Suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai ntawm classicism: aesthetic teeb meem, Viennese suab paj nruas classics, lub ntsiab hom

Hauv suab paj nruag, zoo li tsis muaj lwm daim duab kos duab, lub tswv yim ntawm "classic" muaj cov ntsiab lus tsis meej. Txhua yam yog txheeb ze, thiab ib qho kev sib tw nag hmo uas tau sawv ntawm qhov kev sim ntawm lub sijhawm - yog lawv cov masterpieces los ntawm Bach, Mozart, Chopin, Prokofiev los yog, hais, The Beatles - tuaj yeem raug cais raws li kev ua haujlwm qub.

Thov kom cov neeg nyiam suab paj nruag thaum ub zam txim rau kuv rau lo lus tsis txaus ntseeg "ntaus," tab sis cov kws sau nkauj zoo ib zaug tau sau cov suab paj nruag nrov rau lawv cov neeg kawm, tsis muaj kev xav nyob mus ib txhis.

Qhov no yog dab tsi? Rau ib tug, uas Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom cais cov ntsiab lus dav ntawm cov suab paj nruag classical thiab classicism raws li kev coj ua hauv suab paj nruag.

Lub sijhawm ntawm classicism

Classicism, uas hloov lub Renaissance los ntawm ob peb theem, tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Fabkis thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, xav txog nyob rau hauv nws cov kos duab ib feem ntawm qhov loj ntawm lub meej mom huab tais, ib feem ntawm kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no saib los ntawm kev ntseeg mus rau secular.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, ib puag ncig tshiab ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm kev sib raug zoo tau pib - Lub Hnub Nyoog ntawm Kev Txawj Ntse pib. Lub pomp thiab grandeur ntawm Baroque, tam sim ntawd predecessor ntawm classicism, tau hloov los ntawm ib tug style raws li simplicity thiab naturalness.

Aesthetic qauv ntawm classicism

Kev kos duab ntawm classicism yog nyob ntawm -. Lub npe "classicism" yog txuam nrog hauv keeb kwm nrog lo lus los ntawm Latin - classicus, uas txhais tau tias "ua piv txwv". Cov qauv zoo tagnrho rau cov neeg ua yeeb yam ntawm cov qauv no yog kev zoo nkauj thaum ub nrog nws cov kev sib haum xeeb thiab kev sib haum xeeb. Nyob rau hauv classicism, vim li cas yeej muaj kev xav, tus kheej tsis zoo siab txais tos, thiab nyob rau hauv txhua qhov tshwm sim, feem ntau, typological nta tau txais qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Txhua txoj haujlwm ntawm kev kos duab yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov canons nruj. Qhov kev xav tau ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm classicism yog qhov sib npaug ntawm proportions, tsis suav nrog txhua yam superfluous thiab theem nrab.

Classicism yog characterized los ntawm ib tug nruj kev faib rau hauv. "High" tej hauj lwm yog tej hauj lwm uas hais txog thaum ub thiab kev cai dab qhuas kev kawm, sau ua lus solemn (kev txom nyem, zaj nkauj, ode). Thiab "qis" hom yog cov haujlwm uas tau nthuav tawm hauv cov lus hais thiab cuam tshuam txog kev ua neej nyob (fable, comedy). Kev sib xyaw ua ke yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg.

Classicism hauv suab paj nruag - Viennese classics

Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug tshiab suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th tau nce mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntau private salons, suab paj nruag societies thiab orchestras, thiab tuav qhib concerts thiab opera ua yeeb yam.

Lub peev ntawm lub ntiaj teb suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv cov hnub yog Vienna. Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart thiab Ludwig van Beethoven yog peb lub npe zoo uas tau nqis los hauv keeb kwm. Viennese classics.

Cov kws sau nkauj ntawm Viennese tsev kawm ntawv tau paub ntau yam suab paj nruag - los ntawm cov nkauj niaj hnub mus rau symphonies. Cov suab paj nruag siab, uas cov ntsiab lus nplua nuj yog embodied nyob rau hauv ib qho yooj yim tab sis zoo meej artistic daim ntawv, yog lub ntsiab feature ntawm cov hauj lwm ntawm lub Viennese classics.

Cov suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai ntawm classicism, zoo li cov ntaub ntawv, nrog rau cov kos duab zoo nkauj, qhuas cov kev ua ntawm tus txiv neej, nws cov kev xav thiab kev xav, uas yog vim li cas reigns. Creative artists nyob rau hauv lawv tej hauj lwm yog yus muaj los ntawm kev xav, kev sib haum xeeb thiab clarity ntawm daim ntawv. Qhov yooj yim thiab yooj yim ntawm cov lus ntawm classical composers yuav zoo li banal rau lub pob ntseg niaj hnub (qee zaum, tau kawg), yog tias lawv cov suab paj nruag tsis zoo li ntawd.

Txhua tus ntawm Viennese classics muaj lub ci ntsa iab, nws tus kheej. Haydn thiab Beethoven gravitated ntau rau instrumental music - sonatas, concertos thiab symphonies. Mozart yog universal hauv txhua yam - nws tsim tau yooj yim hauv txhua hom ntawv. Nws muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev txhim kho opera, tsim thiab txhim kho nws ntau hom - los ntawm opera buffa mus rau suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam.

Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm composers 'xav tau rau tej yam figurative spheres, Haydn yog ntau tshaj ntawm lub hom phiaj pej xeem hom sketches, pastoralism, gallantry; Beethoven nyob ze rau kev ua yeeb yam thiab ua yeeb yam, nrog rau kev xav, thiab, ntawm chav kawm, xwm, thiab rau ib qho me me, ua kom zoo nkauj lyricism. Mozart npog, kab tias, tag nrho cov duab uas twb muaj lawm.

Ntau hom suab paj nruag classicism

Lub suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai ntawm classicism yog txuam nrog kev tsim ntawm ntau hom suab paj nruag - xws li sonata, symphony, kev hais kwv txhiaj. Ib daim ntawv ntau ntau sonata-symphonic (ib lub voj voog 4-ib feem) tau tsim, uas tseem yog lub hauv paus ntawm ntau yam cuab yeej ua haujlwm.

Nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm classicism, lub ntsiab hom ntawm chamber ensembles tshwm sim - trios thiab hlua quartets. Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsim los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Viennese tseem muaj feem xyuam rau niaj hnub no - niaj hnub "tswb thiab xuav" yog txheej rau nws ua lub hauv paus.

Cia peb nyob luv luv ntawm cov yam ntxwv tshiab ntawm classicism.

Sonata daim ntawv

Sonata ib hom ntawv muaj nyob rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, tab sis lub sonata daim ntawv yog thaum kawg tsim nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Haydn thiab Mozart, thiab Beethoven coj nws mus rau perfection thiab txawm pib ua txhaum lub nruj canons ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem.

Daim ntawv classical sonata yog raws li qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus (feem ntau sib txawv, qee zaum tsis sib haum) - lub ntsiab thiab theem nrab - thiab lawv txoj kev loj hlob.

Daim ntawv sonata suav nrog 3 ntu tseem ceeb:

1. thawj ntu - (ua cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb),
2. thib ob - (kev txhim kho thiab kev sib piv ntawm cov ncauj lus)
3. thiab qhov thib peb - ​​(ib qho kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov kev nthuav tawm, uas feem ntau yog ib qho tonal convergence ntawm cov ntsiab lus tawm tsam yav dhau los).

Raws li txoj cai, thawj, qhov ceev ceev ntawm lub voj voog sonata lossis symphonic tau sau rau hauv daim ntawv sonata, uas yog vim li cas lub npe sonata allegro tau muab rau lawv.

Sonata-symphonic voj voog

Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov qauv thiab cov logic ntawm ib theem zuj zus ntawm qhov chaw, symphonies thiab sonatas yog heev zoo sib xws, li no lub npe rau lawv ib tug tseem ceeb suab paj nruas daim ntawv - lub sonata-symphonic voj voog.

Classical symphony yuav luag ib txwm muaj 4 txav:

• Kuv – ceev ceev ib feem nyob rau hauv nws cov tsoos sonata allegro daim ntawv;
• II - qeeb zog (nws daim ntawv, raws li ib tug txoj cai, yog tsis nruj me ntsis tswj - variations yog ua tau ntawm no, thiab peb feem complex los yog yooj yim cov ntaub ntawv, thiab rondo sonatas, thiab qeeb sonata daim ntawv);
• III - minuet (qee zaum scherzo), lub npe hu ua ib hom kev txav - yuav luag ib txwm ua peb feem hauv daim ntawv;
• IV yog qhov kawg thiab kawg nrawm nrawm, uas daim ntawv sonata kuj tau xaiv ntau zaus, qee zaum rondo lossis rondo sonata daim ntawv.

kev hais kwv txhiaj

Lub npe ntawm kev hais kwv txhiaj raws li ib hom ntawv los ntawm Latin lo lus concertare - "kev sib tw". Qhov no yog ib daim rau orchestra thiab solo instrument. Lub instrumental concerto, tsim nyob rau hauv lub Renaissance thiab uas tau txais ib tug yooj yim grandiose txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai ntawm lub Baroque, tau txais ib tug sonata-symphonic daim ntawv nyob rau hauv ua hauj lwm ntawm lub Viennese classics.

Txoj hlua Quartet

Qhov sib xyaw ntawm ib txoj hlua quartet feem ntau suav nrog ob lub suab nkauj, viola thiab cello. Daim ntawv ntawm lub quartet, zoo ib yam li lub voj voog sonata-symphonic, twb tau txiav txim siab los ntawm Haydn. Mozart thiab Beethoven kuj tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo thiab tau tsim txoj hauv kev rau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm hom ntawv no.

Lub suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai ntawm classicism tau los ua ib yam ntawm "lub txaj" rau txoj hlua quartet; Nyob rau lub sijhawm tom ntej thiab txog niaj hnub no, cov kws sau ntawv tsis tso tseg ntau thiab ntau cov haujlwm tshiab hauv kev hais kwv txhiaj - hom haujlwm no tau dhau los ua qhov xav tau.

Lub suab paj nruag ntawm classicism amazingly combines sab nraud simplicity thiab clarity nrog sib sib zog nqus sab hauv cov ntsiab lus, uas tsis yog alien rau muaj zog kev xav thiab ua yeeb yam. Classicism, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, yog cov style ntawm ib tug tej yam keeb kwm era, thiab cov style no tsis nco qab lawm, tab sis muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov suab paj nruag ntawm peb lub sij hawm (neoclassicism, polystylistics).