Luigi Rodolfo Boccherini |

Luigi boccherini

Nyob rau hauv kev sib haum xeeb tus rival ntawm maj Sacchini, Singer ntawm kev xav, los saum ntuj los Boccherini! Fayol

Cov cuab yeej cuab tam suab paj nruag ntawm Italian cellist thiab composer L. Boccherini yuav luag tag nrho cov instrumental compositions. Nyob rau hauv "hnub nyoog ntawm opera", raws li lub xyoo pua 30th feem ntau hu ua, nws tsim tsuas yog ob peb lub suab paj nruag ua haujlwm. Ib tug virtuoso ua yeeb yam yog nyiam mus rau suab paj nruag thiab instrumental ensembles. Peru composer muaj txog 400 symphonies; ntau yam orchestral tej hauj lwm; ntau violin thiab cello sonatas; violin, flute thiab cello concertos; txog XNUMX pawg sib sau ua ke (txoj hlua quartets, quintes, sextets, octets).

Boccherini tau txais nws thawj qhov kev kawm suab paj nruag raws li kev coj ntawm nws txiv, ob tug bassist Leopold Boccherini, thiab D. Vannuccini. Twb yog thaum muaj hnub nyoog 12 xyoos, tus kws ntaus nkauj hluas tau pib rau txoj hauv kev ntawm kev ua haujlwm: pib nrog kev pabcuam ob xyoos hauv lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Lucca, nws txuas ntxiv nws cov haujlwm ua haujlwm hauv cello soloist hauv Rome, thiab tom qab ntawd rov hauv lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm nws haiv neeg lub nroog (txij li xyoo 1761). Ntawm no Boccherini sai sai no npaj ib txoj hlua quartet, uas suav nrog cov nto moo tshaj plaws virtuosos thiab composers ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd (P. Nardini, F. Manfredi, G. Cambini) thiab rau cov uas lawv tau tsim ntau yam hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub quartet hom rau tsib xyoos (1762. -67). 1768 Boccherini ntsib nyob rau hauv Paris, qhov chaw uas nws ua yeeb yam yog muaj nyob rau hauv yeej thiab composer lub peev xwm raws li ib tug tshuab raj tau txais European kev lees paub. Tab sis tsis ntev (los ntawm 1769) nws tsiv mus rau Madrid, qhov twg mus txog rau thaum kawg ntawm nws hnub nws ua hauj lwm raws li lub tsev hais plaub composer, thiab kuj tau txais ib tug heev them nyiaj txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag chapel ntawm Emperor Wilhelm Frederick II, ib tug zoo kawg nkaus connoisseur ntawm suab paj nruag. Kev ua haujlwm maj mam rov qab mus rau hauv keeb kwm yav dhau, tso lub sijhawm rau kev ua haujlwm hnyav.

Boccherini lub suab paj nruag yog ci ntsa iab, ib yam li nws tus sau nws tus kheej. Tus kws ntaus nkauj Fab Kis Fab Kis P. Rode tau hais tias: “thaum ib tus neeg ua yeeb yam ntawm Boccherini lub suab paj nruag tsis tau raws li Boccherini lub hom phiaj lossis saj, tus kws sau nkauj tsis tuaj yeem txwv nws tus kheej ntxiv lawm; nws yuav zoo siab, tsuj nws txhais taw, thiab qee yam, tsis ua siab ntev, nws tau khiav ceev li nws ua tau, qw tias nws cov xeeb ntxwv raug tsim txom.

Nyob rau hauv 2 centuries dhau los, cov creation ntawm Italian masters tsis tau poob lawv freshness thiab immediacy ntawm lub hwj chim. Solo thiab pawg pawg los ntawm Boccherini ua rau muaj kev sib tw siab rau tus neeg ua yeeb yam, muab lub sijhawm los nthuav qhia cov nplua nuj thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov cuab yeej. Tias yog vim li cas niaj hnub ua yeeb yam txaus siab tig mus rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm Italian composer.

Boccherini's style tsis tsuas yog temperament, suab paj nruag, kev tshav ntuj, uas peb paub txog cov cim ntawm Italian suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai. Nws absorbed cov yam ntxwv ntawm sentimental, rhiab lus ntawm Fabkis comic opera (P. Monsigny, A. Gretry), thiab ci ntsa iab kos duab ntawm German musicians nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua: composers los ntawm Mannheim (Ja Stamitz, F. Richter. ), nrog rau I. Schobert thiab tus tub nto moo Johann Sebastian Bach - Philipp Emanuel Bach. Tus kws sau ntawv kuj tau ntsib kev cuam tshuam ntawm tus kws sau nkauj ua yeeb yam loj tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua 2th. - tus hloov kho ntawm opera K. Gluck: nws tsis yog coincidence tias ib qho ntawm Boccherini lub symphonies suav nrog cov ntsiab lus zoo ntawm kev seev cev ntawm kev npau taws los ntawm Txoj Cai 1805 ntawm Gluck's opera Orpheus thiab Eurydice. Boccherini yog ib tug ntawm cov pioneers ntawm txoj hlua quintet ib hom ntawv nyeem thiab thawj nws quintes tau txais kev lees paub nyob sab Europe. Lawv tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm WA Mozart thiab L. Beethoven, cov neeg tsim kev ua haujlwm ci ntsa iab hauv hom quintet. Ob qho tib si thaum nws lub neej thiab tom qab nws tuag, Boccherini tseem yog cov neeg ntaus suab paj nruag nyiam tshaj plaws. Thiab nws qhov kev ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws tau tso tseg qhov cim tsis pom ntawm lub cim xeeb ntawm nws cov neeg tiam thiab cov xeeb ntxwv. Ib daim ntawv tshaj tawm hauv Leipzig (XNUMX) tau tshaj tawm tias nws yog tus kws tshaj lij cellist uas zoo siab nrog nws ua si qhov cuab yeej no vim qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub suab thiab kov qhov kev xav hauv kev ua si.

S. Rytsaev

Luigi Boccherini yog ib qho ntawm cov kws sau nkauj thiab ua yeeb yam ntawm Classical era. Raws li tus kws sau ntawv, nws tau sib tw nrog Haydn thiab Mozart, tsim ntau lub suab paj nruag thiab cov suab paj nruag chamber, qhov txawv ntawm qhov tseeb, qhov pom tseeb ntawm cov qauv, kev ua tiav ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, elegance thiab graceful rhiab ntawm cov duab. Ntau ntawm nws cov neeg kawm tiav tau suav tias nws yog tus txais txiaj ntsig ntawm Rococo style, "feminine Haydn", uas nws txoj haujlwm yog dominated los ntawm qab ntxiag, zoo nkauj nta. E. Buchan, tsis muaj kev tshwj tseg, hais txog nws mus rau cov classicists: "Lub fiery thiab npau suav Boccherini, nrog rau nws tej hauj lwm ntawm lub 70s, ua nyob rau hauv thawj qeb ntawm cua daj cua dub innovators ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd, nws bold kev sib raug zoo cia siab tias lub suab ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej. ”

Buchan yog qhov tseeb hauv qhov kev ntsuas no ntau dua li lwm tus. "Fiery thiab npau suav" - yuav ua li cas ib tug zoo dua characterize tus ncej ntawm Boccherini lub suab paj nruag? Nyob rau hauv nws, kev tshav ntuj thiab pastorality ntawm Rococo merged nrog Gluck's ua yeeb yam thiab lyricism, vividly reminiscent ntawm Mozart. Rau lub xyoo pua XNUMX, Boccherini yog tus kws kos duab uas tau taug kev rau yav tom ntej; nws txoj hauj lwm xav tsis thoob nrog rau qhov kev ua siab loj ntawm kev ntsuas, qhov tshiab ntawm cov lus sib haum xeeb, kev ua kom zoo nkauj classic thiab pom tseeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj yog Boccherini hauv keeb kwm ntawm cello art. Tus neeg ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws, tus tsim ntawm cov txheej txheem cello classical, nws tau tsim thiab muab kev sib haum xeeb ntawm kev ua si ntawm ceg txheem ntseeg, yog li nthuav cov ciam teb ntawm cello caj dab; tsim lub teeb, zoo nkauj, "pearl" kev ntxhib los mos ntawm cov duab txav, ua kom cov peev txheej ntawm cov ntiv tes zoo ntawm sab laug tes thiab, tsis muaj tsawg dua, cov txheej txheem ntawm hneev.

Boccherini lub neej tsis ua tiav. Txoj hmoo npaj rau nws txoj hmoo ntawm ib tug exile, ib tug hav zoov tag nrho ntawm kev txaj muag, kev txom nyem, tsis tu ncua tawm tsam rau ib daim ntawm mov ci. Nws tau ntsib kev nyuaj siab ntawm "kev txhawb nqa" uas ua rau nws lub siab zoo siab thiab ua siab mos siab muag ntawm txhua kauj ruam, thiab nyob tau ntau xyoo hauv kev xav tsis thoob. Ib tus tuaj yeem xav tsis thoob li cas, nrog rau txhua yam uas poob rau nws ntau, nws tau tswj hwm kom muaj kev zoo siab thiab kev cia siab uas tau pom meej meej hauv nws lub suab paj nruag.

Qhov chaw yug ntawm Luigi Boccherini yog lub nroog Tuscan qub ntawm Lucca. Me me, lub nroog no tsis muaj txhais tau tias zoo li lub xeev nyob deb. Lucca tau ua lub neej ua suab paj nruag thiab kev sib raug zoo. Nyob ze muaj cov dej kho mob nto moo thoob plaws hauv tebchaws Ltalis, thiab cov hnub so hauv lub tuam tsev nto moo hauv cov tsev teev ntuj ntawm Santa Croce thiab San Martino tau nyiam txhua xyoo ntau cov neeg taug kev tuaj yeem tuaj ntawm thoob plaws lub tebchaws. Cov neeg hu nkauj Italian zoo tshaj plaws thiab cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam hauv pawg ntseeg thaum hnub so. Lucca muaj lub nroog orchestra zoo heev; muaj ib lub tsev ua yeeb yam thiab ib lub tsev teev ntuj zoo heev, uas tus thawj tswj hwm tswj hwm, muaj peb lub tsev teev ntuj nrog cov suab paj nruag hauv txhua qhov. Nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm lawv Boccherini kawm.

Nws yug los Lub Ob Hlis 19, 1743 hauv tsev neeg suab paj nruag. Nws txiv Leopold Boccherini, ob tus neeg ntaus ntses bass thaj tsam, ua si tau ntau xyoo hauv nroog orchestra; tus tij laug Giovanni-Anton-Gaston hu nkauj, ntaus nkauj violin, yog ib tug ua las voos, thiab tom qab ntawd ib tug librettist. Nyob rau hauv nws libretto, Haydn sau lub oratorio "Rov qab ntawm Tobias".

Luigi lub peev xwm suab paj nruag tau tshwm sim thaum ntxov. Tus tub hu nkauj hauv pawg ntseeg hu nkauj thiab tib lub sijhawm nws txiv qhia nws thawj cov txuj ci cello. Kev kawm txuas ntxiv nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab nrog tus kws qhia ntawv zoo, cellist thiab bandmaster Abbot Vanucci. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov chav kawm nrog tus saib xyuas, Boccherini pib hais lus rau pej xeem txij li hnub nyoog kaum ob. Cov kev ua yeeb yam no coj Boccherini koob meej ntawm cov neeg nyiam suab paj nruag hauv nroog. Tom qab kawm tiav los ntawm lub suab paj nruag kws qhia ntawv ntawm lub seminary nyob rau hauv 1757, Boccherini mus rau Rome nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav txhim kho nws kev ua si. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub XVIII caug xyoo, Rome nyiam lub koob meej ntawm ib lub suab paj nruas peev ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Nws ci ntsa iab nrog zoo nkauj orchestras (los yog, raws li lawv hu ua, instrumental chapels); muaj kev ua yeeb yam thiab ntau lub suab paj nruag salons sib tw. Hauv Rome, ib tus tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​kev ua si ntawm Tartini, Punyani, Somis, uas ua rau lub ntiaj teb nto moo ntawm Italian violin art. Cov tub ntxhais hluas cellist plunges headlong rau hauv lub vibrant suab paj nruas lub neej ntawm lub peev.

Nrog leej twg nws ua tiav nws tus kheej hauv Rome, nws tsis paub. Feem ntau yuav, "los ntawm tus kheej", absorbing suab paj nruag impressions, instinctively xaiv cov tshiab thiab pov tseg cov outdated, conservative. Lub violin kab lis kev cai ntawm ltalis kuj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau nws, qhov kev paub uas nws tsis ntseeg tau pauv mus rau qhov chaw ntawm cello. Tsis ntev, Boccherini pib pom, thiab nws nyiam mloog nws tus kheej tsis yog los ntawm kev ua si xwb, tab sis kuj los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke uas ua rau muaj kev txaus siab thoob ntiaj teb. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 80s, nws luam tawm nws thawj tej hauj lwm thiab ua nws thawj concert tours, mus xyuas Vienna ob zaug.

Xyoo 1761 nws rov qab los rau nws lub nroog qub. Lucca tos txais nws nrog kev zoo siab: "Peb tsis paub tias yuav ua li cas xav tsis thoob - qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev tsim txiaj lossis qhov tshiab thiab zoo nkauj ntawm nws cov haujlwm."

Nyob rau hauv Lucca, Boccherini tau xub txais mus rau hauv lub theatre orchestra, tab sis nyob rau hauv 1767 nws tsiv mus rau lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm lub koom pheej Lucca. Hauv Lucca, nws tau ntsib tus kws ntaus nkauj hu nkauj Filippo Manfredi, uas tau dhau los ua nws tus phooj ywg ze. Boccherini los ua infinitely txuas nrog Manfredi.

Txawm li cas los xij, maj mam Lucca pib hnyav Boccherini. Ua ntej, txawm tias nws cov txheeb ze kev ua si, lub suab paj nruag lub neej nyob rau hauv nws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tom qab Rome, zoo li nws lub xeev. Tsis tas li ntawd, dhau los ntawm kev nqhis dej rau lub koob meej, nws npau suav ntawm kev ua yeeb yam dav dav. Thaum kawg, kev pabcuam hauv lub tsev teev ntuj tau muab nqi zog rau nws. Tag nrho cov no coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias thaum pib ntawm 1767, Boccherini, ua ke nrog Manfredi, tawm hauv Lucca. Lawv concerts tau muaj nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Northern Ltalis - nyob rau hauv Turin, Piedmont, Lombardy, ces nyob rau hauv sab qab teb ntawm Fabkis. Biography Boccherini Pico sau tias txhua qhov chaw lawv tau ntsib nrog kev qhuas thiab kev txaus siab.

Raws li Pico, thaum nws nyob hauv Lucca (hauv 1762-1767), Boccherini feem ntau muaj tswv yim zoo, nws tsis khoom ua haujlwm uas nws tsim tsuas yog 6 trios. Thaj, nws yog lub sij hawm no uas Boccherini thiab Manfredi tau ntsib nrog tus naas ej violinist Pietro Nardini thiab violist Cambini. Txog rau lub hlis lawv tau ua haujlwm ua ke ua ib lub quartet. Tom qab ntawd, xyoo 1795, Cambini tau sau tias: “Thaum kuv tseem hluas kuv nyob rau lub hlis zoo siab hauv txoj haujlwm no thiab zoo siab heev. Peb tus kws tshaj lij - Manfredi, tus kws ntaus nkauj ua yeeb yaj kiab zoo tshaj plaws hauv txhua lub tebchaws Ltalis hais txog kev ntaus suab paj nruag thiab quartet ua si, Nardini, yog li nto moo rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm nws kev ua yeeb yam, thiab Boccherini, uas nws cov txiaj ntsig tau paub zoo, puas yog kuv lub meej mom ntawm kev lees paub. kuv ua violist.

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX, quartet kev ua tau zoo nyuam qhuav pib tsim - nws yog ib hom tshiab uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, thiab lub quartet ntawm Nardini, Manfredi, Cambini, Boccherini yog ib lub koom txoos ua haujlwm ntxov tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb paub. rau peb.

Thaum kawg ntawm 1767 lossis thaum pib ntawm 1768 cov phooj ywg tuaj txog hauv Paris. Thawj qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm ob tus kws ua yeeb yam hauv Paris tau tshwm sim hauv lub salon ntawm Baron Ernest von Bagge. Nws yog ib lub suab paj nruag zoo tshaj plaws hauv Paris. Nws tau nquag nthuav tawm los ntawm cov neeg tuaj saib ua yeeb yam ua ntej tau txais mus rau Concert Spiritucl. Tag nrho cov xim ntawm cov suab paj nruag Paris sib sau ua ke ntawm no, Gossec, Gavignier, Capron, cellist Duport (senior) thiab ntau lwm tus neeg feem ntau tuaj xyuas. Cov txuj ci ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas tshuab raj tau txais txiaj ntsig. Paris hais txog Manfredi thiab Boccherini. Kev hais kwv txhiaj hauv Bagge salon tau qhib txoj hauv kev rau lawv mus rau Concert Spirituel. Qhov kev ua yeeb yam hauv lub tsev nto moo tau tshwm sim thaum Lub Peb Hlis 20, 1768, thiab tam sim ntawd Parisian cov tshaj tawm suab paj nruag Lachevardier thiab Besnier muab Boccherini luam tawm nws tej hauj lwm.

Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Boccherini thiab Manfredi tau ntsib nrog kev thuam. Michel Brenet phau ntawv Concerts hauv Fabkis nyob rau hauv Ancient Régime quotes cov lus hauv qab no: "Manfredi, thawj tus kws ntaus nkauj hu nkauj, tsis muaj kev vam meej uas nws tau cia siab rau. Nws cov suab paj nruag tau pom tias yog du, nws ua si dav thiab qab ntxiag, tab sis nws ua si tsis huv thiab tsis zoo. Lub cello ua si ntawm Mr. Boccarini (sic!) evoked sib npaug zos applause, nws lub suab zoo nkaus li hnyav heev rau pob ntseg, thiab cov chords me ntsis sib haum xeeb.

Kev tshuaj xyuas yog qhov qhia tau. Cov neeg tuaj saib ntawm Kev Sib Tw Spirituel, feem ntau, tseem yog cov thawj coj qub ntawm "gallant" kos duab, thiab Boccherini kev ua si yeej zoo li (thiab zoo li!) rau nws hnyav, tsis sib haum xeeb. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau ntseeg tam sim no tias "ntse Gavinier" suab txawv txawv thiab hnyav thaum ntawd, tab sis nws yog qhov tseeb. Boccherini, pom tseeb, pom cov neeg qhuas nyob rau hauv lub voj voog ntawm cov neeg mloog uas, nyob rau hauv ob peb xyoos, yuav hnov ​​​​mob nrog kev txaus siab thiab kev nkag siab rau Gluck txoj kev hloov kho, tab sis tib neeg tau coj los ntawm Rococo aesthetics, nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov, nyob twj ywm indifferent rau nws; rau lawv nws tau dhau los ua yeeb yam thiab "nrhiav". Leej twg paub yog tias qhov no yog vim li cas Boccherini thiab Manfredi tsis nyob hauv Paris? Thaum kawg ntawm 1768, coj kom zoo dua ntawm qhov kev thov ntawm Spanish Ambassador mus rau hauv kev pab cuam ntawm Infante ntawm Spain, yav tom ntej King Charles IV, lawv mus rau Madrid.

Spain nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XX yog lub teb chaws ntawm Catholic fanaticism thiab feudal tshuaj tiv thaiv. Qhov no yog lub sijhawm ntawm Goya, zoo li tau piav qhia los ntawm L. Feuchtwanger hauv nws cov ntawv tshiab txog tus kws kos duab Spanish. Boccherini thiab Manfredi tuaj txog ntawm no, ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Charles III, uas nrog kev ntxub ntxaug tsim txom txhua yam uas tau tawm tsam Catholicism thiab clericalism.

Hauv Spain, lawv tau ntsib kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Charles III thiab Infante Tub Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Asturias tau kho lawv ntau dua li txias. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg ntaus suab paj nruag hauv zos tsis tau zoo siab txog lawv qhov kev tuaj txog. Thawj lub tsev hais plaub violinist Gaetano Brunetti, ntshai kev sib tw, pib ua ib qho intrigue nyob ib ncig ntawm Boccherini. Tsis txaus ntseeg thiab txwv, Charles III txaus siab ntseeg Brunetti, thiab Boccherini ua tsis tiav qhov chaw rau nws tus kheej ntawm lub tsev hais plaub. Nws tau txais kev cawmdim los ntawm kev txhawb nqa ntawm Manfredi, uas tau txais qhov chaw ntawm thawj violinist nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Charles III tus tij laug Don Louis. Don Louis yog ib tug txiv neej sib piv liberal. "Nws txhawb ntau tus kws ua yeeb yam thiab cov kws ua yeeb yam uas tsis raug lees txais ntawm lub tsev hais plaub huab tais. Piv txwv li, ib tug kawm ntawm Boccherini, tus naas ej Goya, uas ua tiav lub tsev hais plaub painting tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1799, rau ib ntev lub sij hawm pom patronage los ntawm cov me nyuam mos. Don Lui yog ib tug neeg txawj ua haujlwm cellist, thiab, pom tau tias, siv cov kev taw qhia ntawm Boccherini.

Manfredi tau ua kom ntseeg tau tias Boccherini kuj raug caw mus rau lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Don Louis. Ntawm no, raws li ib tug chamber suab paj nruag composer thiab virtuoso, tus composer ua hauj lwm los ntawm 1769 mus rau 1785. Kev sib txuas lus nrog noble patron yog ib qho kev xyiv fab nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm Boccherini. Ob zaug ib lub lim tiam nws muaj sijhawm los mloog cov kev ua tau zoo ntawm nws cov haujlwm hauv lub villa "Arena", uas yog Don Louis. Ntawm no Boccherini ntsib nws tus poj niam yav tom ntej, tus ntxhais ntawm tus thawj coj Aragonese. Lub tshoob tau tshwm sim rau lub Rau Hli 25, 1776.

Tom qab kev sib yuav, nyiaj txiag teeb meem ntawm Boccherini los ua nyuaj dua. Cov menyuam yug los. Txhawm rau pab tus kws sau nkauj, Don Louis sim thov lub tsev hais plaub Spanish rau nws. Txawm li cas los xij, nws qhov kev sim tsis muaj dab tsi. Ib qho lus piav qhia ntawm qhov xwm txheej tsis txaus ntseeg nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog Boccherini tau tso tseg los ntawm Fabkis txoj nkauj hu nkauj Alexander Boucher, nyob rau hauv nws lub xub ntiag nws ua si. Muaj ib hnub, hais tias Boucher, Charles IV tus txiv ntxawm, Don Louis, coj Boccherini mus rau nws tus tub xeeb ntxwv, tus tub huabtais ntawm Asturias, los qhia cov neeg sau cov quintes tshiab. Cov ntawv twb qhib rau ntawm cov suab paj nruag. Karl coj hneev nti, nws ib txwm ua ib feem ntawm thawj violin. Nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw ntawm quintet, ob daim ntawv tau rov ua dua rau lub sijhawm ntev thiab monotonously: to, si, ua. Nyob rau hauv nws lub luag hauj lwm, huab tais ua si lawv tsis mloog tus so ntawm lub suab. Thaum kawg, nws tau nkees ntawm rov hais dua lawv, thiab, npau taws, nws nres.

– Nws yog kev qias! Loafer, ib tug tub kawm ntawv yuav ua tau zoo dua: ua, si, ua, si!

"Sire," teb Boccherini calmly, "Yog hais tias koj majesty yuav deign incline koj pob ntseg rau qhov thib ob violin thiab viola tab tom ua si, rau lub pizizicato uas lub cello ua si nyob rau lub sij hawm heev thaum thawj zaug nkauj laus ncas monotonously rov hais dua nws cov ntawv, ces cov no. sau ntawv yuav tam sim poob lawv monotony sai li sai tau raws li lwm yam twj paj nruag, tau nkag mus, yuav koom nrog hauv kev xam phaj.

- Bye, bye, bye, nyob - thiab qhov no yog nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm ib nrab teev! Bye, bye, bye, nyob, kev sib tham nthuav! Suab nkauj ntawm ib tug tub kawm ntawv, tub kawm ntawv phem!

"Sire," Boccherini boiled, "ua ntej txiav txim zoo li ntawd, koj yuav tsum tsawg kawg to taub suab paj nruag, ignoramus!"

Dhia hauv kev npau taws, Karl tuav Boccherini thiab rub nws mus rau lub qhov rais.

"Auj, tus Tswv, ntshai Vajtswv!" quaj tus ntxhais huabtais ntawm Asturias. Ntawm cov lus no, tus tub huabtais tig ib nrab tig, uas tus ntshai Boccherini tau coj kom zoo dua los nkaum hauv chav tom ntej.

"Qhov xwm txheej no," Pico ntxiv, "tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg, nthuav tawm me ntsis caricatured, tab sis qhov tseeb tiag, thaum kawg deprived Boccherini ntawm huab tais nyiam. Tus huab tais tshiab ntawm Spain, tus qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Charles III, tsis tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​qab qhov kev thuam ntawm tus tub huabtais Asturias ... thiab tsis xav pom tus kws sau nkauj lossis ua nws cov nkauj. Txawm tias Boccherini lub npe tsis tau hais nyob rau hauv lub palace. Thaum leej twg dared kom nco ntsoov tus huab tais ntawm lub tshuab raj, nws invariably cuam tshuam tus nug:

- Leej twg ntxiv hais txog Boccherini? Boccherini tuag lawm, cia sawv daws nco ntsoov qhov no zoo thiab tsis txhob tham txog nws dua!

Nrog ib tsev neeg (poj niam thiab tsib tus menyuam), Boccherini tau tawm ntawm kev nyuaj siab. Nws tau mob tshwj xeeb tom qab kev tuag ntawm Don Louis hauv 1785. Nws tsuas yog txhawb nqa los ntawm qee tus neeg nyiam suab paj nruag, hauv nws lub tsev nws ua suab paj nruag chamber. Txawm hais tias nws cov ntawv sau tau nrov thiab luam tawm los ntawm cov tsev tshaj tawm loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, qhov no tsis ua rau Boccherini lub neej yooj yim dua. Cov tshaj tawm tau nyiag nws yam tsis muaj kev cia siab. Hauv ib qho ntawm cov ntawv, tus kws sau ntawv yws yws tias nws tau txais qhov tsis tseem ceeb kiag li thiab tias nws qhov kev cai lij choj raug tsis quav ntsej. Hauv lwm tsab ntawv, nws hais tias: “Tej zaum kuv twb tuag lawm?”

Tsis tau lees paub hauv Spain, nws hais lus los ntawm Prussian tus sawv cev rau King Frederick William II thiab muab ib qho ntawm nws txoj haujlwm rau nws. Txaus siab rau Boccherini cov suab paj nruag, Friedrich Wilhelm tau tsa nws tus kws sau ntawv hauv tsev hais plaub. Tag nrho cov hauj lwm tom qab, los ntawm 1786 txog 1797, Boccherini sau rau Prussian lub tsev hais plaub. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv kev pabcuam huab tais ntawm Prussia, Boccherini tseem nyob hauv Spain. Muaj tseeb tiag, cov kev xav ntawm cov neeg sau keeb kwm txawv ntawm qhov teeb meem no, Pico thiab Schletterer sib cav tias, tau tuaj txog hauv Spain xyoo 1769, Boccherini yeej tsis tawm ntawm nws ciam teb, tshwj tsis yog kev mus rau Avignon, qhov twg xyoo 1779 nws tau mus koom lub tshoob ntawm ib tug ntxhais xeeb ntxwv. sib yuav ib tug violinist Fisher. L. Ginzburg muaj kev xav txawv. Xa mus rau Boccherini tsab ntawv mus rau Prussian diplomat Marquis Lucchesini (Lub rau hli ntuj 30, 1787), xa los ntawm Breslau, Ginzburg kos lub ntsiab lus xaus tias nyob rau hauv 1787 tus composer nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees. Boccherini nyob ntawm no tuaj yeem nyob ntev li ntev tau los ntawm 1786 txog 1788, tsis tas li ntawd, nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem mus xyuas Vienna, qhov twg thaum Lub Xya Hli 1787 lub tshoob ntawm nws tus viv ncaus Maria Esther, uas tau sib yuav choreographer Honorato Vigano, tau tshwm sim. Qhov tseeb ntawm Boccherini tawm mus rau Tebchaws Yelemees, nrog rau tib tsab ntawv los ntawm Breslau, kuj tau lees paub los ntawm Julius Behi hauv phau ntawv Los ntawm Boccherini rau Casals.

Nyob rau hauv lub 80s, Boccherini twb yog ib tug neeg mob hnyav. Nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv hais los ntawm Breslau, nws tau sau tias: “… Kuv pom kuv tus kheej raug kaw hauv kuv chav tsev vim qhov mob hemoptysis ntau zaus, thiab ntau ntxiv vim yog qhov mob o ntawm ob txhais ceg, nrog rau kuv lub zog yuav luag tag.”

Tus kab mob, ua rau tsis muaj zog, ua rau Boccherini tsis muaj lub sijhawm los ua haujlwm ntxiv. Hauv 80s nws tawm hauv cello. Txij tam sim no mus, sau suab paj nruag dhau los ua qhov tsuas yog qhov muaj nyob, thiab tom qab tag nrho, pennies tau them rau kev tshaj tawm cov haujlwm.

Nyob rau hauv lub lig 80s, Boccherini rov qab mus rau Spain. Qhov xwm txheej nws pom nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv yog unbearable kiag li. Lub kiv puag ncig uas tawg tawm hauv Fabkis ua rau muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg hauv Spain thiab tub ceev xwm revelry. Nyob rau sab saum toj nws tawm, Inquisition yog rampant. Txoj cai provocative rau Fabkis thaum kawg ua rau hauv 1793-1796 mus rau Franco-Spanish tsov rog, uas tau xaus rau hauv kev swb ntawm Spain. Suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej no tsis muaj kev hwm. Boccherini ua nyuaj tshwj xeeb thaum tus huab tais Prussian Frederick II tuag - nws tsuas yog txhawb nqa. Kev them nyiaj rau tus ncej ntawm chamber tshuab raj ntawm lub tsev hais plaub Prussian yog, qhov tseem ceeb, cov nyiaj tau los ntawm tsev neeg.

Tsis ntev tom qab kev tuag ntawm Frederick II, txoj hmoo tau ua rau Boccherini lwm qhov kev ua phem phem: hauv ib lub sijhawm luv luv, nws tus poj niam thiab ob tug ntxhais laus tuag. Boccherini rov sib yuav, tab sis tus poj niam thib ob tuag tam sim ntawd los ntawm mob stroke. Cov kev paub nyuaj ntawm 90s cuam tshuam rau lub xeev ntawm nws tus ntsuj plig - nws thim mus rau hauv nws tus kheej, mus rau hauv kev ntseeg. Nyob rau hauv lub xeev no, tag nrho ntawm sab ntsuj plig kev nyuaj siab, nws ua tsaug rau txhua yam kev mob siab rau. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev txom nyem ua rau nws tuav txhua lub sijhawm kom tau nyiaj. Thaum Marquis ntawm Benaventa, ib tug neeg nyiam suab paj nruag uas ntaus guitar zoo thiab txaus siab rau Boccherini, hais kom nws npaj ob peb zaj nkauj rau nws, ntxiv qhov guitar, tus kws sau nkauj txaus siab ua tiav qhov kev txiav txim no. Xyoo 1800, Fabkis Ambassador Lucien Bonaparte txuas ntxiv pab rau tus kws sau ntawv. Kev ua tsaug Boccherini tau mob siab rau ntau yam haujlwm rau nws. Nyob rau hauv 1802, tus ambassador tawm Spain, thiab Boccherini dua poob rau hauv kev xav tau.

Txij li thaum pib ntawm lub 90s, sim khiav tawm ntawm lub clutches ntawm kev xav tau, Boccherini tau sim rov qab kev sib raug zoo nrog Fabkis cov phooj ywg. Xyoo 1791, nws xa ob peb phau ntawv mus rau Paris, tab sis lawv ploj mus. "Tej zaum kuv tej hauj lwm tau siv los thauj cov phom," Boccherini sau. Nyob rau hauv 1799, nws muab nws cov quintes rau "Fabkis koom pheej thiab lub teb chaws loj", thiab nyob rau hauv ib tsab ntawv "rau Citizen Chenier" nws qhia nws ua tsaug rau "lub teb chaws Fabkis loj, uas, ntau tshaj li lwm yam, xav, txaus siab thiab. qhuas kuv cov lus sau tseg. " Tseeb tiag, txoj haujlwm ntawm Boccherini tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo hauv Fabkis. Gluck, Gossec, Mugel, Viotti, Baio, Rode, Kreutzer, thiab Duport cellists tau nyo hau ua ntej nws.

Xyoo 1799, Pierre Rode, tus kws ntaus nkauj nto moo, tus tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Viotti, tuaj txog hauv Madrid, thiab tus qub Boccherini tau koom nrog cov tub ntxhais hluas uas ci ntsa iab Fabkis. Tsis nco qab los ntawm txhua tus, kho siab, mob, Boccherini zoo siab heev los sib txuas lus nrog Rode. Nws txaus siab muab nws cov concerts. Kev phooj ywg nrog Rode brightens li lub neej ntawm Boccherini, thiab nws tu siab heev thaum lub restless maestro tawm Madrid nyob rau hauv 1800. Lub rooj sib tham nrog Rode ntxiv dag zog rau Boccherini lub longing. Nws txiav txim siab thaum kawg tawm hauv Spain thiab tsiv mus rau Fabkis. Tab sis qhov kev xav ntawm nws yeej tsis muaj tseeb. Ib tug zoo qhuas ntawm Boccherini, pianist, singer thiab composer Sophie Gail mus xyuas nws nyob rau hauv Madrid nyob rau hauv 1803. Nws pom tus maestro kiag li mob thiab xav tau kev pab. Nws nyob tau ntau xyoo nyob rau hauv ib chav, muab faib los ntawm mezzanines rau hauv ob pem teb. Hauv pem teb saum toj kawg nkaus, qhov tseem ceeb yog lub qab nthab, ua haujlwm ua tus sau lub chaw ua haujlwm. Tag nrho qhov chaw yog ib lub rooj, ib tug quav thiab ib tug qub cello. Txaus siab rau qhov nws tau pom, Sophie Gail tau them tag nrho cov nuj nqis ntawm Boccherini thiab tsa cov phooj ywg cov nyiaj tsim nyog rau nws tsiv mus rau Paris. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov teeb meem kev nom kev tswv nyuaj thiab tus mob ntawm tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag tsis tau tso cai rau nws mus.

Lub Tsib Hlis 28, 1805 Boccherini tuag. Tsuas yog ob peb tug neeg raws nws lub hleb. Xyoo 1927, ntau tshaj 120 xyoo tom qab, nws cov tshauv raug xa mus rau Lucca.

Thaum lub sij hawm nws muaj tswv yim flowering, Boccherini yog ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj cellists ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. Hauv nws qhov kev ua si, qhov kev zoo nkauj tsis zoo ntawm lub suab thiab tag nrho ntawm kev hu nkauj cello tau sau tseg. Lavasserre thiab Bodiot, nyob rau hauv Txoj Kev ntawm Paris Conservatory, sau nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv violin ntawm Bayot, Kreutzer thiab Rode, characterize Boccherini raws li nram no: "Yog hais tias nws (Boccherini. - LR) ua lub cello hu nkauj solo, ces nrog xws li. kev xav tob, nrog xws li ib tug noble simplicity uas artificiality thiab imitation tsis nco qab lawm; Qee lub suab zoo tau hnov, tsis yog kev ntxhov siab, tab sis kev nplij siab.

Boccherini kuj tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim kho suab paj nruag ua tus sau. Nws cov cuab yeej cuab tam muaj tswv yim loj heev - ntau dua 400 yam haujlwm; Ntawm lawv yog 20 symphonies, violin thiab cello concertos, 95 quartets, 125 quintets (113 ntawm lawv nrog ob cellos) thiab ntau lwm yam chamber ensembles. Kawm tau piv Boccherini nrog Haydn thiab Mozart. Obituary ntawm Universal Musical Gazette hais tias: "Nws yog, ntawm chav kawm, ib tug ntawm cov zoo instrumental composers ntawm nws fatherland Ltalis ... nws tus phooj ywg qub Haydn ... Ltalis muab nws tso rau hauv kev sib npaug nrog Haydn, thiab Spain nyiam nws mus rau German maestro, uas pom muaj nyob ntawd kuj tau kawm. Fabkis hwm nws heev, thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees ... paub nws tsawg dhau. Tab sis qhov twg lawv paub nws, lawv paub yuav ua li cas txaus siab thiab txaus siab rau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov suab paj nruag ntawm nws cov nkauj, lawv hlub nws thiab hwm nws heev ... ua ntej sau cov neeg uas pom lawv tus kheej nyob ntawd qhov kev faib tawm ntawm quartets, tag nrho cov uas nws lub suab yog obligate. Yam tsawg kawg nws yog thawj tus tau txais kev lees paub thoob ntiaj teb. Nws, thiab tsis ntev tom qab nws Pleyel, nrog rau lawv cov hauj lwm thaum ntxov nyob rau hauv lub npe hu ua ib hom ntawm cov suab paj nruag ua ib qho kev xav nyob rau ntawd txawm tias ntxov dua Haydn, uas tseem alienated nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd.

Feem ntau cov ntawv sau txog kev sib piv ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm Boccherini thiab Haydn. Boccherini paub Haydn zoo. Nws ntsib nws hauv Vienna thiab tom qab ntawd sib tham tau ntau xyoo. Boccherini, thaj, tau qhuas nws cov neeg German zoo heev. Raws li Cambini, hauv Nardini-Boccherini quartet pawg, uas nws tau koom, Haydn's quartets tau ua si. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tau kawg, tus kheej muaj tswv yim ntawm Boccherini thiab Haydn yog qhov sib txawv heev. Hauv Boccherini peb yuav tsis pom tus yam ntxwv zoo li ntawd uas yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm Haydn lub suab paj nruag. Boccherini muaj ntau cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib cuag nrog Mozart. Elegance, lightness, graceful "chivalry" txuas lawv nrog ib tus neeg ntawm kev muaj tswv yim nrog Rococo. Lawv kuj muaj ntau yam nyob rau hauv lub naive immediacy ntawm cov dluab, nyob rau hauv kev ntxhib los mos, classically nruj me ntsis tswj thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm melodious thiab melodic.

Nws paub tias Mozart txaus siab rau lub suab paj nruag ntawm Boccherini. Stendhal tau sau txog qhov no. "Kuv tsis paub tias nws yog vim qhov ua tau zoo uas qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm Miserere coj nws (Stendhal txhais tau tias Mozart tau mloog Miserere Allegri hauv Sistine Chapel. - LR), tab sis, pom tau tias, lub suab paj nruag zoo nkauj thiab melancholic ntawm zaj nkauj no tau tsim. kev xav tob rau tus ntsuj plig ntawm Mozart, uas txij thaum ntawd los tau muaj kev nyiam meej rau Handel thiab rau lub siab mos Boccherini.

Ua tib zoo Mozart kawm txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm Boccherini tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov tseeb tias tus qauv rau nws thaum tsim Plaub Violin Concerto tau hais meej meej lub suab nkauj concerto sau rau xyoo 1768 los ntawm Lucca maestro rau Manfredi. Thaum sib piv cov concertos, nws yog ib qho yooj yim kom pom tias lawv nyob ze npaum li cas ntawm cov phiaj xwm dav dav, cov ntsiab lus, kev ntxhib los mos nta. Tab sis nws tseem ceeb heev nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ntau npaum li cas tib lub ntsiab hloov nyob rau hauv lub ci ntsa iab cwj mem ntawm Mozart. Boccherini qhov kev txo hwj chim dhau los ua ib qho ntawm Mozart qhov zoo tshaj plaws concertos; ib lub pob zeb diamond, nrog cov npoo tsis tshua muaj cim, dhau los ua pob zeb diamond ci ntsa iab.

Nqa Boccherini los ze zog rau Mozart, cov neeg niaj hnub kuj xav txog lawv qhov sib txawv. "Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm Mozart thiab Boccherini?" sau JB Shaul, "Thawj coj peb ntawm cov pob zeb ntxhab mus rau hauv hav zoov, zoo li rab koob, tsuas yog qee zaus da dej nrog paj, thiab qhov thib ob nqis mus rau hauv cov av luag ntxhi nrog cov hav paj, nrog cov pob tshab yws yws, npog cov groves tuab."

Boccherini tau rhiab heev rau kev ua yeeb yam ntawm nws cov suab paj nruag. Pico qhia li cas ib zaug nyob rau hauv Madrid, nyob rau hauv 1795, Fabkis violinist Boucher nug Boccherini ua si ib tug ntawm nws quartets.

"Koj tseem hluas heev, thiab kev ua yeeb yam ntawm kuv lub suab paj nruag yuav tsum muaj kev txawj ntse thiab kev loj hlob, thiab kev ua si txawv dua li koj li.

Raws li Boucher insisted, Boccherini reented, thiab cov quartet players pib ua si. Tab sis, sai li sai tau thaum lawv ua si ob peb ntsuas, tus kws sau ntawv tso tseg lawv thiab coj ib feem ntawm Boucher.

“Kuv hais rau koj tias koj tseem hluas dhau los ua kuv lub suab seev.

Ces tus txaj muag violinist tig mus rau maestro:

“Xibhwb, kuv tsuas thov kom koj pib kuv ua koj tej haujlwm xwb; qhia kuv yuav ua li cas ua si kom raug.

"Zoo siab heev, Kuv yuav zoo siab coj cov txuj ci zoo li koj li!"

Raws li tus kws sau nkauj, Boccherini tau txais kev lees paub ntxov ntxov. Nws cov ntawv sau tau pib ua nyob rau hauv Ltalis thiab Fabkis twb nyob rau hauv lub 60s, uas yog, thaum nws nyuam qhuav nkag mus rau lub composer lub teb. Nws lub koob meej tau mus txog Paris txawm tias ua ntej nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1767. Boccherini cov hauj lwm tau ua tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cello, tab sis kuj rau nws qub "rival" - lub gamba. "Lub virtuosos ntawm cov cuab yeej no, ntau ntau nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XNUMX tshaj li cov cellists, sim lawv lub zog los ntawm kev ua cov haujlwm tshiab ntawm tus tswv los ntawm Lucca ntawm gamba."

Boccherini txoj haujlwm tau nrov heev thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. Tus composer yog hu nkauj nyob rau hauv nqe. Fayol muab ib zaj paj huam rau nws, muab piv rau nws nrog tus mos Sacchini thiab hu nws los saum ntuj los.

Nyob rau hauv lub 20s thiab 30s, Pierre Baio feem ntau ua si lub Boccherini ensembles nyob rau hauv qhib chamber yav tsaus ntuj nyob rau hauv Paris. Nws raug suav hais tias yog ib tus neeg ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Italian tus tswv suab paj nruag. Fetis sau tias thaum muaj ib hnub, tom qab Beethoven's quintet, Fetis hnov ​​​​Boccherini quintet ua los ntawm Bayo, nws zoo siab nrog "lub suab nkauj no yooj yim thiab tsis paub qab hau" uas ua raws li kev sib haum xeeb ntawm German tus tswv. Cov nyhuv yog amazing. Cov neeg mloog tau tsiv, zoo siab thiab bewitched. Zoo kawg li yog lub hwj chim ntawm kev tshoov siab emanating los ntawm tus ntsuj plig, uas muaj ib tug irresistible nyhuv thaum lawv emanate ncaj qha los ntawm lub plawv.

Lub suab paj nruag ntawm Boccherini tau hlub heev nyob rau hauv Russia. Nws tau ua thawj zaug hauv 70s ntawm XVIII caug xyoo. Nyob rau hauv lub 80s, lub Boccherini quartets tau muag nyob rau hauv Moscow nyob rau hauv Ivan Schoch lub "Dutch khw" nrog rau cov hauj lwm ntawm Haydn, Mozart, Pleyel, thiab lwm yam. Lawv tau nrov heev ntawm cov amateurs; lawv tau lossi ua si hauv tsev quartet lub rooj sib txoos. AO Smirnova-Rosset quotes cov lus hauv qab no ntawm IV Vasilchikov, hais rau tus naas ej fabulist IA Krylov, ib tug qub passionate music lover: E. Boccherini.— LR). Koj puas nco qab, Ivan Andreevich, koj thiab kuv ua si li cas txog thaum tsaus ntuj?

Quintets nrog ob lub cellos tau txaus siab ua rov qab rau xyoo 50s hauv lub voj voog ntawm II Gavrushkevich, uas tau mus xyuas los ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas Borodin: "AP Borodin tau mloog Boccherini's quintes nrog kev xav paub thiab kev xav hluas, nrog kev xav tsis thoob - Onslov, nrog kev hlub - Goebel ". Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, xyoo 1860, hauv tsab ntawv rau E. Lagroix, VF Odoevsky hais txog Boccherini, nrog rau Pleyel thiab Paesiello, twb yog tus sau tsis nco qab: "Kuv nco qab zoo heev lub sijhawm uas lawv tsis xav mloog lwm yam. tshaj Pleyel, Boccherini, Paesiello thiab lwm tus uas nws lub npe tau ntev lawm thiab tsis nco qab lawm. "

Tam sim no, tsuas yog B-flat loj cello concerto tau khaws cov kev kos duab los ntawm Boccherini cov cuab yeej cuab tam. Tej zaum tsis muaj ib tug cellist uas yuav tsis ua txoj haujlwm no.

Peb feem ntau ua tim khawv txog lub renaissance ntawm ntau tej hauj lwm ntawm cov suab paj nruag thaum ntxov, reborn rau concert lub neej. Leej twg paub? Tej zaum lub sij hawm yuav los txog rau Boccherini thiab nws cov khaub ncaws yuav rov ua suab nrov hauv chav tsev, nyiam cov neeg mloog nrog lawv cov ntxim nyiam ntxim nyiam.

L. Raaben