Rodion Konstantinovich Shchedrin |

Rodion Shchedrin: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim?

Au, ua peb tus neeg saib xyuas, tus Cawm Seej, suab paj nruag! Txhob tso peb tseg! tsa peb tus ntsuj plig ua lag luam ntau zaus! ntaus sharper nrog koj lub suab ntawm peb dormant senses! Ntshai, rhuav tshem lawv thiab tsav lawv mus, txawm tias tsuas yog ib pliag xwb, qhov kev xav phem heev uas tab tom sim coj peb lub ntiaj teb! N. Gogol. Los ntawm tsab xov xwm "Sculpture, painting thiab music"

Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm 1984, nyob rau hauv ib lub concerts ntawm lub II International Music Festival nyob rau hauv Moscow, lub premiere ntawm "Tus kheej-portrait" - variations rau ib tug loj symphony orchestra los ntawm R. Shchedrin tau ua. Tus tshiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub tshuab raj, uas nyuam qhuav hla qhov pib ntawm nws lub hnub nyoog tsib caug, hlawv ib txhia nrog ib tug tho kev xav, lwm tus zoo siab nrog cov neeg sau xov xwm liab qab ntawm lub ntsiab lus, qhov kawg concentration ntawm kev xav txog nws tus kheej txoj hmoo. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias nws tau hais tias: "tus kws kos duab yog nws tus kws txiav txim siab tshaj plaws." Nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm no, sib npaug ntawm qhov tseem ceeb thiab cov ntsiab lus rau ib tug symphony, lub ntiaj teb no ntawm peb lub sij hawm tshwm los ntawm lub prism ntawm tus artist tus cwj pwm, nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv ze-up, thiab los ntawm nws yog paub nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws versatility thiab contradictions - nyob rau hauv active. thiab kev xav hauv lub xeev, hauv kev xav, lyrical nws tus kheej tob zuj zus, nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm jubilation los yog tragic explosions uas muaj tsis ntseeg. Rau "Tus kheej-portrait", thiab nws yog ntuj, xov tau rub ua ke los ntawm ntau yam haujlwm yav dhau los sau los ntawm Shchedrin. Raws li yog los ntawm tus noog lub qhov muag pom, nws txoj kev muaj tswv yim thiab tib neeg tshwm sim - los ntawm yav dhau los mus rau yav tom ntej. Txoj kev ntawm "darling ntawm txoj hmoo"? Los yog "martyr"? Nyob rau hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv, nws yuav tsis yog hais tias tsis yog ib tug los yog lwm yam. Nws yog ze rau qhov tseeb hais tias: txoj hauv kev ntawm kev daring "los ntawm thawj tus neeg" ...

Shchedrin tau yug los rau hauv ib tug neeg ntaus suab paj nruag tsev neeg. Leej Txiv, Konstantin Mikhailovich, yog ib tug kws qhia suab paj nruag nto moo. Suab paj nruag tau tas li ua si hauv Shchedrins lub tsev. Nws yog nyob suab paj nruag-ua uas yog qhov chaw yug me nyuam uas maj mam tsim cov passions thiab tastes ntawm yav tom ntej composer. Tsev neeg kev txaus siab yog lub piano trio, uas Konstantin Mikhailovich thiab nws cov kwv tij koom. Lub xyoo ntawm cov hluas coincided nrog ib tug zoo mus sib hais uas poob rau lub xub pwg nyom ntawm tag nrho cov Soviet neeg. Ob zaug tus tub khiav mus rau pem hauv ntej thiab ob zaug rov qab mus rau nws niam nws txiv lub tsev. Tom qab ntawd Shchedrin yuav nco txog kev ua tsov ua rog ntau dua ib zaug, ntau dua ib zaug qhov mob ntawm qhov nws tau ntsib yuav nrov hauv nws lub suab paj nruag - hauv Second Symphony (1965), hu nkauj rau cov paj huam los ntawm A. Tvardovsky - nco txog ib tug kwv tij uas tsis rov qab los. los ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog (1968), nyob rau hauv "Poetoria" (ntawm st. A. Voznesensky, 1968) - thawj concerto rau tus kws sau paj lug, nrog rau ib tug poj niam lub suab, ib tug mix hu nkauj thiab ib tug symphony orchestra ...

Xyoo 1945, ib tug tub hluas uas muaj kaum ob xyoos tau raug xa mus rau lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Choir uas nyuam qhuav qhib - tam sim no lawv. AV Sveshnikova. Ntxiv rau kev kawm theoretical kev qhuab qhia, kev hu nkauj yog kab tias txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Ntau xyoo tom qab ntawd, Shchedrin yuav hais tias: “Kuv tau ntsib thawj lub sijhawm ntawm kev tshoov siab hauv kuv lub neej thaum hu nkauj hauv pawg hu nkauj. Thiab tau kawg, kuv thawj cov nkauj kuj tseem yog rau pawg hu nkauj…” Cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog Moscow Conservatory, qhov twg Shchedrin tau kawm ib txhij ntawm ob lub tsev kawm ntawv - hauv kev sib xyaw nrog Y. Shaporin thiab hauv chav kawm piano nrog Y. Flier. Ib xyoos ua ntej kawm tiav, nws tau sau nws thawj Piano Concerto (1954). Qhov no thaum ntxov opus attracted nrog nws originality thiab cus ciav tam sim no. Nees nkaum-ob-xyoo-laus tus sau tau twv kom suav nrog 2 ditty motifs nyob rau hauv kev hais kwv txhiaj-pop caij - Siberian "Balalaika yog buzzing" thiab nto moo "Semyonovna", zoo tsim lawv nyob rau hauv ib tug series ntawm variations. Cov ntaub ntawv no yuav luag tshwj xeeb: Shchedrin thawj qhov kev hais kwv txhiaj tsis tau tsuas yog suab hauv qhov kev pab cuam ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv tom ntej, tab sis kuj tau los ua lub hauv paus rau kev lees txais cov tub ntxhais kawm xyoo 4 ... mus rau Union of Composers. Muaj ci ntsa iab tiv thaiv nws daim ntawv pov thawj hauv ob qhov tshwj xeeb, cov tub ntxhais hluas tshuab raj tau txhim kho nws tus kheej hauv tsev kawm tiav.

Thaum pib ntawm nws txoj kev taug, Shchedrin sim tawm ntau qhov chaw. Cov no yog cov ballet los ntawm P. Ershov Tus Me Humpbacked Nees (1955) thiab Thawj Symphony (1958), Chamber Suite rau 20 violins, harp, accordion thiab 2 ob chav basses (1961) thiab opera Tsis Muaj Kev Hlub (1961), ib tug satirical resort cantata "Bureaucratiada" (1963) thiab Concerto rau orchestra "Naughty ditties" (1963), suab paj nruag rau ua yeeb yam thiab yeeb yaj duab. Kev lom zem taug kev los ntawm zaj duab xis "Vysota" tam sim ntawd los ua suab paj nruag zoo tshaj plaws ... Lub opera raws li zaj dab neeg los ntawm S. Antonov "Phauj Lusha" sawv tawm hauv cov koob no, txoj hmoo uas tsis yooj yim. Hloov mus rau keeb kwm, scorched los ntawm kev txom nyem, rau cov dluab ntawm cov neeg pluag cov poj niam yooj yim doomed rau kev kho siab, tus composer, raws li nws tau lees txim, txhob txwm tsom mus rau tsim ib tug "ntev" opera, as opposed to the "monumental performances with grandiose extras" staged ces, nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 60s. , banners, thiab lwm yam. " Niaj hnub no nws yog tsis yooj yim sua tsis khuv xim tias nyob rau hauv nws lub sij hawm lub opera tsis txaus siab rau thiab tsis to taub txawm los ntawm cov tub txawg. Kev thuam sau tseg tsuas yog ib lub ntsej muag - lom zem, irony. Tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, opera Tsis yog Kev Hlub tsuas yog qhov ci ntsa iab thiab tej zaum thawj qhov piv txwv hauv Soviet suab paj nruag ntawm qhov tshwm sim uas tom qab tau txais lub ntsiab lus piv txwv ntawm "lub zos prose". Zoo, txoj kev ua ntej ntawm lub sij hawm yog ib txwm pos.

Nyob rau hauv 1966, tus composer yuav pib ua hauj lwm rau nws thib ob opera. Thiab cov hauj lwm no, uas suav nrog kev tsim ntawm nws tus kheej libretto (ntawm no Shchedrin cov ntawv nyeem khoom plig tau tshwm sim nws tus kheej), tau siv kaum xyoo. "Tuag Souls", opera scenes tom qab N. Gogol - qhov no yog li cas lub tswv yim grandiose coj los ua. Thiab unconditionally tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm lub zej zog suab paj nruag raws li kev tsim kho tshiab. Tus kws sau ntawv lub siab xav "nyeem Gogol's hu nkauj prose los ntawm kev siv suab paj nruag, qhia txog lub teb chaws tus cwj pwm nrog suab paj nruag, thiab hais txog qhov kev xav tsis kawg, kev muaj sia nyob thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm peb hom lus nrog suab paj nruag" yog embodied nyob rau hauv qhov sib txawv heev ntawm lub ntiaj teb txaus ntshai ntawm Cov neeg ua lag luam hauv cov neeg tuag, tag nrho cov Chichikovs, Sobeviches, Plyushkins, thawv, manilovs, uas ruthlessly scourged nyob rau hauv lub opera, thiab lub ntiaj teb no ntawm "nyob souls", pej xeem lub neej. Ib tug ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub opera yog raws li cov ntawv nyeem ntawm tib zaj nkauj "Snow tsis dawb", uas yog hais ntau tshaj ib zaug los ntawm tus kws sau paj huam. Cia siab rau cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tsim ua yeeb yam, Shchedrin ua siab loj rov xav txog lawv, hloov pauv lawv ntawm qhov sib txawv, niaj hnub no tiag tiag. Txoj cai los tsim kho tshiab yog muab los ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm tus kheej ntawm tus kws kos duab, ruaj khov raws li kev paub zoo ntawm cov kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov neeg nplua nuj thiab tshwj xeeb hauv nws cov kev ua tiav ntawm kev coj noj coj ua, ntawm cov ntshav, pab pawg neeg koom tes hauv pej xeem kos duab - nws cov paj huam, melos, ntau hom. "Folk art evokes lub siab xav rov tsim nws cov aroma tsis sib xws, rau qee yam "cuam tshuam" nrog nws cov kev nplua nuj, los qhia cov kev xav uas nws ua rau nws tsis tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm cov lus," tus kws sau ntawv hais. Thiab tseem ceeb tshaj, nws suab paj nruag.

Cov txheej txheem ntawm "recreating pej xeem" maj mam nkag mus rau hauv nws txoj hauj lwm - los ntawm elegant stylization ntawm folklore nyob rau hauv lub thaum ntxov ballet "Tus Me Humpbacked Nees" mus rau cov yeeb yuj suab palette ntawm Mischievous Chastushkas, ua heev hnyav system ntawm "Rings" (1968) , resurrecting nruj simplicity thiab ntim ntawm Znamenny chants; Los ntawm lub embodiment nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm ib hom ntawv ci portrait, ib tug muaj zog duab ntawm lub ntsiab cim ntawm lub opera "Tsis tsuas yog Hlub" mus rau ib tug lyrical narration txog kev hlub ntawm tib neeg rau Ilyich, txog lawv tus kheej innermost tus cwj pwm mus rau "lub ntiaj teb no tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg. Txhua tus neeg uas tau hla lub ntiaj teb" nyob rau hauv lub oratorio "Lenin nyob rau hauv lub plawv pej xeem" (1969) - qhov zoo tshaj plaws, peb pom zoo nrog lub tswv yim ntawm M. Tarakanov, lub suab paj nruas embodiment ntawm lub ntsiab lus Leninist, uas tshwm nyob rau hauv lub ua ntej. ntawm 100th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm tus thawj coj yug. Los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm kev tsim cov duab ntawm Russia, uas yeej yog lub opera "Tuag Souls", staged los ntawm B. Pokrovsky nyob rau hauv 1977 nyob rau theem ntawm lub Bolshoi Theatre, lub koov yog pov rau "Lub Sealed Angel" - choral music nyob rau hauv 9. qhov chaw raws li N. Leskov (1988). Raws li tus kws sau ntawv sau tseg hauv cov lus piav qhia, nws tau nyiam los ntawm zaj dab neeg ntawm tus neeg pleev kob icon Sevastyan, "tus uas luam tawm ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb thaum ub uas ua rau lub ntiaj teb muaj zog, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, lub tswv yim ntawm imperishability ntawm artistic kev zoo nkauj, tej yam yees siv, uplifting zog ntawm art. " "Lub Captured Angel", raws li zoo raws li ib xyoo ua ntej tsim rau lub symphony orchestra "Stikhira" (1987), raws li lub Znamenny chant, tau mob siab rau 1000th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm kev cai raus dej ntawm Russia.

Leskov's music logically txuas ntxiv mus rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm Shchedrin cov ntaub ntawv predilections thiab nyiam, hais txog nws txoj kev taw qhia: “… Kuv tsis tuaj yeem nkag siab txog peb cov kws sau ntawv uas tig mus rau cov ntawv txhais lus. Peb muaj nyiaj txiag tsis txaus ntseeg - cov ntaub ntawv sau ua lus Lavxias. Nyob rau hauv cov yeeb yam no, ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb yog muab rau Pushkin ("ib tug ntawm kuv tus vajtswv") - ntxiv rau ob pawg hu nkauj thaum ntxov, xyoo 1981 cov paj huam "Kev Ua Txhaum ntawm Pugachev" tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov ntawv sau los ntawm "History of Pugachev Rebellion" thiab "Strophes ntawm Eugene Onegin".

Ua tsaug rau cov suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam raws li Chekhov - "The Seagull" (1979) thiab "Lady with a Dog" (1985), nrog rau yav dhau los sau cov nkauj zoo nkauj raws li qhov tshiab los ntawm L. Tolstoy "Anna Karenina" (1971), lub Gallery ntawm cov embodied nyob rau hauv lub ballet theem yog ho enriched Lavxias teb sab heroines. Qhov tseeb co-sau ntawm cov masterpieces ntawm niaj hnub choreographic kos duab yog Maya Plisetskaya, ib tug zoo heev ballerina ntawm peb lub sij hawm. Lub zej zog no - muaj tswv yim thiab tib neeg - twb dhau 30 xyoo lawm. Txawm hais tias Shchedrin lub suab paj nruag qhia txog, txhua yam ntawm nws cov ntawv sau ua tus nqi ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav thiab nthuav tawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus kheej ci ntsa iab. Tus kws sau paj huam xav tau lub sijhawm ntawm lub sijhawm, nkag siab txog qhov kev xav ntawm lub neej niaj hnub no. Nws pom lub ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv ntim, tuav thiab ntes hauv cov duab kos duab ob qho tib si ib yam khoom tshwj xeeb thiab tag nrho panorama. Qhov no puas yog vim li cas rau nws qhov kev taw qhia tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev ua yeeb yam ntawm montage, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nthuav qhia qhov sib txawv ntawm cov duab thiab lub siab lub ntsws? Raws li txoj kev dynamic no, Shchedrin sib zog ua kom pom tseeb, ua kom meej meej ("kom muab cov lus qhia rau hauv cov neeg mloog") ntawm kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov khoom, rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm nws qhov chaw yam tsis muaj kev sib txuas. Yog li, qhov thib ob Symphony yog ib lub voj voog ntawm 25 preludes, tus ballet "Lub Seagull" yog tsim los ntawm tib txoj cai; Thib Peb Piano Concerto, zoo li ntau lwm yam haujlwm, muaj lub ntsiab lus thiab cov kev hloov pauv ntawm ntau yam kev hloov pauv. Lub suab paj nruag zoo nkauj ntawm lub ntiaj teb ib puag ncig yog xav txog hauv tus kws sau ntawv qhov kev xav rau polyphony - ob qho tib si raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev teeb tsa cov khoom siv suab paj nruag, kev sau ntawv, thiab hom kev xav. "Polyphony yog ib txoj kev muaj nyob, rau peb lub neej, niaj hnub muaj nyob tau dhau los ua polyphonic." Qhov no lub tswv yim ntawm tus composer yog paub tseeb hais tias xyaum. Thaum ua haujlwm ntawm Tuag Souls, nws ib txhij tsim cov ballets Carmen Suite thiab Anna Karenina, thib peb Piano Concerto, Polyphonic Notebook ntawm nees nkaum tsib preludes, thib ob ntim ntawm 24 preludes thiab fugues, Poetoria, thiab lwm yam sau. nrog los ntawm Shchedrin qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm theem kev hais kwv txhiaj raws li tus neeg ua yeeb yam ntawm nws tus kheej sau - pianist, thiab txij thaum pib ntawm 80s. thiab raws li ib tug organist, nws txoj hauj lwm yog harmoniously ua ke nrog lub zog pej xeem deeds.

Shchedrin txoj kev ua ib tug composer yeej ib txwm kov yeej; txhua hnub, tawv ncauj kov yeej cov khoom, uas nyob rau hauv lub ruaj txhais tes ntawm tus tswv hloov mus rau hauv suab paj nruas kab; kov yeej lub inertia, thiab txawm tias kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm tus mloog txoj kev xav; Thaum kawg, kov yeej tus kheej, ntau qhov tseeb, rov hais dua qhov uas twb tau pom, pom, sim. Yuav ua li cas kom tsis txhob nco qab ntawm no V. Mayakovsky, uas ib zaug hais txog chess players: "Qhov zoo tshaj plaws txav tsis tuaj yeem rov ua dua nyob rau hauv ib qho xwm txheej hauv kev ua si tom ntej. Tsuas yog qhov kev npaj txhij txog ntawm kev txav mus tsoo tus yeeb ncuab.

Thaum cov neeg tuaj saib Moscow thawj zaug tau tshaj tawm rau Kev Tshaj Tawm Suab Nkauj (1983), qhov tshwm sim rau Shchedrin lub suab paj nruag tshiab zoo li lub foob pob tawg. Qhov kev sib cav tsis sib haum mus ntev. Tus kws sau ntawv, hauv nws txoj haujlwm, sib zog ua kom pom tseeb, aphoristic qhia ("telegraphic style"), dheev zoo li tau tsiv mus rau qhov sib txawv ntawm kev kos duab. Nws ib leeg-tsav muaj pes tsawg leeg rau lub cev, 3 flutes, 3 bassoons thiab 3 trombones kav ntev… ntau tshaj 2 teev. Nws, raws li tus sau lub hom phiaj, tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li kev sib tham. Thiab tsis yog kev sib tham tsis sib haum xeeb uas qee zaum peb muaj, tsis mloog ib leeg, maj nrawm los qhia peb tus kheej lub tswv yim, tab sis kev sib tham thaum sawv daws tuaj yeem qhia txog lawv txoj kev tu siab, kev xyiv fab, teeb meem, kev tshwm sim ... "Kuv ntseeg tias nrog kev nrawm nrawm. peb lub neej, qhov no tseem ceeb heev. Nres thiab xav." Cia peb nco qab tias "Kev Tshaj Tawm Suab Nkauj" tau sau nyob rau hnub ua ntej ntawm 300th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm JS Bach ("Echo Sonata" rau violin solo - 1984 kuj tau mob siab rau hnub no).

Puas yog tus kws sau nkauj tau hloov nws txoj cai muaj tswv yim? Hloov chaw, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws: nrog nws tus kheej ntau xyoo ntawm kev paub hauv ntau yam thiab hom, nws nkag siab qhov nws tau yeej. Txawm hais tias nws tseem hluas, nws tsis nrhiav kev xav tsis thoob, tsis hnav khaub ncaws ntawm lwm tus neeg, "tsis tau khiav ncig ntawm cov chaw nres tsheb nrog lub thawv rau khaub ncaws tom qab lub tsheb ciav hlau tawm mus, tab sis tau tsim txoj hauv kev ... nws tau tso los ntawm noob caj noob ces, inclinations, nyiam thiab tsis nyiam. " Los ntawm txoj kev, tom qab "Musical Offering" qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm qeeb tempos, lub tempo ntawm kev xav, nyob rau hauv Shchedrin lub suab paj nruag nce ho. Tab sis tseem tsis muaj qhov khoob hauv nws. Raws li ua ntej, nws tsim ib thaj chaw ntawm lub ntsiab lus siab thiab lub siab lub ntsws rau kev xaav. Thiab teb rau cov hluav taws xob muaj zog ntawm lub sijhawm. Niaj hnub no, ntau tus kws ua yeeb yam tau txhawj xeeb txog qhov pom tseeb ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm kev kos duab, qaij rau kev lom zem, kev yooj yim, thiab kev siv tau yooj yim, uas ua pov thawj rau kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev zoo nkauj ntawm tib neeg. Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm "kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kab lis kev cai", tus tsim ntawm kev kos duab muaj txiaj ntsig ua rau tib lub sijhawm lawv tus kws tshaj lij. Hauv qhov no, Shchedrin qhov kev paub dhau los thiab nws tus kheej ua haujlwm yog cov piv txwv zoo ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm lub sijhawm, "txoj nkauj sib txawv", thiab kev coj ua txuas ntxiv mus.

Ua tib zoo paub tias ntau qhov kev xav thiab kev xav yog lub hauv paus tsim nyog rau lub neej thiab kev sib txuas lus hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, nws yog tus txhawb nqa ntawm kev sib tham. Cov lus qhia heev yog nws cov rooj sib tham nrog ntau tus neeg tuaj saib, nrog rau cov tub ntxhais hluas, tshwj xeeb nrog cov neeg nyiam ntawm cov suab paj nruag pob zeb - lawv tau tshaj tawm hauv Central TV. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev sib tham thoob ntiaj teb pib los ntawm peb cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig yog thawj zaug hauv keeb kwm ntawm Soviet-American kab lis kev cai kev sib raug zoo ntawm Soviet suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv Boston raws li lub ntsiab lus: "Ua suab paj nruag ua ke", uas nthuav dav dav thiab muaj yeeb yuj panorama ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Soviet. composers (1988).

Hauv kev sib tham nrog cov neeg uas muaj kev xav sib txawv, Rodion Shchedrin ib txwm muaj nws qhov kev xav. Hauv kev ua haujlwm thiab kev ua haujlwm - lawv tus kheej kev kos duab thiab kev ntseeg ntawm tib neeg raws li kev kos npe ntawm qhov tseem ceeb: "Koj tsis tuaj yeem ua neej nyob rau hnub no xwb. Peb xav tau kev tsim kho kab lis kev cai rau yav tom ntej, kom muaj txiaj ntsig rau cov neeg tiam tom ntej. "

A. Grigoreva