Olivier Messiaen (Olivier Messiaen) |

Olivier Messiaen

… lub cim nco txog, Rays of light in the night Reflections of joys Birds of Silence… O. Messiaen

Tus kws sau ntawv Fabkis txoj O. Messiaen rightfully occupies ib qho ntawm qhov chaw ntawm kev hwm nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th. Nws yug los rau hauv tsev neeg txawj ntse. Nws txiv yog ib tug Flemish linguist, thiab nws niam yog tus naas ej South Fabkis poetess Cecile Sauvage. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 1930, Messiaen tawm hauv nws lub nroog thiab mus kawm ntawm Paris Conservatory - ua si lub cev (M. Dupre), sau ntawv (P. Dukas), suab paj nruag keeb kwm (M. Emmanuel). Tom qab kawm tiav los ntawm lub conservatory (1936), Messiaen tau txais qhov chaw ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Parisian lub Koom Txoos ntawm lub Vaj Trinity. Xyoo 39-1942. nws tau qhia ntawm Ecole Normale de Musique, tom qab ntawd ntawm Schola cantorum, txij li xyoo 1966 nws tau qhia hauv Paris Conservatory (kev sib haum xeeb, kev tshuaj xyuas suab paj nruag, suab paj nruag zoo nkauj, suab paj nruag psychology, txij li xyoo 1936 tus xibfwb ntawm kev sau ntawv). Xyoo 1940, Messiaen, ua ke nrog I. Baudrier, A. Jolivet thiab D. Lesure, tsim pab pawg Young France, uas ua rau muaj kev loj hlob ntawm kev coj noj coj ua hauv tebchaws, rau kev xav ncaj ncees thiab kev zoo siab ntawm lub suab paj nruag. "Cov Hluas Fabkis" tsis lees paub txoj hauv kev ntawm neoclassicism, dodecaphony, thiab kev hais lus dab neeg. Nrog kev tawm tsam kev ua tsov ua rog, Messiaen tau mus ua tub rog mus rau pem hauv ntej, hauv 41-1941. nyob rau hauv ib tug German POW camp nyob rau hauv Silesia; muaj "Quartet rau Lub Sijhawm Kawg" tau tsim rau violin, cello, clarinet thiab piano (XNUMX) thiab nws thawj qhov kev ua yeeb yam tau tshwm sim nyob rau ntawd.

Nyob rau lub sijhawm tom qab tsov rog, Messiaen tau txais kev lees paub thoob ntiaj teb raws li tus kws sau nkauj, ua yeeb yam thiab ua pianist (feem ntau ua ke nrog pianist Yvonne Loriot, nws cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab tus khub hauv lub neej), sau ntau yam haujlwm ntawm kev xav suab paj nruag. Ntawm Messiaen cov tub ntxhais kawm yog P. Boulez, K. Stockhausen, J. Xenakis.

Messiaen txoj kev zoo nkauj tsim lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "Young France" pawg, uas tau thov kom rov qab mus rau suab paj nruag ntawm qhov tam sim ntawd ntawm kev xav. Ntawm cov stylistic qhov chaw ntawm nws txoj hauj lwm, tus composer nws tus kheej lub npe, ntxiv rau Fabkis masters (C. Debussy), Gregorian chant, Lavxias teb sab nkauj, suab paj nruag ntawm sab hnub tuaj kev lig kev cai (tshwj xeeb, Is Nrias teb), noog suab. Messiaen cov ntaub ntawv yog permeated nrog lub teeb, ib tug mysterious radiance, lawv ci ntsa iab nrog ib tug ci ntsa iab suab xim, sib txawv ntawm ib tug yooj yim tab sis refined nyob rau hauv intonation zaj nkauj thiab sparkling "cosmic" prominences, tawg ntawm seething zog, serene suab ntawm noog, txawm noog choirs. thiab ecstatic silence ntawm tus ntsuj plig. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm Messiaen tsis muaj chaw rau txhua txhua hnub prosaism, nro thiab tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm tib neeg ua yeeb yam; tsis txawm tias qhov hnyav, txaus ntshai dluab ntawm qhov loj tshaj ntawm kev tsov kev rog twb puas tau raug ntes nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub End Time Quartet. Tsis lees paub qhov qis, txhua hnub ntawm kev muaj tiag, Messiaen xav lees paub cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev zoo nkauj thiab kev sib haum xeeb, kev coj noj coj ua ntawm sab ntsuj plig uas tawm tsam nws, thiab tsis yog los ntawm "tso rov qab" lawv los ntawm qee yam ntawm stylization, tab sis dav siv niaj hnub intonation thiab tsim nyog. txhais tau tias ntawm suab paj nruag. Messiaen xav hauv "nyob mus ib txhis" cov duab ntawm Catholic orthodoxy thiab pantheistically xim cosmologism. Kev sib cav txog lub hom phiaj mystical ntawm suab paj nruag raws li "kev ntseeg", Messiaen muab nws cov npe kev cai dab qhuas: "Lub Zeem Muag ntawm Amen" rau ob lub pianos (1943), "Peb Lub Liturgies rau Divine Presence" (1944), "Neeg Num Saib of the Baby Jesus” for piano (1944), “Mass at Pentecost” (1950), oratorio “The Transfiguration of Our Lord Jesus Christ” (1969), “Tea for the Resurrection of the Dead” (1964, nyob rau 20th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kawg ntawm Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II). Txawm hais tias cov noog nrog lawv hu nkauj - lub suab ntawm qhov xwm txheej - raug txhais los ntawm Messiaen mystically, lawv yog "cov tub qhe ntawm cov khoom tsis yog khoom"; xws li yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov noog nyob rau hauv lub compositions "Lub Awakening ntawm cov noog" rau piano thiab orchestra (1953); "Cov noog txawv txawv" rau piano, percussion thiab chamber orchestra (1956); "Catalogue of Birds" rau piano (1956-58), "Blackbird" rau flute thiab piano (1951). Rhythmically sophisticated "noog" style kuj pom nyob rau hauv lwm yam compositions.

Messiaen feem ntau muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov cim cim. Yog li, "trinity" permeates "Peb lub me me liturgies" - 3 feem ntawm lub voj voog, txhua qhov peb feem, peb ntu ntu ntu peb zaug, cov poj niam hu nkauj unison qee zaum muab faib ua 3 ntu.

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov xwm txheej ntawm Messiaen lub suab paj nruag duab, Fabkis txoj kev xav ntawm nws lub suab paj nruag, feem ntau "ntse, kub", kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm tus kws sau nkauj niaj hnub uas tsim kom muaj lub suab paj nruag ntawm nws txoj haujlwm - tag nrho cov no nkag mus rau hauv ib qho kev tsis sib haum xeeb. nrog lub orthodoxy ntawm lub npe ntawm compositions. Ntxiv mus, cov kev cai dab qhuas tsuas pom nyob rau hauv ib co ntawm Messiaen tej hauj lwm (nws nws tus kheej pom nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej ib tug alternation ntawm suab paj nruag "dawb huv, secular thiab theological"). Lwm yam ntawm nws lub ntiaj teb piv txwv raug ntes nyob rau hauv xws li symphony "Turangalila" rau piano thiab nthwv dej los ntawm Martenot thiab orchestra ("Song of Love, Hymn to the Joy of Time, Movement, Rhythm, Life and Death", 1946-48 ); "Chronochromia" rau orchestra (1960); "Los ntawm Gorge mus rau Lub Hnub Qub" rau piano, horn thiab orchestra (1974); "Seven Haiku" rau piano thiab orchestra (1962); Plaub Rhythmic Etudes (1949) thiab Yim Preludes (1929) rau piano; Ntsiab lus thiab Variations rau Violin thiab Piano (1932); lub suab voj voog "Yaravi" (1945, nyob rau hauv Peruvian lus dab neeg, yaravi yog ib zaj nkauj ntawm kev hlub uas xaus nrog kev tuag ntawm lovers); "Lub Koobtsheej ntawm Cov Dej Zoo Nkauj" (1937) thiab "Ob monodies hauv quartertones" (1938) rau Martenot nthwv dej; “Ob tug hu nkauj txog Joan of Arc” (1941); Kanteyojaya, kawm suab paj nruag rau piano (1948); "Timbres-hnub" (cov suab paj nruag, 1952), opera "Saint Francis of Assisi" (1984).

Raws li tus kws qhia suab paj nruag, Messiaen tso siab rau nws tus kheej txoj haujlwm, tab sis kuj tseem ua haujlwm ntawm lwm tus kws sau nkauj (xws li Russians, tshwj xeeb, I. Stravinsky), ntawm Gregorian chant, Lavxias teb sab lus dab neeg, thiab kev xav ntawm Indian theorist ntawm lub xyoo 1944. Sharngadevs. Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv "Technique of My Musical Language" (XNUMX), nws tau piav qhia txog txoj kev xav ntawm cov qauv ntawm kev hloov pauv thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm cov suab paj nruag, tseem ceeb rau cov suab paj nruag niaj hnub. Messiaen lub suab paj nruag organically nqa tawm ob qho tib si kev sib txuas ntawm lub sij hawm (mus txog rau Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog) thiab kev sib txuas ntawm kab lis kev cai ntawm sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj.

Y. Kholopov

Cov khoom xyaw:

rau pawg hu nkauj - Peb lub me me liturgies ntawm lub xub ntiag los saum ntuj los (Trois petites liturgies de la muaj divine, rau poj niam unison hu nkauj, solo piano, nthwv dej ntawm Martenot, hlua, orc., thiab percussion, 1944), Tsib reshans (Cinq rechants, 1949), Trinity Mass of the Day (La Messe de la Pentecote, 1950), oratorio The Transfiguration of Our Lord (La transfiguration du Notre Seigneur, for choir, orchestra and solo instruments, 1969); rau orchestra – Tsis nco qab tej khoom plig (Les offrandes oubliees, 1930), Anthem (1932), Ascension (L'Ascension, 4 symphonic plays, 1934), Chronochromia (1960); rau instruments thiab orchestra - Turangalila Symphony (fp., nthwv dej ntawm Martenot, 1948), Awakening of the Birds (La reveil des oiseaux, fp., 1953), Exotic Birds (Les oiseaux exotiques, fp., percussion and chamber orchestra, 1956), Xya Haiku ( Sept Hap-kap, fp., 1963); rau tooj dag band thiab percussion - Kuv muaj tshuaj yej rau kev sawv rov los ntawm cov neeg tuag (Et expecto resurrectionem mortuorum, 1965, commissioned los ntawm Fabkis tsoom fwv nyob rau hauv lub 20th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm lub kawg ntawm Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II); chamber instrumental ensembles - Cov ntsiab lus nrog kev hloov pauv (rau skr. thiab fp., 1932), Quartet rau qhov kawg ntawm lub sijhawm (Quatuor ncuav la fin du temps, rau skr., clarinet, vlch., fp., 1941), Blackbird (Le merle noir, rau flute i fp., 1950); rau piano – ib lub voj voog ntawm Nees nkaum qhov pom ntawm tus me nyuam Yexus (Vingt regards sur l'enfant Yexus, 19444), kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib dhos (Quatre etudes de rythme, 1949-50), Catalog of noog (Catalogue d'oiseaux, 7 notebooks, 1956-59 ); rau 2 pianos – Kev pom kev ntawm Amen (Visions de l'Amen, 1943); rau lub cev - Heavenly Communion (Le banquet celeste, 1928), organ suites, incl. Christmas Day (La nativite du Seigneur, 1935), Organ Album (Livre d'Orgue, 1951); rau lub suab thiab piano - Nkauj ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab ntuj (Chants de terre et de ciel, 1938), Haravi (1945), thiab lwm yam.

Cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov lus qhia: 20 zaj lus qhia nyob rau hauv niaj hnub solfeges, P., 1933; Nees nkaum Lessons in Harmony, P., 1939; Cov txheej txheem ntawm kuv cov lus suab paj nruag, c. 1–2, P., 1944; Treatise on Rhythm, v. 1-2, P., 1948.

Literary tej hauj lwm: Brussels Conference, P., 1960.