Tsab ntawv suab paj nruag |

suab paj nruag notation, notation (Latin notatio, Italian notazione, semeiografia, French notation, semeiographie, German Notation, Notenschrift) yog ib qho system ntawm cov duab kos siv los sau suab paj nruag, nrog rau kev kaw suab paj nruag nws tus kheej. Qhov pib ntawm N. p. tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm.

Thaum xub thawj, cov suab paj nruag kis tau los ntawm pob ntseg raug xaiv los ntawm pictographically. txoj kev (siv cov duab). Hauv Dr. Hauv tebchaws Iziv, tau sim ua kom muaj cov ntaub ntawv zoo li no. Nyob rau hauv Dr. Babylon ntseeg hais tias tau siv ideographic. (syllabic) recording of music. suab siv cuneiform sau (ib ntsiav tshuaj av nplaum nrog cuneiform sau tau raug khaws cia - ib zaj paj huam tau sau nrog cov cim ntxiv, uas tau txhais raws li cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov suab paj nruag). Khiav. theem yog tsab ntawv N. p. Cov ntawv sau npe rau lub suab tau siv hauv Dr. Greece. Txawm hais tias lub kaw lus no tsuas yog kaw lub suab xwb, tab sis tsis yog lawv lub sijhawm, nws txaus siab rau cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, txij li cov suab paj nruag ntawm Greeks thaum ub yog monophonic thiab cov suab paj nruag muaj feem xyuam nrog cov paj huam. ntawv nyeem. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, txawm tias qhov tsis zoo ntawm N. p., suab paj nruag thiab suab paj nruag. txoj kev xav hauv Dr. Greece, nrog rau lwm hom kev foob, tau txais qhov txhais tau tias. txoj kev loj hlob (saib cov suab paj nruag Alphabet, Ancient Greek suab paj nruag). Los ntawm 6 c. los xaiv cov suab, nrog rau Greek, cov ntawv lat pib siv. tsiaj ntawv; mus 10c. txoj kev xaiv cov suab hauv Latin. ntawv kiag hloov tus qub. Tsab ntawv system nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th. ib feem siv hauv suab paj nruag-theoretical. liter-re los xaiv otd. suab thiab tones. Dr. cov txheej txheem thaum ub yog insane N. p., uas tau nthuav dav hauv cf. xyoo pua (saib Nevmy). Cov cim tshwj xeeb - neumes tau sau rau ntawm cov lus hais kom nco txog cov suab nkauj ntawm cov nkauj; neeg vwm N.p. tau siv feem ntau. rau Catholic sau ntawv. liturgical nkauj qhuas Vajtswv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kab pib siv los qhia qhov siab ntawm neum. Thaum xub thawj, cov kab zoo li no tsis tau qhia meej lub suab ntawm lub suab, tab sis tso cai rau tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag saib seb lub suab twg uas tau qhia los ntawm neuma kuj qis dua thiab qhov twg yog qhov siab dua. Tus naj npawb ntawm kab sib txawv ntawm ib mus rau 18; systems los ntawm ob peb kab, raws li nws yog, reproduced rau ntawm daim ntawv cov hlua ntawm muses. cuab yeej. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 11th Guido d'Arezzo tau txhim kho txoj kev no ntawm N. p., qhia plaub kab suab paj nruag, uas yog cov qauv ntawm cov niaj hnub. cov neeg ua haujlwm suab paj nruag. Thaum pib ntawm cov kab, nws tso cov ntawv cim qhia qhov tseeb ntawm lub suab kaw rau ntawm lawv; cov paib no yog cov qauv ntawm cov niaj hnub no. cov yuam sij. Maj mam, cov cim tsis yog lub ntsiab lus tau hloov los ntawm cov ntawv square taub hau, qhia tsuas yog lub suab ntawm lub suab. Qhov no N. p. tau dav siv los sau Gregorian chant thiab yog li ntawd tau txais lub npe choral (saib Choral notation, Gregorian chant).

Khiav. ib theem hauv kev loj hlob ntawm N. p. yog tus hu. mensural notation, uas tsau tib lub sij hawm. thiab lub suab thiab lub sijhawm ntawm lub suab. Cov tom kawg tau qhia los ntawm cov duab ntawm cov ntawv sau taub hau. Cov cim qhia ntawm qhov teev, uas tau tsim lub tripartite lossis ob feem ntawm txhua lub sijhawm sau ntawv, tau muab tso rau ntawm qhov pib ntawm cov suab paj nruag, thiab thaum lub teev tau hloov pauv, nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov ntawv suab paj nruag. Cov cim qhia ntawm kev ncua siv nyob rau hauv cov kab ke no sib raug rau lub caij nyoog ntawm lub caij nyoog thiab sau lawv cov npe (saib Mensural notation, Pause).

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nrog mensural notation nyob rau hauv lub 15th-17th centuries. muaj cov tsiaj ntawv los yog lej, thiab lwm yam tablature siv los sau instr. suab paj nruag. Nws muaj ntau ntau yam uas sib xws rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub tuam tsev. cov cuab yeej; tseem muaj lub teb chaws hom tablature: German, Fabkis, Italian, Spanish.

Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev xaiv chords nrog cov lej sau saum toj lossis hauv qab lub suab bass thaj tsam - cov ntses bass thaj tsam lossis basso continuo (nruam ntses bass thaj tsam) tau siv nrog con. Xyoo pua 16th thiab tau dhau mus. nws ua haujlwm ua thawj. rau qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm qhov txuas nrog ntawm lub cev thiab lub piano. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th digital bass tsuas yog siv los ua ib qho kev tawm dag zog hauv kev kawm sib haum xeeb.

Cov suab paj nruag digital kaw tau siv nyob rau niaj hnub. pedagogical xyaum ua kom yooj yim kawm ua si ntawm ib co bunks. cuab yeej. Lub stave yog hloov los ntawm cov kab raws li tus naj npawb ntawm cov hlua ntawm cov cuab yeej, cov lej tau sau rau ntawm lawv uas qhia tias kev ntxhov siab nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim yuav tsum tau nias rau ntawm caj dab.

Nyob rau hauv Russia, ib tug tsis-linear N. p. (znamenny, los yog nuv) muaj nyob ntawm qhov kawg. 11 c ua. (tej zaum ua ntej) mus rau xyoo pua 17th. suav nrog. Nws yog ib hom kev sau ntawv deviant thiab tau siv hauv lub Koom Txoos Orthodox. hu nkauj. Lub cim ntawm Znamenny hu nkauj yog ideographic. form N.p. - Cov cim qhia tias otd. intonations los yog motives, tab sis tsis qhia lub meej suab thiab npaum li cas ntawm lub suab. Tom qab ntawd, ntxiv cov cim qhia tau qhia tias qhov siab ntawm lub suab, lub npe hu ua. cinnabar marks (saib Znamenny chant, Hooks).

Thaum pib. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th nyob rau hauv Ukraine, thiab tom qab ntawd nyob rau hauv Russia, nrog rau lub cim ntawm monophonic txhua txhua hnub chants, ib tug maj mam hloov yog ua los ntawm kev sib txuas sau ntawv mus rau ib tug 5-linear suab paj nruas system siv square sau ntawv thiab ib tug cefaut key (saib Ntsiab).

Tom qab ntau pua xyoo ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm muses. kev foob tau tsim los ntawm niaj hnub. N. p., uas, txawm tias qee qhov tsis txaus, tseem siv tau thoob plaws ntiaj teb los txog niaj hnub no. Qhov zoo ntawm niaj hnub N. p. Muaj feem ntau nyob rau hauv kev pom ntawm lub npe ntawm lub suab-siab qhov chaw ntawm cov ntawv thiab lawv cov metro-rhythm. piv. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov yuam sij uas tso cai rau siv cov neeg ua haujlwm suab paj nruag rau kev kaw dec. suab paj nruag ntau yam. nplai, ua kom nws tuaj yeem kaw peb tus kheej mus rau 5-linear suab paj nruag system, tsuas yog qee zaus hloov mus rau cov kab ntxiv thiab ntxiv. npe.

D. Millau. Les Choephores. 1916. Nplooj ntawv ntawm cov qhab nia rau cov neeg nyeem, hu nkauj ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv thiab cov twj paj nruag percussion.

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm niaj hnub. N. p. yog: 5-kab cov neeg ua haujlwm; cov yuam sij uas txiav txim siab qhov siab tus nqi ntawm cov kab ntawm stave; cov cim suab paj nruag: oval taub hau nrog qia (los yog stick) - unfilled (dawb) thiab puv (dub); dec. cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov cim suab paj nruag qhia txog kev cuam tshuam. lub sijhawm ntawm lub suab, raws li kev ua lej. lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev faib ua ob ntawm txhua daim ntawv (temporal) qhia; cov cim cim ntawm tus yuam sij, kho qhov siab ntawm ib kauj ruam uas tau muab thoob plaws hauv tag nrho cov suab paj nruag. ua hauj lwm, thiab xwm txheej nrog sau ntawv (random), hloov lub suab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ib tug muab kev ntsuas thiab rau ib tug muab octave; meter designations, piv txwv li tus naj npawb ntawm lub sij hawm ntaus hauv ib qho kev ntsuas thiab lawv longitude; ntxiv. cov cim qhia txog kev nce hauv lub sijhawm ntawm lub suab (dot, fermata, pab koomtes), kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ob peb. cov neeg ua haujlwm suab paj nruag mus rau hauv ib qho kev ua suab paj nruag uas ua tau raws li qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov cuab yeej, pawg, suab paj nruag thiab orchestral compositions (saib Cov neeg ua haujlwm suab paj nruag, Accolade, Cov cim tseem ceeb, Cov qhab nia).

Siv thiab tsim qhov system yuav ntxiv. designations – tempo, dynamic, as well as qhia txog kev koom tes ntawm tej yam kev ua tau zoo, qhov xwm ntawm expressiveness, thiab lwm yam kev siv nyob ntawm seb lub suab paj nruag thiab aesthetic. installations ntawm lub era thiab suab paj nruag. cov kev xav ntawm tus neeg ua yeeb yam nws tus kheej (kev tsim qauv xws li allegro, andante, adagio, thiab lwm yam), txij thaum pib. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 ntau thiab ntau tau pib siv thiab ntxiv cov qauv ntawm lub tempo, qhia nyob rau hauv cov xov tooj ntawm oscillations ntawm lub metronome pendulum. Nrog rau tag nrho cov no, N. p. pib sau nkauj kom raug. Thiab tseem no fixation yeej tsis ua raws li unambiguous li fixation ntawm suab paj nruag nrog kev pab los ntawm lub suab kaw.

K. Stockhausen. Los ntawm lub voj voog rau percussion.

Txawm hais tias kev ua raws cai nruj tshaj plaws ntawm cov lus qhia ntawm tus kws sau paj huam, tus neeg ua yeeb yam tuaj yeem txhais tib lub suab paj nruag ntawm muses ntau txoj hauv kev. ua haujlwm. Cov ntaub ntawv no tseem nyob ruaj khov kho ntawm kev ua haujlwm; txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv lub suab tiag tiag ntawm suab paj nruag. kev ua haujlwm tsuas muaj nyob hauv ib lossis lwm tus neeg ua yeeb yam. kev txhais lus (saib Suab paj nruag kev ua yeeb yam, txhais lus).

Nkauj tshiab. dej ntws ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. coj nrog lawv ib co kev hloov nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm suab paj nruag notation. Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov no yog kev ua kom zoo dua ntxiv thiab txhim kho kev ua tau zoo, kev nthuav dav ntawm lawv qhov nyuaj heev. Yog li, kev xaiv ntawm kev coj ua, kev xaiv ntawm yav tas los tsis paub hom kev ua tau zoo (Sprechgesang), thiab lwm yam. pib siv. Cov qauv tsim tshwm sim uas tau muab tso rau los ntawm qhov no lossis tus kws sau ntawv thiab tsis tau siv sab nraud ntawm nws tus kheej ua haujlwm. Hauv kev ua suab paj nruag thiab suab paj nruag hluav taws xob, N. p. tsis siv tag nrho - tus sau tsim nws tus kheej ua haujlwm. nyob rau hauv ib daim kab xev kaw, uas yog tib qho uas tsis pub k.-l. hloov nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm nws fixation. Ntawm qhov tod tes, adherents ntawm muses. aleatorics nyob rau hauv ib tug los yog lwm yam ntawm nws ntau yam tsis kam hloov tsis tau sau fixation ntawm lawv tej hauj lwm, tawm ntau nyob rau hauv lawv nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab ntawm tus neeg ua yeeb yam. Cov kws sau nkauj, uas ntseeg hais tias kev ua si ntawm lawv lub tswv yim yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv ze rau dawb improvisation, feem ntau ua cov suab paj nruag ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm. nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug series ntawm "pab lus", ib hom suab paj nruag. kab kos.

Muaj ib qho tshwj xeeb rau kev kho cov suab paj nruag rau cov neeg dig muag, tsim nyob rau hauv 1839 los ntawm Fabkis. xib fwb thiab kws ntaus suab paj nruag L. Braille; siv nyob rau hauv USSR hauv kev qhia suab paj nruag rau cov neeg dig muag. Saib kuj Armenian suab paj nruag sau, Byzantine suab paj nruag.

References: Papadopulo-Keramevs KI, Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov suab paj nruag nyob rau sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb Slavs ..., "Bulletin of Archaeology and History", 1906, no. 17 Ib., p. 134–171; Nuremberg M., Suab paj nruag duab, L., 1953; Riemann, H. Studien zur Geschichte der Notenschrift, Lpz., 1878; David E. Et Lussy M., Histoire de la notation musicale depuis ses origines, P., 1882; Wölf J., Handbuch der Notationskunde, Bd 1-1, Lpz., 2-1913; nws, Die Tonschriften, Breslau, 19; Smits vanWaesberghe J., Lub suab paj nruag ntawm Guido d'Arezzo, “Musica Divina”, 1924, v. 1951; Georgiades Thr. G., Sprache, Musik, schriftliche Musikdarstellung, “AfMw”, 5, Jahrg. 1957, nr 14; nws tus kheej, Musik und Schrift, Munch., 4; Machabey A., Notations musicales non modales des XII-e et XIII-e sicle, P., 1962, 1957; Rarrish C., The notation of medieval music, L. – NY, (1959); Karkoschka E., Das Schriftbild der neuen Musik, Celle, (1957); Kaufmann W., Musical notations of the Orient, Bloomington, 1966 (Indiana University Series, No 1967); Ape60 W., Die Notation der polyphonen Musik, 1-900, Lpz., 1600.

VA Vakhromeev