Mily Balakirev (Mily Balakirev) |

Mily Balakirev

Txhua qhov kev tshawb pom tshiab yog rau nws qhov kev zoo siab tiag tiag, kev zoo siab, thiab nws nqa nrog nws, hauv kev npau taws heev, tag nrho nws cov phooj ywg. V. Stasov

M. Balakirev muaj lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb: qhib lub sijhawm tshiab hauv Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag thiab coj tag nrho cov kev taw qhia hauv nws. Thaum xub thawj, tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi qhia nws txoj hmoo zoo li no. Me nyuam yaus thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas dhau los ntawm lub peev. Balakirev pib kawm suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv kev taw qhia ntawm nws niam, uas, ntseeg hais tias lub peev xwm ntawm nws tus tub, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog mus nrog nws los ntawm Nizhny Novgorod mus rau Moscow. Ntawm no, ib tug me nyuam tub muaj kaum xyoo coj ob peb zaj lus qhia los ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv nto moo, pianist thiab composer A. Dubuc. Tom qab ntawd dua Nizhny, kev tuag ntxov ntawm nws niam, qhia ntawm Alexander lub koom haum ntawm kev siv nyiaj ntawm cov nom tswv hauv zos (nws txiv, tus thawj coj me me, tau sib yuav zaum ob, nyob hauv kev txom nyem nrog tsev neeg loj) ...

Ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab tseem ceeb rau Balakirev yog nws paub nrog A. Ulybyshev, tus neeg sawv cev, nrog rau cov neeg nyiam suab paj nruag, tus sau peb phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm WA ​​Mozart. Nws lub tsev, qhov chaw uas muaj kev lom zem sib sau ua ke, concerts tau tuav, ua rau Balakirev lub tsev kawm ntawv tiag tiag ntawm kev ua yeeb yam. Ntawm no nws ua ib tug amateur orchestra, nyob rau hauv qhov kev pab cuam ntawm kev ua yeeb yam uas muaj ntau yam hauj lwm, ntawm lawv Beethoven lub symphonies, ua raws li ib tug pianist, nws muaj nyob rau hauv nws cov kev pab cuam ib tug nplua nuj suab paj nruag tsev qiv ntawv, nyob rau hauv uas nws siv sij hawm ntau lub sij hawm kawm cov qhab nia. Kev loj hlob tuaj rau cov tub ntxhais hluas tshuab raj thaum ntxov. Nkag mus rau hauv 1853 ntawm Kws qhia ntawv ntawm lej ntawm Kazan University, Balakirev tawm nws ib xyoos tom qab ntawd rau kev mob siab rau nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb rau suab paj nruag. Los ntawm lub sijhawm no, thawj qhov kev sim muaj tswv yim muaj xws li: piano compositions, romances. Pom qhov ua tau zoo ntawm Balakirev, Ulybyshev coj nws mus rau St. Petersburg thiab qhia nws rau M. Glinka. Kev sib txuas lus nrog tus sau ntawm "Ivan Susanin" thiab "Ruslan thiab Lyudmila" yog luv luv (Glinka sai sai mus rau txawv teb chaws), tab sis lub ntsiab lus: pom zoo Balakirev txoj hauj lwm, tus zoo composer muab tswv yim rau kev muaj tswv yim nrhiav, tham txog suab paj nruag.

Nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, Balakirev sai sai tau koob meej raws li ib tug neeg ua yeeb yam, tseem mus compose. Brightly gifted, insatiable nyob rau hauv kev paub, tsis nkees nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm, nws mob siab rau rau tshiab achievements. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas thaum lub neej coj nws ua ke nrog C. Cui, M. Mussorgsky, thiab tom qab ntawd nrog N. Rimsky-Korsakov thiab A. Borodin, Balakirev koom ua ke thiab coj pawg suab paj nruag me me, uas tau poob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag. nyob rau hauv lub npe "Mighty Handful" (muab rau nws los ntawm B. Stasov) thiab lub "Balakirev voj voog".

Txhua lub lim tiam, cov phooj ywg ntaus suab paj nruag thiab Stasov sib sau ua ke ntawm Balakirev's. Lawv tham, nyeem nrov nrov ua ke, tab sis mob siab rau feem ntau ntawm lawv lub sij hawm rau suab paj nruag. Tsis muaj leej twg pib sau ntawv tau txais kev kawm tshwj xeeb: Cui yog tub rog engineer, Mussorgsky tus tub ceev xwm so haujlwm, Rimsky-Korsakov tus neeg tsav nkoj, Borodin tus kws tshuaj. "Raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Balakirev, peb txoj kev kawm tus kheej tau pib," Cui hais tom qab. “Peb tau rov ua dua plaub txhais tes txhua yam uas tau sau ua ntej peb. Txhua yam tau raug kev thuam hnyav, thiab Balakirev tau tshuaj xyuas cov txuj ci thiab kev muaj tswv yim ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Cov hauj lwm raug muab tam sim ntawd lub luag hauj lwm: pib ncaj qha nrog ib tug symphony (Borodin thiab Rimsky-Korsakov), Cui sau operas ("Cov neeg raug txim ntawm lub Caucasus", "Ratcliffe"). Tag nrho cov kev sib sau tau ua nyob rau hauv cov rooj sib tham ntawm lub voj voog. Balakirev tau kho thiab muab cov lus qhia: "... tus neeg thuam, uas yog tus kws tshaj lij, nws zoo heev," sau Rimsky-Korsakov.

Los ntawm lub sij hawm no, Balakirev nws tus kheej tau sau 20 romances, nrog rau xws li masterpieces li "Los rau kuv", "Selim's Song" (ob leeg - 1858), "Goldfish Song" (1860). Tag nrho cov kev sib hlub tau luam tawm thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm A. Serov: "… Cov paj tshiab noj qab haus huv raws li cov suab paj nruag Lavxias." Balakirev's symphonic tej hauj lwm tau ua nyob rau hauv lub concerts: Overture ntawm lub ntsiab ntawm peb Lavxias teb sab nkauj, Overture los ntawm suab paj nruag rau Shakespeare qhov xwm txheej King Lear. Nws kuj tau sau ntau daim piano thiab ua haujlwm ntawm symphony.

Balakirev cov suab paj nruag thiab kev sib raug zoo yog txuas nrog lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Dawb Music, uas nws tau koom ua ke nrog tus kws hu nkauj zoo thiab tus kws sau nkauj G. Lomakin. Ntawm no, txhua leej txhua tus tuaj yeem koom nrog suab paj nruag, ua yeeb yam hauv tsev kawm ntawv choral concerts. Kuj tseem muaj cov chav hu nkauj, suab paj nruag thiab cov chav kawm solfeggio. Lub suab hu nkauj tau ua los ntawm Lomakin, thiab cov qhua orchestra tau ua los ntawm Balakirev, uas suav nrog cov suab paj nruag los ntawm nws cov phooj ywg hauv kev hais kwv txhiaj. Tus kws sau nkauj ib txwm ua raws li kev ntseeg siab ntawm Glinka, thiab ib qho ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm thawj classic ntawm Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag yog kev cia siab rau pej xeem zaj nkauj raws li qhov muaj tswv yim. Nyob rau hauv 1866, sau los ntawm Lavxias teb sab Folk Songs sau los ntawm Balakirev tuaj tawm, thiab nws siv ntau xyoo ua hauj lwm rau nws. Ib qho chaw nyob hauv Caucasus (1862 thiab 1863) ua rau nws muaj peev xwm paub txog cov suab paj nruag oriental lus dab neeg, thiab ua tsaug rau kev mus rau Prague (1867), qhov chaw Balakirev tau ua Glinka's Opera, nws kuj tau kawm Czech pej xeem nkauj. Tag nrho cov kev xav no tau tshwm sim hauv nws txoj haujlwm: daim duab symphonic ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm peb zaj nkauj Lavxias "1000 xyoo" (1864; nyob rau hauv 2nd tsab - "Rus", 1887), "Czech Overture" (1867), oriental fantasy rau piano. "Islamey" (1869), ib tug symphonic paj huam "Tamara", pib nyob rau hauv 1866 thiab ua tiav ntau xyoo tom qab.

Balakirev txoj kev muaj tswv yim, ua yeeb yam, suab paj nruag thiab kev sib raug zoo ua rau nws yog ib tus kws ntaus nkauj uas muaj kev hwm tshaj plaws, thiab A. Dargomyzhsky, uas tau los ua tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm RMS, tswj kom caw Balakirev mus rau tus thawj coj (lub caij 1867/68 thiab 1868/69). Tam sim no cov suab paj nruag ntawm cov neeg sau ntawm "Mighty Handful" tau suab nrov hauv kev hais kwv txhiaj ntawm Lub Koom Haum, qhov premiere ntawm Borodin Thawj Symphony tau ua tiav.

Nws zoo nkaus li tias Balakirev lub neej tau nce siab, uas ua ntej yog nce mus rau qhov siab tshiab. Thiab tam sim ntawd txhua yam hloov pauv loj heev: Balakirev raug tshem tawm ntawm kev ua yeeb yam RMO. Qhov kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm qhov tshwm sim tau pom tseeb. Indignation tau hais los ntawm Tchaikovsky thiab Stasov, uas tau hais hauv xov xwm. Balakirev hloov tag nrho nws lub zog mus rau Tsev Kawm Ntawv Dawb Music, sim tawm tsam nws cov kev hais kwv txhiaj rau Musical Society. Tab sis kev sib tw nrog ib lub tuam txhab nplua nuj, muaj kev txhawb nqa siab heev tau ua pov thawj nyuaj. Ib qho tom qab, Balakirev raug haunted los ntawm kev ua tsis tiav, nws cov khoom tsis ruaj ntseg hloov mus rau qhov xav tau heev, thiab qhov no, yog tias tsim nyog, txhawb nqa nws cov viv ncaus tom qab nws txiv tuag. Tsis muaj lub cib fim rau kev muaj tswv yim. Tsav mus rau kev poob siab, tus kws sau nkauj txawm muaj kev xav txog kev tua tus kheej. Tsis muaj leej twg txhawb nqa nws: nws cov phooj ywg hauv lub voj voog tsiv mus, txhua tus tsis khoom nrog nws cov phiaj xwm. Balakirev qhov kev txiav txim siab tawg mus ib txhis nrog kev kos duab ntawm cov suab paj nruag zoo li lub bolt ntawm xiav rau lawv. Tsis mloog lawv cov lus thov thiab kev yaum, nws nkag mus rau Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Lag Luam ntawm Warsaw Railway. Qhov xwm txheej muaj hmoo uas tau muab faib ua tus sau lub neej ua ob lub sijhawm tsis sib xws tshwm sim thaum Lub Rau Hli 1872….

Txawm hais tias Balakirev tsis ua haujlwm ntev hauv chaw ua haujlwm, nws rov qab mus rau suab paj nruag ntev thiab nyuaj sab hauv. Nws khwv tau nyiaj los ntawm kev kawm piano, tab sis nws tsis sau nws tus kheej, nws nyob hauv kev sib cais thiab kev nyob ib leeg. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub lig 70s. nws pib tshwm nrog phooj ywg. Tab sis qhov no yog ib tug neeg txawv. Kev mob siab rau thiab lub zog loj ntawm ib tug txiv neej uas sib koom - txawm tias tsis tas li ib txwm - cov tswv yim zoo ntawm xyoo 60s, tau hloov los ntawm kev dawb huv, pious thiab apolitical, kev txiav txim ib leeg. Kev kho mob tom qab muaj kev kub ntxhov tsis tuaj. Balakirev rov ua lub taub hau ntawm lub tsev kawm suab paj nruag nws tawm mus, ua tiav Tamara (raws li cov paj huam ntawm tib lub npe los ntawm Lermontov), ​​​​uas tau ua thawj zaug nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm tus sau nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm 1883. Tshiab, feem ntau yog piano daim, cov ntawv tshiab tshwm sim (Overture ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub Peb Hlis Spanish, symphonic paj huam "Rus"). Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab 90s. 10 txoj kev hlub yog tsim. Balakirev sau qeeb heev. Yog, pib hauv 60s. Thawj Symphony tsuas yog ua tiav tom qab ntau tshaj 30 xyoo (1897), nyob rau hauv lub thib ob Piano Concerto xeeb nyob rau hauv tib lub sij hawm, tus composer sau tsuas yog 2 lub zog (ua tiav los ntawm S. Lyapunov), ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub thib ob Symphony stretched rau 8 xyoo ( 1900-08). Xyoo 1903-04. ib tug series ntawm zoo nkauj romances tshwm. Txawm tias muaj xwm txheej nws tau ntsib, qhov kev ncua deb ntawm nws tus qub phooj ywg, Balakirev lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag lub neej yog tseem ceeb. Xyoo 1883-94. Nws yog tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Tsev Hais Plaub Chapel thiab, nrog kev koom tes nrog Rimsky-Korsakov, unrecognizably hloov cov suab paj nruag kev kawm nyob rau ntawd, muab tso rau hauv ib tug kws tshaj lij. Cov tub ntxhais kawm uas muaj txiaj ntsig tshaj plaws ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj tsim lub suab paj nruag nyob ib puag ncig lawv tus thawj coj. Balakirev kuj yog qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub Weimar Circle, uas tau ntsib nrog Academician A. Pypik hauv 1876-1904; ntawm no nws tau ua nrog tag nrho cov kev hais kwv txhiaj. Balakirev cov ntawv xov xwm nrog cov suab paj nruag txawv teb chaws yog qhov dav thiab muaj txiaj ntsig: nrog Fabkis tus kws sau nkauj thiab cov neeg hais lus L. Bourgault-Ducudray thiab cov neeg thuam M. Calvocoressi, nrog Czech suab paj nruag thiab pej xeem daim duab B. Kalensky.

Balakirev's symphonic music tau txais koob meej ntau dua. Nws suab tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub peev, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub xeev lub zos ntawm Russia, nws yog ntse ua nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws - nyob rau hauv Brussels, Paris, Copenhagen, Munich, Heidelberg, Berlin. Nws piano sonata yog ua si los ntawm Spaniard R. Vines, "Islamea" yog ua los ntawm nto moo I. Hoffman. Qhov nrov ntawm Balakirev lub suab paj nruag, nws txawv teb chaws lees paub raws li lub taub hau ntawm Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag, raws li nws yog, them rau lub tragic detachment los ntawm lub mainstream nyob rau hauv nws lub teb chaws.

Balakirev cov cuab yeej cuab tam muaj tswv yim yog me me, tab sis nws yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv artistic discoveries uas fertilized Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. Tamara yog ib qho ntawm cov hauj lwm saum toj kawg nkaus ntawm lub teb chaws hom symphonism thiab cov paj huam tshwj xeeb. Nyob rau hauv Balakirev txoj kev sib hlub, muaj ntau cov tswv yim thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshawb pom uas tau tshwm sim rau sab nraud chamber suab paj nruag - hauv Rimsky-Korsakov's instrumental sound writing, in Borodin's opera lyrics.

Cov sau ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem nkauj tsis tau tsuas yog qhib ib tug tshiab theem nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruas folkloristics, tab sis kuj enriched Lavxias teb sab opera thiab symphonic suab paj nruag nrog ntau cov ntsiab lus zoo nkauj. Balakirev yog tus kws kho suab paj nruag zoo heev: tag nrho cov ntawv sau thaum ntxov ntawm Mussorgsky, Borodin thiab Rimsky-Korsakov dhau los ntawm nws txhais tes. Nws tau npaj rau kev tshaj tawm cov qhab nia ntawm ob qho kev ua yeeb yam los ntawm Glinka (ua ke nrog Rimsky-Korsakov), thiab sau los ntawm F. Chopin. Balakirev nyob rau hauv lub neej zoo, nyob rau hauv uas muaj ob qho tib si ci ntsa iab muaj tswv yim ups thiab tragic defeats, tab sis nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws yog lub neej ntawm ib tug tiag tiag innovation artist.

E. Gordeeva