Suite |

French suite, lit. - series, sib

Ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb ntau yam ntawm multipart cyclic cov ntaub ntawv ntawm instrumental suab paj nruag. Nws muaj ntau yam kev ywj pheej, feem ntau yog qhov sib txawv, sib koom ua ke los ntawm cov tswv yim zoo nkauj. Ib feem ntawm lub suab, raws li txoj cai, txawv ntawm tus cwj pwm, kev sib dhos, tempo, thiab lwm yam; Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv tuaj yeem txuas nrog tonal kev sib koom siab, kev txhawb siab kinship, thiab lwm yam. Ch. S. txoj cai shaping yog tsim los ntawm ib qho kev sib xyaw. tag nrho ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm kev sib hloov ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv - qhov txawv S. los ntawm xws li cyclical. cov ntaub ntawv zoo li sonata thiab symphony nrog lawv lub tswv yim ntawm kev loj hlob thiab ua. Piv nrog rau sonata thiab symphony, S. yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev ywj pheej ntau dua ntawm cov khoom, kev txiav txim siab tsawg dua ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub voj voog (tus naj npawb ntawm qhov chaw, lawv qhov xwm txheej, kev txiav txim, kev sib raug zoo nrog ib leeg tuaj yeem sib txawv hauv qhov dav tshaj plaws. txwv), txoj kev nyiam khaws cia nyob rau hauv tag nrho los yog ob peb. qhov chaw ntawm ib qho tonality, nrog rau ntau ncaj qha. kev sib txuas nrog ntau hom kev seev cev, nkauj, thiab lwm yam.

Qhov sib txawv ntawm S. thiab sonata yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhia meej meej los ntawm nruab nrab. Xyoo pua 18th, thaum S. mus txog nws lub ncov, thiab lub voj voog sonata thaum kawg tau zoo lawm. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev tawm tsam no tsis yog kiag li. Sonata thiab S. sawv yuav luag ib txhij, thiab lawv txoj kev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum ntxov, qee zaum hla. Yog li, S. tau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau sonata, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm tematiama. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev cuam tshuam no kuj yog qhov suav nrog minuet hauv lub voj voog sonata thiab nkag mus ntawm kev seev cev. rhythms thiab dluab nyob rau hauv lub kawg rondo.

Cov hauv paus hniav ntawm S. rov qab mus rau cov kev lig kev cai qub ntawm kev sib piv kev ua las voos qeeb (txawm tias loj) thiab ua las voos, dhia seev cev (feem ntau khib, 3-sib ntaus loj), uas paub nyob rau sab hnub tuaj. lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm. Cov qauv tom qab ntawm S. yog Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab. Arabic nauba (ib daim ntawv suab paj nruag loj uas suav nrog ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov thematically), nrog rau ntau cov ntaub ntawv uas tau nthuav dav ntawm cov neeg ntawm Middle East thiab Middle East. Asia. nyob rau Fabkis xyoo pua 16th. ib qho kev lig kev cai ntawm kev koom ua las voos tshwm sim. S. lis. kev yug me nyuam branley - ntsuas, kev ua koob tsheej. seev cev processions thiab sai dua. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseeb yug ntawm S. nyob rau hauv Western Europe. suab paj nruag yog txuam nrog cov tsos nyob rau hauv nruab nrab. Xyoo pua 16th khub ntawm kev seev cev - pavanes (ib qho majestic, ntws seev cev hauv 2/4) thiab galliards (kev seev cev txawb nrog dhia hauv 3/4). Cov khub no, raws li BV Asafiev, "yuav luag thawj qhov txuas muaj zog hauv keeb kwm ntawm chav suite." Cov ntawv luam tawm thaum xyoo pua 16th, xws li tablature ntawm Petrucci (1507-08), "Intobalatura de lento" los ntawm M. Castillones (1536), tablature ntawm P. Borrono thiab G. Gortzianis hauv ltalis, cov ntawv sau ntawm P. Attenyan (1530-47) nyob rau hauv Fabkis, lawv tsis tsuas yog pavanes thiab galliards, tab sis kuj muaj lwm yam txuam nrog formations (bass seev cev - tourdion, branle - salarella, passamezzo - salarella, thiab lwm yam).

Txhua khub ntawm kev seev cev qee zaum tau koom nrog kev seev cev thib peb, kuj nyob rau hauv 3 tus neeg ntaus, tab sis tseem muaj zog dua - volta lossis piva.

Twb yog tus piv txwv ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib piv ntawm pavane thiab lub galliard, yos los ntawm 1530, muab piv txwv ntawm kev tsim kho cov seev cev ntawm qhov zoo sib xws, tab sis meter-rhythmically hloov melodic. khoom. Tsis ntev no lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no yuav txhais tau rau txhua tus seev cev. series. Qee lub sij hawm, kom yooj yim rau kev kaw, qhov kawg, derivative seev cev tsis tau sau tawm: tus neeg ua yeeb yam tau muab lub sijhawm, thaum tuav lub suab paj nruag. tus qauv thiab kev sib haum xeeb ntawm thawj tus seev cev, los hloov lub sijhawm ob ntu rau hauv peb feem ntawm koj tus kheej.

Txog thaum pib xyoo pua 17th hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm I. Gro (30 pavanes thiab galliards, luam tawm xyoo 1604 hauv Dresden), eng. Cov poj niam cev xeeb tub W. Bird, J. Bull, O. Gibbons (sat. "Parthenia", 1611) nyiam txav deb ntawm kev txhais lus ntawm kev seev cev. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev yug dua tshiab ntawm kev seev cev txhua hnub rau hauv "ua si rau kev mloog" yog thaum kawg ua tiav los ntawm ser. xyoo pua 17th

Classic hom kev seev cev qub S. pom zoo rau Austrian. comp. I. Yog. Froberger, uas tau tsim ib qho kev nruj nruj ntawm kev seev cev hauv nws cov cuab yeej rau harpsichord. qhov chaw: qhov nruab nrab qeeb allemande (4/4) tau ua raws li lub suab nrov nrawm lossis qis qis (3/4) thiab qeeb sarabande (3/4). Tom qab ntawd, Froberger tau qhia txog kev ua las voos thib plaub - jig nrawm, uas sai sai tau kho raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua. ib feem.

Ntau S. con. 17 – lus. Xyoo pua 18th rau harpsichord, orchestra lossis lute, ua los ntawm 4 qhov chaw, kuj suav nrog minuet, gavotte, bourre, paspier, polonaise, uas, raws li txoj cai, tau muab tso rau ntawm sarabande thiab gigue, nrog rau " doubles" ("ob npaug" - ornamental variation ntawm ib qho ntawm S.). Allemande feem ntau yog ua ntej los ntawm sonata, symphony, toccata, prelude, overture; aria, rondo, capriccio, thiab lwm yam kuj tau pom los ntawm qhov tsis yog seev cev. Txhua qhov chaw tau sau, raws li txoj cai, hauv tib tus yuam sij. Raws li qhov tshwj xeeb, nyob rau hauv lub koob yees duab thaum ntxov sonatas los ntawm A. Corelli, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb S., muaj cov seev cev qeeb sau rau hauv tus yuam sij uas txawv ntawm lub ntsiab. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb los yog me me ntawm qhov ze tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib raug zoo, otd. qhov chaw hauv cov suites ntawm GF Handel, 2nd minuet los ntawm 4th English S. thiab 2nd gavotte los ntawm S. nyob rau hauv lub npe. “French Overture” (BWV 831) JS Bach; nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm suites los ntawm Bach (English suites No No 1, 2, 3, thiab lwm yam.) muaj ib feem nyob rau hauv tib lub loj los yog me yuam sij.

Lo lus "S." thawj zaug tshwm sim nyob rau Fabkis nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th. nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau kev sib piv ntawm txawv ceg, nyob rau hauv lub 17-18 centuries. nws kuj nkag mus rau hauv Askiv thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees, tab sis ntev ntev nws tau siv rau hauv decomp. tus nqi. Yog li, qee zaum S. hu ua cais qhov chaw ntawm lub voj voog suite. Nrog rau qhov no, hauv Askiv pab pawg seev cev hu ua zaj lus qhia (G. Purcell), hauv Ltalis - balletto lossis (tom qab) sonata da lub koob yees duab (A. Corelli, A. Steffani), hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees - Partie (I. Kunau) lossis partita (D. Buxtehude, JS Bach), nyob rau Fabkis – ordre (P. Couperin), thiab lwm yam. Feem ntau S. tsis muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb lub npe, tab sis raug xaiv raws li ib tug "Pib rau lub harpsichord", "Table music", lwm..

Ntau hom npe denoting tseem ceeb tib yam yog txiav txim los ntawm nat. nta ntawm S. txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv con. 17 – Sib. 18th century Yes, French. S. tau txawv los ntawm kev ywj pheej ntau dua ntawm kev tsim kho (los ntawm 5 seev cev los ntawm JB Lully hauv orc. C. e-moll rau 23 hauv ib qho ntawm harpsichord suites ntawm F. Couperin), nrog rau kev koom nrog hauv kev seev cev. ib tug series ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws, ib hom ntawv nyeem thiab toj roob hauv pes sketches (27 harpsichord suites los ntawm F. Couperin muaj xws li 230 txawv daim). Franz. tus kws sau ntawv J. Ch. Chambonnière, L. Couperin, NA Lebesgue, J. d'Anglebert, L. Marchand, F. Couperin, thiab J.-F. Rameau tau qhia txog kev seev cev tshiab rau S.: musette thiab rigaudon , chaconne, passacaglia, lur, thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom tsis yog seev cev kuj tau qhia rau hauv S., tshwj xeeb tshaj yog decomp. Aryan genera. Lully thawj zaug qhia S. ua ib qho kev taw qhia. qhov chaw ntawm lub overture. Qhov kev hloov tshiab no tom qab tau txais los ntawm nws. composers JKF Fischer, IZ Kusser, GF Telemann thiab JS Bach. G. Purcell feem ntau qhib nws S. nrog lub prelude; qhov kev lig kev cai no tau txais los ntawm Bach hauv nws cov lus Askiv. S. (hauv nws Fabkis. S. tsis muaj preludes). Ntxiv nrog rau cov cuab yeej orchestral thiab harpsichord, cov cuab yeej rau lub lute tau nthuav dav hauv Fabkis. Los ntawm Italian. D. Frescobaldi, uas tsim cov suab paj nruag sib txawv, ua ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov suab paj nruag.

German composers muaj tswv yim ua ke nrog Fabkis. thiab ital. cawv. Kunau's "Bible Stories" rau harpsichord thiab Handel's orchestral "Music on the Water" zoo ib yam hauv lawv txoj haujlwm rau Fabkis. C. cuam tshuam los ntawm Italian. vari ib. Cov txheej txheem, Buxtehude suite ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm chorale "Auf meinen lieben Gott" tau sau tseg, qhov twg lub allemande nrog ob, sarabande, chimes thiab gigue yog variations ntawm ib lub ntsiab lus, melodic. tus qauv thiab kev sib haum xeeb ntawm kev txiav yog khaws cia hauv txhua qhov chaw. GF Handel tau qhia txog fugue rau hauv S., uas qhia tau hais tias muaj kev nyiam los txo cov hauv paus ntawm S. thaum ub thiab coj nws los ze rau pawg ntseeg. sonata (ntawm Handel's 8 suites rau harpsichord, luam tawm hauv London xyoo 1720, 5 muaj fugue).

Nta Italian, Fabkis. thiab German. S. tau koom ua ke los ntawm JS Bach, uas tau tsa hom S. mus rau theem siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev loj hlob. Hauv Bach's suites (6 Askiv thiab 6 Fabkis, 6 partitas, "Fabkis Overture" rau clavier, 4 orchestral S., hu ua overtures, partitas rau solo violin, S. rau solo cello), txheej txheem ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm kev seev cev tiav. ua si los ntawm nws txoj kev sib txuas nrog nws qhov tseem ceeb txhua hnub. Nyob rau hauv cov seev cev ntawm nws suites, Bach khaws cia tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev txav mus los ntawm qhov kev seev cev no thiab qee yam kev sib dhos. kos duab; nyob rau hauv no lub hauv paus, nws tsim plays uas muaj ib tug sib sib zog nqus lyric-drama. cov ntsiab lus. Hauv txhua hom S., Bach muaj nws tus kheej txoj kev npaj rau kev tsim lub voj voog; yog, lus Askiv S. thiab S. rau cello yeej ib txwm pib nrog ib tug prelude, ntawm lub sarabande thiab lub gigue lawv yeej ib txwm muaj 2 zoo seev cev, thiab lwm yam. Bach lub overtures invariably muaj xws li ib tug fugue.

Hauv pem teb 2. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm Viennese classicism, S. poob nws qub tseem ceeb. Ua muses. Sonata thiab symphony ua ib hom ntawv, thaum lub symphony tseem muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cassations, serenades, thiab divertissements. Prod. J. Haydn thiab WA ​​Mozart, uas dais cov npe no, feem ntau yog S., tsuas yog lub npe nrov "Little Night Serenade" los ntawm Mozart tau sau rau hauv daim ntawv symphony. Los ntawm Op. L. Beethoven nyob ze rau S. 2 "serenades", ib qho rau cov hlua. trio (op. 8, 1797), lwm yam rau flute, violin thiab viola (op. 25, 1802). Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, lub compositions ntawm lub Viennese classics yog mus rau lub sonata thiab symphony, ib hom ntawv nyeem-dancing. qhov pib tshwm nyob rau hauv lawv tsawg brightly. Piv txwv li, "Haffner" orc. Mozart's serenade, sau nyob rau hauv 1782, muaj 8 qhov chaw, uas nyob rau hauv lub seev cev. tsuas yog 3 minuets khaws cia hauv daim ntawv.

Muaj ntau hom S. kev tsim kho nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th. txuam nrog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev pab cuam symphonism. Txoj hauv kev mus rau hom programmatic S. yog lub voj voog ntawm FP. R. Schumann's miniatures suav nrog Carnival (1835), Zoo heev Pieces (1837), Children's Scenes (1838), thiab lwm yam. Rimsky-Korsakov's Antar thiab Scheherazade yog cov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm orchestral orchestration. Programming nta yog yam ntxwv ntawm FP. voj voog "Duab ntawm ib qho Exhibition" los ntawm Mussorgsky, "Little Suite" rau piano. Borodin, "Little Suite" rau piano. thiab S. "Children's Games" rau orchestra los ntawm J. Bizet. 3 orchestral suites los ntawm PI Tchaikovsky feem ntau muaj cov yam ntxwv. plays tsis cuam tshuam txog kev seev cev. hom; lawv suav nrog kev seev cev tshiab. Daim ntawv - waltz (2nd thiab 3rd C.). Ntawm lawv yog nws "Serenade" rau cov hlua. orchestra, uas "sawv ib nrab ntawm lub suite thiab lub symphony, tab sis ze rau lub suite" (BV Asafiev). Ib feem ntawm S. ntawm lub sijhawm no yog sau rau hauv decomp. yuam sij, tab sis qhov kawg, raws li txoj cai, rov qab tus yuam sij ntawm thawj.

Tag nrho R. xyoo pua 19th tshwm sim S., muaj suab paj nruag rau kev ua yeeb yam. productions, ballets, operas: E. Grieg los ntawm cov suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam los ntawm G. Ibsen "Peer Gynt", J. Bizet los ntawm cov suab paj nruag rau zaj yeeb yaj kiab "The Arlesian" los ntawm A. Daudet, PI Tchaikovsky los ntawm ballets "The Nutcracker ” thiab “Kev Zoo Nkauj Pw Tsaug Zog””, NA Rimsky-Korsakov los ntawm opera "The Tale of Tsar Saltan".

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th muaj ntau yam S., txuam nrog pej xeem seev cev, tseem muaj nyob. kab lig kev cai. Nws yog sawv cev los ntawm Saint-Saens 'Algiers Suite, Dvorak's Bohemian Suite. Hom kev muaj tswv yim. refraction ntawm qub seev cev. Ib hom ntawv yog muab rau hauv Debussy's Bergamas Suite (minuet thiab paspier), hauv Ravel's Tomb of Couperin (forlana, rigaudon thiab minuet).

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th ballet suites tau tsim los ntawm IF Stravinsky (Lub Firebird, 1910; Petrushka, 1911), SS Prokofiev (Lub Jester, 1922; Tus Tub Ntshai, 1929; Nyob rau Dnieper, 1933; "Romeo thiab Juliet", 1936- 46; “Cinderella”, 1946), AI Khachaturian (S. from the ballet “Gayane”), “Provencal Suite” for orchestra D. Milhaud, “Little Suite” for piano. J. Aurik, S. composers ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Viennese tshiab – A. Schoenberg (S. rau piano, op. 25) thiab A. Berg (Lyric Suite for strings. quartet), – characterized by the use of dodecaphonic technique. Raws li cov lus dab neeg, "Dance Suite" thiab 2 S. rau orchestra los ntawm B. Bartok, "Little Suite" rau orchestra los ntawm Lutoslawski. Tag nrho R. 20th caug xyoo ib hom tshiab ntawm S. tshwm, muaj suab paj nruag rau zaj duab xis ("Lieutenant Kizhe" los ntawm Prokofiev, "Hamlet" los ntawm Shostakovich). Ib co wok. Lub voj voog qee zaum hu ua suab S. (vok. S. "Six Poems los ntawm M. Tsvetaeva" los ntawm Shostakovich), kuj muaj choral S.

Lub sij hawm "S." kuj txhais tau tias suab paj nruag-choreographic. muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj ob peb seev cev. Xws li S. feem ntau suav nrog hauv kev ua yeeb yam ballet; Piv txwv li, 3rd painting ntawm Tchaikovsky lub "Swan Lake" yog tsim los ntawm kev ua raws li cov kev cai. nat. seev cev. Qee lub sij hawm xws li ib qho kev ntxig S. yog hu ua ib qho kev sib txawv (daim duab kawg ntawm Kev Zoo Nkauj Zoo Nkauj thiab feem ntau ntawm 2nd act of Tchaikovsky's The Nutcracker).

References: Igor Glebov (Asafiev BV), Tchaikovsky's instrumental art, P., 1922; nws, Musical Form as a Process, Vol. 1-2, M.-L., 1930-47, L., 1971; Yavorsky B., Bach suites rau clavier, M.-L., 1947; Druskin M., Clavier music, L., 1960; Efimenkova V., Dance genres …, M., 1962; Popova T., Suite, M., 1963.

IB Manukyan