txwm muaj. semibrevis) thiab alla minima (thaum ob npaug). Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, thaum T. tau raug tsim nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub. kev nkag siab, semibrevis, uas tau dhau los ua "tag nrho daim ntawv", tseem yog ib chav tsev sib raug rau tus nqi ntawm ib txwm T.; kev nce ntxiv hauv nws lub sijhawm, txawm li cas los xij, cuam tshuam nrog kev ncab ntawm T., to-ry poob tus nqi ntawm lub ntsiab lus. ntsuas lub sij hawm. Tshiab T. feem ntau yog muab faib los ntawm cov lus tsis muaj zog rau hauv kev sib koom (feem ntau 4) lossis suav sijhawm (German Zdhlzeiten), nyob rau nruab nrab, kwv yees li sib npaug ntawm lub sijhawm rau kev coj khaub ncaws T., tab sis b. teev, denoted li quarters ntawm tag nrho cov ntawv (=semiminima).

T.'s transformation los ntawm ib tug suav unit rau hauv ib pawg ntawm suav units (Gruppentakt, nyob rau hauv lub terminology ntawm H. Schunemann) thiab kev hloov ntawm niaj hnub mensural notation cim qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug tshiab atherosclerosis, uas yog txuam nrog kev sib cais ntawm suab paj nruag los ntawm Related arts, kev loj hlob ntawm instr. music thiab instr. escort mus wok. suab paj nruag thiab ib tug radical hloov nyob rau hauv suab paj nruag. lus. Peb-xyoo pua. polyphonic xav muab txoj hauv kev rau chordal, uas pom sab nraud. qhia nyob rau hauv lub notation nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug qhab nia, uas supplanted nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th. qub txoj kev sau ntawv otd. suab, thiab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo pua 17th. nruam accompaniment - basso continuo. Qhov no accompaniment kom meej meej qhia ob leeg articulation yam ntxwv ntawm cov suab paj nruag tshiab; nrog rau melodic articulation zoo nkaus li articulation rau hauv ntu uas muaj cov ntsiab lus. kev sib haum xeeb, uas pib ntawm lub sijhawm muaj zog, feem ntau coinciding nrog qhov xaus ntawm cov suab paj nruag. Cov accents no yog tswj los ntawm cov suab paj nruag tshiab. ' meter ' - T., uas tsis dismember suab paj nruag, tab sis, zoo li ib tug nruam ntses bass thaj tsam, articulates nws. Metric signifier. kab bar (sporadically pom nyob rau hauv lub koom haum tablature los ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th, tab sis tuaj rau hauv dav siv nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th) tsis qhia ib tug nres los yog ncua (raws li tus ciam teb ntawm ib kab ntawm nqe lus), tab sis tsuas yog ib tug metrical kab. accent (piv txwv li, qhov chaw ib txwm ntawm lub suab, uas, xws li nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus hais lus, lub suab tiag tiag yuav tsis coincide). Tsis zoo li txhua hom nqe lus ntsuas (ob qho tib si cuam tshuam nrog cov suab paj nruag thiab cov suab nrov sib cais los ntawm nws, qhov twg tus lej ntawm kev ntxhov siab ib txwm ua haujlwm los txiav txim siab qhov ntsuas ntawm nqe lossis kab), tshwj xeeb muses. Hauv 'meter', tus qauv tsuas yog hais txog kev hais lus thiab tsis txiav txim siab qhov loj ntawm cov kab lus thiab lub sijhawm. Tab sis metric. accentuation hauv suab paj nruag yog qhov nyuaj dua li hauv paj huam: tsis yog ib qho yooj yim tawm tsam ntawm metrically stressed (muaj zog) thiab tsis-stressed (tsis muaj zog) syllables, T. Nyob rau hauv 4-tua T., qhov 1 feem yog hnyav hnyav, 3rd kuj muaj zog, thiab 2nd thiab 4th tsis muaj zog. Xws li ib theem ntawm kev ntxhov siab tuaj yeem pom txawm tias txawm tias cov neeg ntaus conventionally coj raws li qhov sib npaug tiag tiag, los yog seb qhov kev sib npaug no puas raug ua txhaum los ntawm txhua yam kev phem. deviations, accelerations, decelerations, fermats, thiab lwm yam. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov shares yog tsis yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv kiag li nrov, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm nws cov kev hloov: rau muaj zog shares, zoo yog yam ntxwv. pib muaj zog ua raws li qhov txo qis hauv ntim, rau cov neeg ntaus tsis muaj zog - ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nce ntim (thiab voltage).

Lub tswv yim hais lus ntawm T. yog tus qauv, uas qhov tseeb accentuation yuav tsum muaj kev sib raug zoo, tab sis lub ntug tej zaum yuav tsis paub txog lub suab. Kev khaws cia ntawm cov tswv yim no hauv kev sawv cev yog yooj yim los ntawm nws txoj kev yooj yim, tshwj xeeb, txawm tias faib cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sau ntawv. Nyob rau hauv kev sib piv raws li kev coj khaub ncaws, juxtapositions ntawm qhov tsis sib xws (1 : 2) nyiam dua, thiab yog li ntawd cov ntawv sau loj dua hauv lawv daim ntawv "zoo meej" yog sib npaug rau 3 qhov me me. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov "tsis zoo" faib ntawm cov ntawv sau rau hauv 2 qhov sib npaug (pib los ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th) tso cai rau peb los txiav txim siab txog lub sijhawm no raws li kev hloov pauv ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv (saib Modus), lossis kev coj noj coj ua hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, mus rau moos, qhov twg tag nrho cov ntsiab. Lub sijhawm sau ntawv yog tsim los ntawm kev faib tag nrho cov ntawv rau hauv ib nrab, quarters, yim, kaum rau, thiab lwm yam. Cov qauv "square" 4-sib ntaus sib tua, uas lub quarters txiav txim siab lub sijhawm ntawm cov suab paj nruag, characterizes lub ntsiab. hom T., "ib txwm loj" (Lus Askiv lub sij hawm), lub npe rau-rogo (C) nyob rau hauv mensural notation qhia tempus imperfectum (brevis = 2 semibreves, in contrast to , denoting tempus perfectum) thiab prolatio minor (tsis muaj ib qho chaw, piv rau и , qhia tias semibrevis yog 2, tsis yog 3 minimae). Vertical bar los ntawm qhov loj me (), qhia txog ib nrab ntawm txhua lub sijhawm thiab sib npaug brevis rau tus nqi ib txwm muaj ntawm semibrevis, pib xaiv T. alla breve, uas, nrog rau 4-ntaus sib faib, chav tsev tempo tau los ua Thiab tsis . Xws li tempo unit yog lub ntsiab. Tsis tsuas yog ib qho cim ntawm "loj alla breve" (4/2), tab sis kuj muaj ntau ntau "me me alla breve" (2/2), piv txwv li 2-lobed T., lub sij hawm uas tsis sib npaug rau brevis, tab sis tag nrho cov ntawv (raws li hauv C lub sij hawm kos npe). Kev xaiv ntawm lwm qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm T. nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm feem ntawm lub ntsiab. qhov ntau thiab tsawg kuj los ntawm cov kev cai ntawm lub cev ntawm proportions, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tau hloov tag nrho lawv lub ntsiab lus. Nyob rau hauv mensural notation, proportions hloov lub sij hawm ntawm sau ntawv yam tsis hloov lub sij hawm tus nqi, chav tsev ntawm lub sij hawm; 3/2, piv txwv li, txhais tau hais tias 3 daim ntawv sib npaug ntawm lub sijhawm rau ob ntawm tib daim ntawv ntawm qhov loj me (hauv cov ntawv sau niaj hnub no, qhov no yog qhia los ntawm triplet -

nrog rau qhov sib txawv uas qhov kev coj noj coj ua tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam rau accentuation thiab tsis tawm ntawm 1st daim ntawv ntawm pawg raws li muaj zog). Clock notation 3/2 piv rau T. 2/2 () tsis hloov tus nqi ntawm lub sijhawm sau ntawv, tab sis nce T. los ntawm ib thiab ib nrab zaug.

Raws li txoj cai, nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm qhov loj me ntawm T., tus lej qhia txog tus lej ntawm qhov sib koom, thiab tus lej qhia lawv cov nqi suab paj nruag, tab sis muaj cov tsiaj los ntawm txoj cai no. kev zam. Raws li tus naj npawb ntawm kev sib koom, feem ntau yog qhov txawv ntawm T. yooj yim nrog ib qho kev nruj nruj (2- thiab 3-ntu) thiab complex, muaj ob lossis ntau qhov yooj yim, nrog Ch. accent (muaj zog tenses) nyob rau hauv thawj ntawm lawv thiab theem nrab (kuj muaj zog tenses) nyob rau hauv tus so. Yog tias cov khoom no sib npaug, T. hu ua. symmetrical (complex - hauv qhov nqaim), yog tias tsis sib xws - asymmetrical lossis sib xyaw. Complex (symmetry.) T. suav nrog 4-, 6-, 9- thiab 12-sib ntaus, sib xyaw - 5-, 7-tua, thiab lwm yam. Hauv qhov kev faib tawm no, tus lej ntawm lub moos tsim tsis suav nrog txhua, piv txwv. T. 3/3, 1/3, 2/3, 4/3, 8/3 yog cais raws li qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm 16. Qhov sib txawv, pom tseeb, lus dag tsis yog nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev ntsuas ntaus (rau L. Beethoven, qhov qeeb qeeb hauv 3/8 lub sijhawm tuaj yeem ua raws li qhov nrawm hauv 3/4 lub sijhawm, qhov twg tag nrho T. yog luv dua. tshaj qhov thib yim ntawm lub sijhawm dhau los), tab sis hauv nws qhov hnyav (cov ntawv me me, qhov sib dua lawv zoo li). Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th qhov kev xaiv ntawm kev ceeb toom tus nqi yog feem ntau txwv rau ib lub hlis twg (tempo ordinario) thiab ib nrab (tempo alla breve); Nyob rau hauv lub cim ntawm qhov loj me nrog tus denominator ntawm 8, tus lej yeej ib txwm muab faib los ntawm 3 (3/8, 6/8, 9/8, 12/8) thiab tsis qhia tus lej ntawm lub hauv paus. shares uas txiav txim siab pace, thiab lawv ext. faib los ntawm 3 (tsis yog qhov qub txawm faib). Lub bipartiteness ntawm T. 6/8 kom meej meej tshwm nyob rau hauv kev sib piv (ib txhij los yog successive) nrog T. 2/4: thaum tuav tib tempo, feem ntau

; 9/8 thiab 12/8 yog 3- thiab 4-tua T. (hauv cov suab paj nruag classic, tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg ntaus hauv T. tsis tshaj 4). Nyob rau hauv 3/8 lub sij hawm, tag nrho T. (zoo li lub mensural T.) feem ntau ua raws li ib tug tempo chav tsev thiab, yog li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tau lees paub tias yog monolithic (nyob rau hauv 3 nws yog feem ntau ua nyob rau hauv qeeb tempos, nyob rau hauv uas tus neeg xyuas pib gestures ua. tsis sib haum mus rau lub ntsiab shares, tab sis rau lawv cov subdivisions). Tib tus lej nrog tus lej ntawm 4 tuaj yeem qhia txog kev faib peb zaug hauv tempo alla breve: 6/4 yog bh tsis yog T., tab sis ib qho yooj yim 2-ib feem, triplet version . 3/4 tuaj yeem yog ob qho tib si 3-ntu thiab monopart: hauv L. Beethoven's ceev tempos, 1 rooj plaub yog nthuav tawm hauv fugue los ntawm sonata op. 106 ( = 144), the 2nd — in scherzo symphonic ( . 96 a 132 ib.). Equality T. 3/4 thiab nyob rau hauv lub scherzo ntawm Beethoven lub 3rd thiab 9th symphonies ( Cov. = = 116) qhia tias T. tej zaum kuj yuav to taub li monocot. Ib yam li ntawd, kuv tau siv lub cim AP Borodin hauv ntu II ntawm 2nd symphony; hauv cov qhab nia, ed. NA Rimsky-Korsakov thiab AK Glazunov tau hloov los ntawm 1/1. Monocotyledonous thiab lwm yam yooj yim T. feem ntau muab faib ua "T. kev txiav txim siab dua” (qee zaum qhov no tau qhia los ntawm tus kws sau cov lus hais, piv txwv li "ritmo a tre battute" hauv scherzo los ntawm Beethoven's 9th symphony; saib Art. Meter).

Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm romantic, qhov kev xaiv ntawm kev ceeb toom qhov tseem ceeb rau cov neeg ntaus ua ntau yam. Nyob rau hauv Beethoven lub xeem sonatas, lub npe 13/16 thiab 9/16 qhia tau hais tias lub yeej yog ., thiab 6/16 thiab 12/32 nyob rau hauv 2nd rooj qhia hais tias nyob rau hauv ib tug 3-thooj T., qhov twg cov neeg ntaus yog yim, lub triplet division yog hloov los ntawm ib tug txawm ib tug (tib yam hloov nyob rau hauv intralobar pulsation nyob rau hauv ib tug 4- ntu T. tuaj yeem raug xaiv los ua 8/8 tom qab 12/8, piv txwv li hauv Liszt's Preludes). Qhov kev sib txawv ntau ntxiv kuj tseem siv tau rau tus lej ntawm kev sib koom, uas tsis txwv rau plaub. 6/4 tuaj yeem dhau los ua qhov nyuaj T., muaj ob qho tib si 3-qhov thiab peb 2-qhov (nrog rau qhov muaj zog 3rd thiab 5th ntu; xws li T. muaj nyob hauv F. Liszt, SV Rachmaninov, IF Stravinsky). Mixed (asymmetrical) qhov ntau thiab tsawg kuj tshwm sim: 5/4 (lub triplet version yog 15/8, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Debussy's Feasts), 7/4, thiab lwm yam. mixed ntau thiab tsawg yog tsawg. Qee zaum ib leeg asymmetrical. T. yog interspersed ntawm symmetrical sawv daws yuav raws li lawv expansion los yog txo. B. teev sib xyaw T. sawv cev rau lub union ntawm 2 T. (nws yog txaus los piv 7/4 nyob rau hauv Liszt's Dante Symphony thiab alternation ntawm 3/4 thiab C hauv nws Faust Symphony). Yog li, sib xyaw T. zoo li tig mus rau hauv cov kab lus, uas cov kab bar ua haujlwm raws li kev xaiv ntawm ciam teb, thiab tsis muaj zog ntaus. Xws li kev faib ua T. feem ntau yog siv thaum sau cov suab paj nruag uas yog lwm cov suab paj nruag hauv lub moos. systems, piv txwv li. Russian narr. nkauj ("folk T." Sokalsky), nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus borrowed los ntawm composers los ntawm folklore los yog stylized li nws (5/4 los ntawm MI Glinka, 11/4 los ntawm NA Rimsky-Korsakov, 9/8

nws muaj nyob rau hauv Zaj Dab Neeg ntawm Invisible City ntawm Kitezh, thiab lwm yam). Xws li T.-phrases muaj peev xwm sib npaug ntawm tus lej ntawm kev sib koom rau ib txwm yooj yim lossis nyuaj symmetries. T. (piv txwv li, 2/4 hauv qhov kawg ntawm Tchaikovsky's 2nd symphony). Sab nraum Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag, ib qho piv txwv yog Chopin lub prelude nyob rau hauv c-moll, qhov twg txhua T. yog ib kab lus nyob rau hauv uas lub quarter thib 1 tsis tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog lub sijhawm muaj zog, thiab 3rd - raws li lub sijhawm muaj zog.

References: Agarkov O., Ntawm qhov txaus ntawm kev xaav ntawm lub suab paj nruag meter, nyob rau hauv: Suab paj nruag Art thiab Science, vol. 1, M., 1970; Kharlap MG, Clock system nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag atherosclerosis, nyob rau hauv sau: Teeb meem ntawm suab paj nruas atherosclerosis, M., 1978; saib lit. ntawm Art. Meter, Metric.

MG Kev