Moisey (Mechislav) Samuilovich Weinberg (Moisey Weinberg) |

Moisey Weinberg

Lub npe ntawm M. Weinberg tau paub dav hauv ntiaj teb suab paj nruag. D. Shostakovich hu ua nws ib tug ntawm cov zoo composers ntawm peb lub sij hawm. Ib tug kws ua yeeb yam ntawm cov txuj ci zoo thiab qub, kev txawj ntse tob, Weinberg ntaus nrog ntau yam kev nyiam muaj tswv yim. Niaj hnub no, nws cov keeb kwm yog 19 symphonies, 2 symphoniettes, 2 chamber symphonies, 7 operas, 4 operettas, 3 ballets, 17 string quartets, quintet, 5 instrumental concertos thiab ntau sonatas, suab paj nruag rau ntau zaj duab xis thiab cartoons, theatrical ntau lawm ... paj huam Shakespeare thiab F. Schiller, M. Lermontov thiab F. Tyutchev, A. Fet thiab A. Blok muab ib lub tswv yim ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ntawm lub composer lub chamber lyrics. Weinberg tau nyiam los ntawm cov paj huam Soviet - A. Tvardovsky, S. Galkin, L. Kvitko. Qhov tob ntawm kev nkag siab ntawm paj huam tau pom zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv kev nyeem suab paj nruag ntawm cov paj huam ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam tam sim no thiab cov neeg sib koom ua ke Y. Tuwim, uas nws cov ntawv tau tsim lub hauv paus ntawm Yim ("Flowers of Poland"), Cuaj ("Siv txoj kab") symphonies, cantata Piotr Plaksin, suab voj voog. Tus kws sau ntawv lub peev xwm yog ntau yam - hauv nws cov haujlwm nws nce mus rau qhov siab ntawm qhov xwm txheej thiab tib lub sijhawm tsim cov kev hais kwv txhiaj zoo nkauj, tag nrho ntawm kev lom zem thiab kev tshav ntuj, comic opera "Hlub d'Artagnan" thiab ballet "The Golden Key". Lub heroes ntawm nws symphonies yog ib tug philosopher, ib tug maj mam thiab maj mam lyricist, ib tug artist, xav txog txoj hmoo thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kos duab, npau taws tawm tsam tawm tsam lub misanthropy thiab txaus ntshai ntawm fascism ntawm tribunes.

Nyob rau hauv nws daim duab, Weinberg tau tswj kom nrhiav tau ib tug tshwj xeeb, inimitable style, thaum noj nyob rau hauv cov yam ntxwv aspirations ntawm niaj hnub suab paj nruag (tig mus rau chambernization, neoclassicism, nrhiav nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem synthesis). Txhua yam ntawm nws tej hauj lwm yog sib sib zog nqus thiab loj, tshwm sim los ntawm cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua, kev xav ntawm ib tug zoo artist thiab pej xeem. Weinberg yug hauv Warsaw rau ib tug neeg Yudais theatre composer thiab violinist. Tus tub hluas pib kawm suab paj nruag thaum muaj hnub nyoog 10, thiab ob peb lub hlis tom qab ntawd nws tau ua nws thawj zaug ua tus pianist-accompanist hauv nws txiv lub theatre. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 12 Mieczysław yog ib tug menyuam kawm ntawv ntawm Warsaw Conservatory. Rau yim xyoo ntawm kev kawm (Weinberg kawm tiav los ntawm conservatory nyob rau hauv 1939, tsis ntev ua ntej tsov rog tshwm sim), nws ci ntsa iab mastered qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm ib tug pianist (tom qab ntawd, tus composer yuav ua tau ntau yam ntawm nws compositions nyob rau hauv ntau hom nws tus kheej thawj zaug) . Lub sijhawm no, cov txheej txheem kev kos duab ntawm yav tom ntej composer pib txiav txim siab. Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev, qhov no tau txhawb nqa los ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Warsaw, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov haujlwm ntawm Philharmonic Society, uas txhawb nqa Western European classics. Qhov kev xav tob tshaj plaws tau ua los ntawm cov kws ntaus nkauj zoo li A. Rubinstein, S. Rachmaninov, P. Casals, F. Kreisler, O. Klemperer, B. Walter.

Kev ua tsov ua rog ua rau thiab tragically hloov lub neej ntawm tus composer. Tag nrho tsev neeg tuag, nws tus kheej, ntawm cov neeg tawg rog, raug yuam kom tawm hauv tebchaws Poland. Lub Soviet Union dhau los ua lub tsev thib ob ntawm Weinberg. Nws nyob rau hauv Minsk, nkag mus rau lub conservatory nyob rau hauv lub composition department nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm V. Zolotarev, uas nws kawm tiav nyob rau hauv 1941. Cov muaj tswv yim tshwm sim ntawm lub xyoo no yog lub Symphonic Poem, lub thib ob Quartet, piano pieces. Tab sis cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog rov ua rau lub neej ntawm tus kws ntaus nkauj - nws dhau los ua pov thawj rau kev puas tsuaj loj ntawm lub tebchaws Soviet. Weinberg tau khiav tawm mus rau Tashkent, mus ua haujlwm ntawm Opera thiab Ballet Theatre. Ntawm no nws sau thawj Symphony, uas tau destined los ua lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv txoj hmoo ntawm tus neeg sau. Xyoo 1943, Weinberg xa cov qhab nia rau Shostakovich, vam tias yuav tau txais nws cov kev xav. Cov lus teb yog tsoomfwv hu xov tooj los ntawm Dmitry Dmitrievich mus rau Moscow. Txij thaum ntawd los, Weinberg tau nyob thiab ua haujlwm hauv Moscow, txij li xyoo ntawd ob tus kws ntaus nkauj tau txuas nrog kev sib raug zoo, kev sib raug zoo. Weinberg tsis tu ncua qhia Shostakovich tag nrho nws cov compositions. Qhov ntsuas thiab qhov tob ntawm cov ntsiab lus, rov hais dua rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib tham dav dav, kev nkag siab txog kev xav ntawm cov ntsiab lus nyob mus ib txhis ntawm kev kos duab xws li lub neej thiab kev tuag, kev zoo nkauj, kev hlub - cov qualities ntawm Shostakovich cov suab paj nruag tau ua zoo ib yam li Weinberg cov lus qhia muaj tswv yim thiab pom ib qho qub. kev siv hauv nws cov haujlwm.

Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm Weinberg txoj kev kos duab yog kev ua tsov ua rog, kev tuag thiab kev puas tsuaj raws li cov cim ntawm kev phem. Lub neej nws tus kheej, qhov kev nyuaj siab ntawm txoj hmoo yuam tus kws sau ntawv sau txog cov xwm txheej txaus ntshai ntawm kev ua tsov rog yav dhau los, tig mus rau "kev nco, thiab yog li ntawd rau peb txhua tus ntawm lub siab." Dhau los ntawm kev nco qab thiab tus ntsuj plig ntawm tus lyrical hero (tom qab leej twg, undoubtedly, sawv tus sau nws tus kheej - ib tug txiv neej ntawm amazing sab ntsuj plig generosity, softness, natural modesty), lub tragic txheej xwm tau txais ib tug tshwj xeeb, lyric-philosophical connotation. Thiab qhov no yog tus kheej uniqueness ntawm tag nrho cov composer lub suab paj nruag.

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog yog qhov pom tseeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Thib Peb (1949), Rau (1962), Yim (1964), Cuaj (1967) symphonies, nyob rau hauv symphonic trilogy Hla Txoj Kev Tsov Rog (Seventeenth – 1984, Eightenth, – 1984). XIX – 1985); nyob rau hauv cantata "Chaw muag mis nyuj ntawm Kev Hlub", mob siab rau lub cim xeeb ntawm cov me nyuam uas tuag nyob rau hauv Auschwitz (1965); nyob rau hauv Requiem (1965); nyob rau hauv lub operas Tus Neeg nrog caij (1968), Madonna thiab tub rog (1970), nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm quartets. “Lub suab paj nruag yog sau nrog cov ntshav ntawm lub plawv. Nws yog ci ntsa iab thiab piv txwv, tsis muaj ib qho "dhuav", tsis muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg hauv nws. Txhua yam yog kev paub thiab nkag siab los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv, txhua yam yog qhia tseeb, mob siab rau. Kuv xav tias nws yog ib zaj nkauj rau tus neeg, zaj nkauj ntawm kev sib koom siab thoob ntiaj teb ntawm tib neeg tawm tsam qhov phem tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb - fascism," cov lus ntawm Shostakovich, hais txog kev ua yeeb yam "Cov neeg nrog caij", tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau Weinberg txoj haujlwm tag nrho. , lawv qhia tseeb lub ntsiab ntawm ntau yam ntawm nws cov compositions. .

Ib txoj xov tshwj xeeb hauv Weinberg txoj haujlwm yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm thaum yau. Embodied nyob rau hauv ntau hom, nws tau dhau los ua lub cim ntawm kev coj dawb huv, qhov tseeb thiab kev ua siab zoo, tus cwj pwm ntawm tib neeg, tus yam ntxwv ntawm txhua tus neeg sau nkauj. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev kos duab yog txuas nrog nws raws li tus neeg nqa khoom ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev nyob mus ib txhis ntawm kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev coj ncaj ncees, tseem ceeb rau tus sau. Cov qauv kev xav thiab kev xav ntawm Weinberg cov suab paj nruag tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov suab paj nruag, timbre dramaturgy, thiab orchestral sau. Lub melodic style loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm cov nkauj txuam nrog folklore. Kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv phau ntawv txhais lus intonational ntawm Slavic thiab Jewish nkauj, uas tau tshwm sim feem ntau tshwm sim thaum tig ntawm 40-50s. (Lub sijhawm no, Weinberg tau sau symphonic suites: "Rhapsody ntawm Moldavian Cov Ntsiab Lus", "Polish Melodies", "Rhapsody on Slavic Themes", "Moldavian Rhapsody for Violin and Orchestra"), cuam tshuam lub suab paj nruag originality ntawm tag nrho cov tom ntej sau. Lub teb chaws lub hauv paus pib ntawm kev muaj tswv yim, tshwj xeeb yog cov neeg Yudais thiab Polish, txiav txim siab lub palette ntawm cov hauj lwm. Dramaturgically, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - cov neeg nqa khoom ntawm lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm - tau tso siab rau cov cuab yeej nyiam - nkauj laus ncas lossis flutes thiab clarinets. Weinberg's orchestral sau yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm graphically meej linearity ua ke nrog kev sib raug zoo. Qhov thib ob (1945), Lub Xya Hli (1964), Kaum (1968), symphonies, Thib Ob Symphonietta (1960), ob chav chamber symphonies (1986, 1987) tau sau rau lub chamber muaj pes tsawg leeg.

80s cim los ntawm kev tsim ntau yam haujlwm tseem ceeb, ua tim khawv rau tag nrho cov paj ntawm tus kws sau ntawv lub peev xwm muaj zog. Nws yog lub cim tias Weinberg txoj haujlwm ua tiav kawg, ua yeeb yam The Idiot raws li cov ntawv tshiab los ntawm F. Dostoevsky, yog qhov kev thov rov hais dua rau ib qho kev sib xyaw uas nws txoj haujlwm super ("piav txog tus neeg zoo nkauj, nrhiav qhov zoo tagnrho") yog tag nrho hauv kev sib txuas nrog. lub tswv yim ntawm tus composer tag nrho cov hauj lwm. Txhua yam ntawm nws cov haujlwm tshiab yog lwm qhov kev mob siab rau tib neeg, tom qab txhua lub tswv yim suab paj nruag yeej ib txwm muaj tus neeg "xav, xav, ua pa, kev txom nyem".

O. Dashevskaya