Sonata |

ital. sonata, los ntawm sonare - mus rau suab

Ib hom ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm solo lossis chamber-ensemble instr. suab paj nruag. Classic S., raws li txoj cai, ntau qhov ntau lawm. nrog ceev ceev qhov chaw (thawj - nyob rau hauv thiaj li hu ua sonata daim ntawv) thiab qeeb nruab nrab; qee zaum minuet lossis scherzo kuj suav nrog hauv lub voj voog. Nrog rau kev zam ntawm cov qub ntau yam (trio sonata), S., nyob rau hauv sib piv rau ib co lwm yam chamber hom (trio, quartet, quintet, thiab lwm yam), yuav tsis muaj ntau tshaj li 2 performers. Cov qauv no tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm classicism (saib Vienna Classical School ).

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm lo lus "S." hnub rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev tsim kev ywj pheej. instr. hom ntawv. Thaum xub thawj, S. hu ua wok. daim nrog cov cuab yeej los yog ntawm lawv tus kheej. instr. ua haujlwm, txawm li cas los xij, tseem txuas nrog lub wok. kev sau ntawv thiab yog preim. yooj yim wok transcriptions. ua si. Raws li ib tug instr. plays lub sij hawm "S." pom twb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th. Ntau dua hu ua "sonata" lossis "sonado" pib siv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm Lig Renaissance (16th caug xyoo) hauv Spain hauv decomp. tablature (piv txwv li, hauv El Maestro los ntawm L. Milan, 1535; hauv Sila de Sirenas los ntawm E. Valderrabano, 1547), tom qab ntawd hauv Ltalis. Feem ntau muaj ob lub npe. - canzona da sonar lossis canzona per sonare (piv txwv li, y H. Vicentino, A. Bankieri thiab lwm tus).

Rau con. 16th caug xyoo nyob rau hauv ltalis (chief arr. nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm F. Maskera), kev nkag siab ntawm lo lus "S." raws li lub npe ntawm ib qho kev ywj pheej instr. plays (as opposed to cantata as wok. plays). Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv con. 16 – lus. XVII xyoo pua, lo lus "S." thov mus rau ntau haiv neeg nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thiab muaj nuj nqi instr. sau ntawv. Qee zaum S. raug hu ua instr. qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj cov kev pab cuam (lub npe "Alla devozione" - "Nyob rau hauv ib tug pious cim" los yog "Graduale" nyob rau hauv Banchieri lub sonatas yog noteworthy, lub npe ntawm ib tug ntawm cov hauj lwm nyob rau hauv no hom ntawv K. Monteverdi yog "Sonata sopra Sancta Maria" – “Sonata-liturgy of the Virgin Mary”), as well as opera overtures (piv txwv li, kev taw qhia rau MA Honor's opera The Golden Apple, hu ua S. – Il porno d'oro, 17). Rau lub sijhawm ntev tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov npe "S", "symphony" thiab "concert". Txog thaum pib xyoo pua 1667th (Early Baroque), 17 hom S. tau tsim: sonata da chiesa (church. S.) thiab sonata da koob yees duab (chamber, pem hauv ntej. S.). Thawj thawj zaug cov npe no tau pom hauv "Canzoni, overo sonate concertate per chiesa e camera" los ntawm T. Merula (2). Sonata da chiesa tso siab ntau rau polyphonic. daim ntawv, sonata da lub koob yees duab tau txawv los ntawm cov predominance ntawm homophonic warehouse thiab kev cia siab ntawm kev seev cev.

Thaum pib. 17th caug xyoo lub thiaj li hu. trio sonata rau 2 lossis 3 tus neeg ua si nrog basso continuo accompaniment. Nws yog ib daim ntawv hloov pauv los ntawm polyphony ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. mus solo S. 17-18 centuries. Hauv kev ua. compositions ntawm S. nyob rau lub sij hawm no qhov chaw ua hauj lwm yog nyob ntawm cov hlua. bowed instruments nrog lawv loj melodic. cib fim.

Hauv pem teb 2. Xyoo pua 17th muaj kev nyiam rau S.'s dismemberment rau hauv qhov chaw (feem ntau yog 3-5). Lawv raug cais los ntawm ib leeg los ntawm ob txoj kab lossis cov npe tshwj xeeb. Lub voj voog 5-ib feem yog sawv cev los ntawm ntau sonatas los ntawm G. Legrenzi. Raws li kev zam, ib feem S. kuj pom (hauv Sat: Sonate da organo di varii autori, ed. Arresti). Qhov feem ntau yog lub voj voog 4 feem nrog ib ntu ntawm ntu: qeeb - nrawm - qeeb - nrawm (lossis: nrawm - qeeb - nrawm - nrawm). 1 ntu qeeb - kev taw qhia; nws yog feem ntau raws li imitations (qee zaum ntawm homophonic warehouse), muaj improvisation. tus cwj pwm, feem ntau suav nrog dotted rhythms; qhov thib 2 ceev yog fugue, qhov 3 qeeb qeeb yog homophonic, raws li txoj cai, nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm sarabande; xaus. qhov ceev ceev kuj yog fugue. Sonata da lub koob yees duab yog kev kawm dawb ntawm kev seev cev. chav, zoo li ib chav suite: allemande - courant - sarabande - gigue (los yog gavotte). Cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem ntxiv los ntawm lwm cov seev cev. ntu.

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm sonata da lub koob yees duab feem ntau tau hloov los ntawm lub npe. - "suite", "partita", "Fabkis". overture", "order", thiab lwm yam hauv con. 17th caug xyoo nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees muaj cov khoom. sib xyaw hom, sib txuas cov khoom ntawm ob hom S. (D. Becker, I. Rosenmüller, D. Buxtehude, thiab lwm yam). Mus church. S. nkag mus rau qhov chaw uas nyob ze rau qhov ua las voos (gigue, minuet, gavotte), mus rau hauv chav tsev - dawb preluded qhov chaw los ntawm pawg ntseeg. S. Qee lub sij hawm qhov no ua rau muaj kev sib koom ua tiav ntawm ob hom (GF Teleman, A. Vivaldi).

Qhov chaw yog ua ke hauv S. los ntawm kev siv thematic. kev sib txuas (tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov chaw huab cua, piv txwv li, hauv C. op. 3 No 2 Corelli), nrog kev pab los ntawm kev sib haum xeeb tonal txoj kev npaj (qhov kawg ntawm qhov tseem ceeb, qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov nruab nrab), qee zaum nrog cov kev pab ntawm kev tsim qauv (S. “Biblical Stories” Kunau).

Hauv pem teb 2. Xyoo pua 17th nrog rau trio sonatas, txoj hauj lwm tseem ceeb yog nyob los ntawm S. rau violin - ib qho cuab yeej uas tau ntsib nws thawj zaug thiab siab tshaj plaws paj nyob rau lub sijhawm no. Hom ntawv skr. S. tau tsim los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm G. Torelli, J. Vitali, A. Corelli, A. Vivaldi, J. Tartini. Ib tug xov tooj ntawm composers muaj 1st pem teb. 18th caug xyoo (JS Bach, GF Teleman thiab lwm tus) muaj kev nyiam ua kom loj thiab txo lawv cov lej rau 2 lossis 3 - feem ntau yog vim tsis lees txais ib qho ntawm 2 qhov qeeb ntawm pawg ntseeg. S. (piv txwv li, IA Sheibe). Cov cim qhia ntawm lub sijhawm thiab qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov khoom ua kom ntxaws ("Andante", "Grazioso", "Affettuoso", "Allegro ma non troppo", thiab lwm yam). S. rau violin nrog ib feem tsim ntawm clavier thawj zaug tshwm sim hauv JS Bach. Lub npe "NTAWM." nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau lub solo clavier daim, I. Kunau yog thawj zaug siv nws.

Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm thaum ntxov classic (mid-18th caug xyoo) S. yog maj mam lees paub tias yog lub richest thiab complex hom ntawm chamber suab paj nruag. Xyoo 1775, IA Schultz tau txhais S. ua ib daim ntawv uas "cuam tshuam tag nrho cov cim thiab tag nrho cov kab lus." DG Türk tau sau tseg hauv 1789: "Ntawm cov ntawv sau rau clavier, sonata rightfully occupies thawj qhov chaw." Raws li FW Marpurg, hauv S. yuav tsum "muaj peb lossis plaub qhov ua tiav ntawm lub sijhawm muab los ntawm kev tsim, piv txwv li, Allegro, Adagio, Presto, thiab lwm yam." Lub clavier piano txav mus rau pem hauv ntej, raws li qhov tshiab tau tshwm sim rauj-ua haujlwm piano. (ib qho ntawm thawj cov qauv – S. op. 8 Avison, 1764), thiab rau cov harpsichord lossis clavichord (rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm North thiab Middle German tsev kawm ntawv – WF Bach, KFE Bach, KG Nefe, J. Benda, EV Hma thiab Lwm tus - lub clavichord yog ib qho khoom siv uas nyiam). Txoj kev coj ua nrog C. basso continuo tuag lawm. Ib hom nruab nrab ntawm clavier piano yog kis tau, nrog rau kev xaiv kev koom tes ntawm ib lossis ob lwm yam twj paj nruag, feem ntau yog violins lossis lwm yam suab paj nruag (sonatas los ntawm C. Avison, I. Schobert, thiab qee cov sonatas thaum ntxov los ntawm WA ​​Mozart), tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv Paris thiab London. S. yog tsim rau cov classic. ob lub ntsiab lus nrog kev koom tes ntawm clavier thiab c.-l. melodic instrument (violin, flute, cello, thiab lwm yam). Ntawm thawj cov qauv - S. op. 3 Giardini (1751), S. op. 4 Pellegrini (1759).

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm daim ntawv tshiab ntawm S. tau txiav txim siab loj heev los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm polyphonic. fugue warehouse rau homophonic. Classical sonata allegro yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsim nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm sonatas ntawm D. Scarlatti thiab nyob rau hauv 3-ib feem sonatas ntawm CFE Bach, raws li zoo raws li nws contemporaries - B. Pasquini, PD Paradisi thiab lwm yam. Tej hauj lwm ntawm feem ntau composers ntawm lub galaxy no tsis nco qab lawm, tsuas yog sonatas los ntawm D. Scarlatti thiab CFE Bach txuas ntxiv ua. D. Scarlatti sau ntau tshaj 500 S. (feem ntau hu ua Essercizi los yog tej daim rau harpsichord); lawv txawv los ntawm lawv qhov kev ua tiav, filigree tiav, ntau yam duab thiab hom. KFE Bach tsim ib qho classic. tus qauv ntawm 3-seem S. voj voog (saib daim ntawv Sonata-cyclic). Hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Italian masters, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog GB Sammartini, feem ntau pom muaj 2-ntu voj voog: Allegro - Menuetto.

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus "S." nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov classical lub sij hawm tsis yog tag nrho ruaj khov. Qee zaum nws tau siv los ua lub npe ntawm instr. ua si (J. Carpani). Hauv tebchaws Askiv, S. feem ntau raug txheeb xyuas nrog “Lus Kawm” (S. Arnold, op. 7) thiab solo sonata, uas yog, S. rau suab paj nruag. instrument (violin, cello) nrog basso continuo (P. Giardini, op.16), nyob rau hauv Fabkis - nrog ib daim rau harpsichord (JJC Mondonville, op. 3), nyob rau hauv Vienna - nrog divertissement (GK Wagenseil, J. Haydn), nyob rau hauv Milan - nrog ib tug nocturne (GB Sammartini, JK Bach). Qee zaum lub sij hawm sonata da lub koob yees duab (KD Dittersdorf) tau siv. Rau qee lub sij hawm ecclesiastical S. kuj khaws nws qhov tseem ceeb (17 ecclesiastical sonatas los ntawm Mozart). Baroque kab lig kev cai kuj muaj nyob rau hauv ntau ornamentation ntawm melodies (Benda), thiab nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm virtuoso figurative passages (M. Clementi), nyob rau hauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub voj voog, piv txwv li. nyob rau hauv lub sonatas ntawm F. Durante, thawj fugue ib feem yog feem ntau tawm tsam rau lub thib ob, sau nyob rau hauv lub cim ntawm ib tug gigue. Kev sib txuas nrog cov qub suite kuj pom tseeb hauv kev siv minuet rau qhov nruab nrab lossis qhov kawg ntawm S. (Wagenseil).

Cov ntsiab lus classical thaum ntxov. S. feem ntau khaws cov yam ntxwv ntawm imitation polyphony. warehouse, piv txwv li, mus rau ib tug symphony nrog nws cov yam ntxwv homophonic thematicism nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no, vim muaj lwm yam influences nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem (feem ntau yog lub hwj chim ntawm opera suab paj nruag). Norms classic. S. thaum kawg coj cov duab ntawm J. Haydn, WA Mozart, L. Beethoven, M. Clementi. Lub voj voog 3-ib feem nrog kev txav nrawm nrawm thiab qhov nruab nrab qeeb dhau los ua qhov zoo rau S. (tsis zoo li lub suab paj nruag nrog nws cov qauv 4-qib voj voog). Cov qauv ntawm lub voj voog no rov qab mus rau lub qub C. da chiesa thiab solo instr. baroque concert. Qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub voj voog yog nyob ntawm ntu 1. Nws yog yuav luag ib txwm sau nyob rau hauv sonata daim ntawv, feem ntau tsim ntawm tag nrho cov classical instr. daim ntawv. Kuj tseem muaj kev zam: piv txwv li, hauv fp. Mozart's sonata A-dur (K.-V. 331) thawj ntu yog sau rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev hloov pauv, hauv nws tus kheej C. Es-dur (K.-V. 282) thawj ntu yog adagio. Qhov thib ob contrasts sharply nrog rau thawj vim lub qeeb pace, lyrical thiab contemplative cim. Qhov no tso cai rau kev ywj pheej ntau dua hauv kev xaiv ntawm cov qauv: nws tuaj yeem siv daim ntawv 3-ntu complex, sonata daim ntawv thiab nws cov kev hloov pauv ntau yam (tsis muaj kev txhim kho, nrog rau ib ntu), thiab lwm yam. Feem ntau minuet yog qhia raws li qhov thib ob (rau Piv txwv li, C. Es- dur, K.-V. 282, A-dur, K.-V. 331, Mozart, C-dur for Haydn). Qhov thib peb txav, feem ntau yog ceev tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub voj voog (Presto, allegro vivace thiab ze tempos), mus txog thawj lub zog nrog nws tus cwj pwm nquag. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm rau qhov kawg yog rondo thiab rondo sonata, tsawg dua qhov kev hloov pauv (C. Es-dur rau violin thiab piano, K.-V. 481 los ntawm Mozart; C. A-dur rau piano los ntawm Haydn). Txawm li cas los xij, tseem muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub voj voog: los ntawm 52 fp. Haydn's sonatas 3 (thaum ntxov) yog plaub ntu thiab 8 yog ob feem. Cov voj voog zoo sib xws kuj yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm qee qhov skr. Sonata los ntawm Mozart.

Nyob rau hauv lub classic lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov xim yog S. rau lub piano, uas nyob txhua qhov chaw displaces cov qub hom ntawm cov hlua. keyboard instruments. S. kuj yog dav siv rau decomp. cov cuab yeej nrog accompaniment fp., tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Skr. S. (piv txwv li, Mozart muaj 47 skr. C).

S. hom mus txog qhov siab tshaj plaws nrog Beethoven, uas tsim 32 fp., 10 scr. thiab 5 cello S. Nyob rau hauv Beethoven txoj hauj lwm, cov ntsiab lus piv txwv yog enriched, ua yeeb yam yog embodied. kev sib tsoo, qhov pib tsis sib haum xeeb yog sharpened. Ntau ntawm nws S. ncav cuag monumental proportions. Nrog rau kev ua kom zoo dua ntawm daim ntawv thiab kev nthuav qhia, tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev kos duab ntawm classicism, Beethoven's sonatas kuj qhia cov yam ntxwv uas tom qab tau txais thiab tsim los ntawm cov neeg nyiam romantic. Beethoven feem ntau sau S. nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm 4-thooj voj voog, rov tsim cov kab ke ntawm cov suab paj nruag thiab lub quartet: sonata allegro yog cov suab paj nruag qeeb. txav – minuet (los yog scherzo) – finale (piv txwv li S. rau piano op. 2 No 1, 2, 3, op. 7, op. 28). Qhov nruab nrab yog qee zaum teem rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim rov qab, qee zaum qeeb lyric. ib feem yog hloov los ntawm ib feem ntawm ib tug ntau mobile tempo (allegretto). Xws li lub voj voog yuav pib hauv paus hauv S. ntawm ntau tus neeg nyiam nkauj. Beethoven kuj muaj 2-ntu S. (S. rau pianoforte op. 54, op. 90, op. 111), nrog rau tus soloist nrog ib qho kev sib tw dawb ntawm qhov chaw (variation txav – scherzo – pam tuag lub peb hlis ntuj – finale nyob rau hauv piano. C op. 26; op. C. quasi una fantasia op. 27 Tsis muaj 1 thiab 2; C. op. 31 Tsis muaj 3 nrog ib tug scherzo nyob rau hauv 2nd qhov chaw thiab ib tug minuet nyob rau hauv 3rd). Nyob rau hauv Beethoven lub xeem S., txoj kev nyiam rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub voj voog thiab kev ywj pheej ntau dua ntawm nws txoj kev txhais lus yog intensified. Kev sib txuas yog qhia ntawm cov khoom, kev hloov pauv tsis tu ncua yog tsim los ntawm ib feem mus rau lwm qhov, fugue seem suav nrog hauv lub voj voog (qhov kawg ntawm S. op. 101, 106, 110, fugato hauv 1st ntu ntawm S. op. 111). Thawj feem qee zaum poob nws txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm hauv lub voj voog, qhov kawg feem ntau dhau los ua qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus. Muaj reminiscences ntawm yav tas los sounded cov ncauj lus nyob rau hauv decomp. qhov chaw ntawm lub voj voog (S. op. 101, 102 No 1). txhais tau tias. Nyob rau hauv Beethoven's sonatas, qeeb introductions rau thawj lub zog kuj pib ua lub luag hauj lwm (op. 13, 78, 111). Ib txhia ntawm Beethoven cov nkauj yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov software, uas tau dav tsim nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag ntawm romantic composers. Piv txwv li, 3 ntu ntawm S. rau piano. op. 81a npe. "Farewell", "Parting" thiab "Rov qab".

Ib qho chaw nruab nrab ntawm classicism thiab romanticism yog nyob ntawm sonatas ntawm F. Schubert thiab KM Weber. Raws li Beethoven's 4-part (tsis tshua muaj 3-ib feem) sonata cycles, cov kws sau ntawv siv qee txoj kev tshiab ntawm kev nthuav tawm hauv lawv cov ntawv sau. Melodic plays yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. pib, pej xeem-suab ntsiab lus (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv qeeb qhov chaw ntawm lub voj voog). Lyric. tus cwj pwm zoo nkaus li meej meej hauv fp. Sonata los ntawm Schubert.

Nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm romantic composers, ntxiv kev loj hlob thiab transformation ntawm classical suab paj nruag coj qhov chaw. (feem ntau yog Beethoven's) hom S., saturating nws nrog cov duab tshiab. Cov yam ntxwv yog tus kheej ntau dua ntawm kev txhais lus ntawm ib hom ntawv, nws txhais lus nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm romantic. paj huam. S. thaum lub sij hawm no tuav txoj hauj lwm ntawm ib qho ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm instr. suab paj nruag, txawm hais tias nws yog me ntsis thawb ib sab los ntawm cov ntawv me me (piv txwv li, ib zaj nkauj tsis muaj lus, nocturne, prelude, etude, yam ntxwv daim). F. Mendelssohn, F. Chopin, R. Schumann, F. Liszt, J. Brahms, E. Grieg, thiab lwm tus tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txhim kho seismic. Lawv cov ntawv sau seismic qhia txog qhov muaj peev xwm tshiab ntawm hom ntawv hauv kev xav txog lub neej tshwm sim thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Qhov sib piv ntawm S. cov duab yog sharpened ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv qhov chaw thiab nyob rau hauv lawv kev sib raug zoo rau ib leeg. Lub siab xav ntawm composers rau ntau thematic kuj raug cuam tshuam. kev sib sau ntawm lub voj voog, txawm hais tias feem ntau cov romantics ua raws li classic. 3-part (piv txwv li, S. rau pianoforte op. 6 thiab 105 los ntawm Mendelssohn, S. rau violin thiab pianoforte op. 78 thiab 100 los ntawm Brahms) thiab 4-part (piv txwv li, S. rau pianoforte op. 4, 35 thiab 58 Chopin, S. rau Schumann) cycles. Qee qhov sib lawv liag rau FP yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev txhais lus ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub voj voog. Brahms (S. op. 2, tsib-sab S. op. 5). Romantic cawv. paj huam coj mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib feem S. (thawj cov qauv - 2 S. rau lub pianoforte ntawm Liszt). Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm scale thiab kev ywj pheej, cov seem ntawm lub sonata daim ntawv nyob rau hauv lawv mus rau qhov chaw ntawm lub voj voog, tsim lub thiaj li hu ua. ib lub voj voog ib feem yog lub voj voog ntawm kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv, nrog cov kab tsis pom ntawm qhov chaw.

Hauv fp. Ib qho ntawm kev sib koom ua ke hauv Liszt's sonatas yog programmaticity: nrog cov duab ntawm Dante's Divine Comedy, nws S. "Tom qab nyeem Dante" (qhov kev ywj pheej ntawm nws cov qauv yog hais txog los ntawm kev xaiv Fantasia quasi Sonata), nrog rau cov duab ntawm Goethe's Faust - S. h-moll (1852-53).

Hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Brahms thiab Grieg, ib qho chaw tseem ceeb yog nyob hauv violin S. Rau qhov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm S. hom ntawv hauv romantic. suab paj nruag belongs rau sonata A-dur rau violin thiab piano. S. Frank, ntxiv rau 2 S. rau cello thiab piano. Brahms. Cov cuab yeej kuj raug tsim rau lwm cov twj paj nruag.

Hauv con. 19 – lus. 20th caug xyoo S. nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm sab hnub poob. Teb chaws Europe tab tom dhau los ntawm kev paub zoo. Sonatas ntawm V. d'Andy, E. McDowell, K. Shimanovsky yog qhov nthuav, ywj siab hauv kev xav thiab lus.

Ntau tus S. rau decomp. instruments tau sau los ntawm M. Reger. Ntawm qhov kev txaus siab tshwj xeeb yog nws 2 S. rau lub cev, nyob rau hauv uas tus composer txoj kev taw qhia ntawm classical tau tshwm sim. kab lig kev cai. Reger kuj muaj 4 S. rau cello thiab pianoforte, 11 S. rau pianoforte. Lub inclination rau programming yog yam ntxwv ntawm McDowell lub sonata ua hauj lwm. Tag nrho 4 ntawm nws S. rau fp. yog program subtitles (“Tragic”, 1893; “Heroic”, 1895; “Norwegian”, 1900; “Celtic”, 1901). Tsis tshua tseem ceeb yog sonatas ntawm K. Saint-Saens, JG Reinberger, K. Sinding thiab lwm tus. Sim ua kom revive classic nyob rau hauv lawv. cov hauv paus ntsiab lus tsis tau muab cov txiaj ntsig kev ntseeg siab.

S. hom ntawv tau txais cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb thaum pib. 20th caug xyoo nyob rau hauv Fabkis suab paj nruag. Los ntawm Fabkis G. Fauré, P. Duke, C. Debussy (S. rau violin thiab piano, S. rau cello thiab piano, S. rau flute, viola, thiab harp) thiab M. Ravel (S. rau violin thiab pianoforte , S. rau violin thiab cello, sonata rau pianoforte). Cov kws sau paj huam no ua rau S. nrog cov tshiab, suav nrog kev xav. figurativeness, thawj txoj kev ntawm kev nthuav qhia (siv cov ntsiab lus txawv, kev txhawb nqa ntawm modal-harmonious txhais tau tias).

Nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab composers ntawm lub 18th thiab 19th centuries S. tsis nyob rau hauv ib tug tseem ceeb qhov chaw. Hom S. nyob rau lub sijhawm no yog sawv cev los ntawm kev sim ntawm tus kheej. Xws li yog cov twj paj nruag rau DS Bortnyansky's cembalo, thiab IE Khandoshkin cov suab paj nruag rau solo violin thiab ntses bass thaj tsam, uas nyob rau hauv lawv cov stylistic nta yog ze rau thaum ntxov classical Western European suab paj nruas seev. thiab viola (los yog violin) MI Glinka (1828), txhawb nqa hauv classical. ntsuj plig, tab sis nrog intonation. ob tog sib raug zoo nrog cov Russian. pej xeem-suab nkauj element. Lub teb chaws cov yam ntxwv tau pom nyob rau hauv S. ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws contemporaries ntawm Glinka, feem ntau AA Alyabyeva (S. rau violin nrog piano, 1834). Def. AG Rubinshtein, tus kws sau ntawv 4 S. rau piano, them tribute rau hom ntawv S. (1859-71) thiab 3 S. rau violin thiab piano. (1851-76), S. rau viola thiab piano. (1855) thiab 2 p. rau cello thiab piano. (1852-57). Qhov tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho tom ntej ntawm hom ntawv hauv Lavxias. suab paj nruag muaj S. rau piano. op. 37 PI Tchaikovsky, and also 2 S. for piano. AK Glazunov, gravitating rau kev lig kev cai ntawm "loj" romantic S.

Nyob rau hauv lub lem ntawm lub XIX thiab 19 centuries. txaus siab rau hom S. y rus. composers tau nce ntau. Ib nplooj ntawv ci nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm hom ntawv yog FP. sonatas los ntawm AN Scriabin. Nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, txuas ntxiv romantic. kab lig kev cai (gravitation ntawm programmability, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub voj voog), Scriabin muab lawv ib qho kev ywj pheej, kev qhia tob tob. Lub novelty thiab originality ntawm Scriabin's sonata creativity yog manifested ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv lub figurative qauv thiab nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag. lus, thiab nyob rau hauv kev txhais ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem. Lub programmatic xwm ntawm Scriabin's sonatas yog philosophical thiab cim. tus cwj pwm. Lawv daim ntawv hloov zuj zus los ntawm ntau lub voj voog ib txwm muaj (20st - 1rd S.) mus rau ib feem (3th - 5th S.). Twb tau Scriabin's 10th sonata, ob qho tib si uas muaj feem cuam tshuam rau ib leeg, mus txog hom kev txav ib leeg pianoforte. paj huam. Tsis zoo li Liszt's one-movement sonatas, Scriabin's sonatas tsis muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib qho kev txav mus los.

S. tau hloov kho tshiab hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm NK Medtner, rau-rum belongs rau 14 fp. S. and 3 S. for violin and piano. Medtner nthuav cov ciam teb ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem, kos duab ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm lwm yam, feem ntau yog programmatic lossis lyric-tus yam ntxwv ("Sonata-elegy" op. 11, "Sonata-remembrance" op. 38, "Sonata-fairy tale" op. 25 , “Sonata-ballad » op. 27). Ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb yog nyob ntawm nws "Sonata-vocalise" op. 41.

SV Rachmaninov hauv 2 fp. S. peculiarly txhim kho cov kab lig kev cai ntawm tus poj romantic. C. Ib qho kev tshwm sim tseem ceeb hauv Lavxias. nkauj pib lub neej. 20th caug xyoo steel 2 thawj S. rau fp. N. Yaj. Myaskovsky, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib feem 2nd S., muab khoom plig Glinkin.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo caum tom ntej ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, kev siv cov tshiab txhais tau tias kev hloov pauv cov tsos ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem. Ntawm no, 6 C. yog qhia rau decomp. Cov cuab yeej ntawm B. Bartok, thawj hauv kev sib dhos thiab cov qauv, qhia txog kev nyiam hloov kho cov neeg ua yeeb yam. kev sib xyaw ua ke (S. rau 2 fp. thiab percussion). Qhov kev hloov tshiab no kuj tau ua raws li lwm tus kws sau nkauj (S. rau trumpet, horn, thiab trombone, F. Poulenc thiab lwm tus). Kev sim ua kom rov ua kom muaj qee yam ntawm pre-classic. S. (6 lub cev sonatas los ntawm P. Hindemith, solo S. rau viola thiab violin los ntawm E. Krenek thiab lwm yam haujlwm). Ib qho piv txwv thawj ntawm kev txhais lus neoclassical ntawm hom - 2nd S. rau piano. IB Stravinsky (1924). txhais tau tias. Qhov chaw nyob rau hauv niaj hnub Suab paj nruag yog nyob los ntawm sonatas ntawm A. Honegger (6 C. rau ntau yam twj paj nruag), Hindemith (c. 30 C. rau yuav luag tag nrho cov twj paj nruag).

Cov piv txwv zoo ntawm kev txhais lus niaj hnub ntawm hom ntawv tau tsim los ntawm owls. composers, feem ntau SS Prokofiev (9 rau piano, 2 rau violin, cello). Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev txhim kho niaj hnub S. tau ua si los ntawm FP. Sonata los ntawm Prokofiev. Tag nrho cov creativity yog qhia meej nyob rau hauv lawv. txoj kev ntawm tus composer - los ntawm kev sib txuas nrog romantic. cov qauv (1st, 3rd C.) mus rau wise maturity (8th C). Prokofiev tso siab rau classic. cov qauv ntawm lub voj voog 3- thiab 4-ib ntu (nrog rau kev zam ntawm ib feem 1 thiab 3rd C). Classical orientation. thiab preclassic. cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev xav tau tshwm sim hauv kev siv cov seev cev thaum ub. ntau yam ntawm 17th-18th centuries. (gavotte, minuet), toccata cov ntaub ntawv, nrog rau hauv kev qhia meej meej ntawm ntu. Txawm li cas los xij, cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb yog thawj, uas suav nrog kev ua yeeb yam ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, qhov tshiab ntawm suab paj nruag thiab kev sib haum xeeb, thiab tus cwj pwm peculiar ntawm piano. kev tsim txiaj. Ib qho ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg sau ua haujlwm yog "sonata triad" ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog xyoo (6th - 8th pp., 1939-44), uas sib txuas ua yeeb yam. tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov duab nrog classical. refinement ntawm daim ntawv.

Ib qho tseem ceeb pab rau kev tsim suab paj nruag piano yog tsim los ntawm DD Shostakovich (2 rau piano, violin, viola, thiab cello) thiab AN Aleksandrov (14 piano rau piano). FP kuj nrov. sonatas thiab sonatas los ntawm DB Kabalevsky, sonata los ntawm AI Khachaturian.

Hauv 50s-60s. cov yam ntxwv tshiab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm sonata creativity. S. tshwm sim, tsis muaj ib feem ntawm lub voj voog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv sonata thiab tsuas yog siv qee cov ntsiab lus ntawm sonata. Xws li yog S. rau FP. P. Boulez, "Sonata thiab Interlude" rau "npaj" piano. J. Caj. Cov neeg sau ntawv ntawm cov haujlwm no txhais S. feem ntau yog ib qho instr. ua si. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov no yog C. rau cello thiab orchestra los ntawm K. Penderecki. Cov qauv zoo sib xws tau tshwm sim hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau tus owls. composers (piano sonatas los ntawm BI Tishchenko, TE Mansuryan, thiab lwm yam).

References: Gunet E., Kaum sonatas los ntawm Scriabin, “RMG”, 1914, No 47; Kotler N., Liszt's sonata h-moll nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm nws aesthetics, “SM”, 1939, No 3; Kremlev Yu. A., Beethoven's piano sonatas, M., 1953; Druskin M., Clavier suab paj nruag ntawm Spain, England, Netherlands, Fabkis, Ltalis, Lub teb chaws Yelemees ntawm 1960th-1961th centuries, L., 1962; Kholopova V., Kholopov Yu., Prokofiev's Piano Sonatas, M., 1962; Ordzhonikidze G., Prokofiev's Piano Sonatas, M., 1; Popova T., Sonata, M., 1966; Lavrentieva I., Beethoven's lig sonatas, hauv Sat. Hauv: Cov Lus Nug Ntawm Cov Ntawv Sau Nkauj, vol. Xyoo 1970, M., 2; Rabey V., Sonatas and partitas by JS Bach for violin solo, M., 1972; Pavchinsky, S., Figurative Content thiab Tempo Interpretation of Some of Beethoven's Sonatas, in: Beethoven, vol. Xyoo 1972, M., 1973; Schnittke A., Ntawm ib co nta ntawm innovation nyob rau hauv Prokofiev lub piano sonata cycles, nyob rau hauv: S. Prokofiev. Sonatas thiab kev tshawb fawb, M., 13; Meskhishvili E., On the dramaturgy of Scriabin's sonatas, in collection: AN Skryabin, M., 1974; Petrash A., Solo hneev sonata thiab suite ua ntej Bach thiab hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm nws cov neeg kawm, hauv: Cov Lus Nug ntawm Kev Xav thiab Kev Zoo Nkauj ntawm Suab Nkauj, vol. 36, L., 1978; ib. Sakharova G., ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm sonata, nyob rau hauv: Cov yam ntxwv ntawm sonata tsim, "Cov txheej txheem ntawm GMPI im. Gnesins", vol. XNUMX, M., XNUMX.

Saib kuj lit. rau cov ntawv Sonata daim ntawv, Sonata-cyclic daim ntawv, suab paj nruag daim ntawv.

VB Valkova