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lat. factura – manufacturing, processing, structure, from facio – Kuv ua, kuv nqa tawm, kuv daim ntawv; German Faktur, Satz - warehouse, Satzweise, Schreibweise - sau style; Fabkis facture, qauv, conformation – ntaus ntawv, ntxiv; Lus Askiv kev ntxhib los mos, kev ntxhib los mos, qauv, tsim-up; ital. qauv

Hauv kev nkag siab dav - ib qho ntawm ob sab ntawm cov suab paj nruag, suav nrog lub tswv yim zoo nkauj thiab kev xav ntawm lub suab paj nruag hauv kev sib koom ua ke nrog txhua txoj kev qhia; nyob rau hauv ib qho kev nqaim thiab ntau qhov kev txiav txim siab - qhov tshwj xeeb tsim ntawm lub suab paj nruag ntaub, kev nthuav qhia suab paj nruag.

Lo lus "kev ntxhib los mos" yog qhia nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog lub tswvyim ntawm "musical warehouse". Monodic. lub warehouse cia li tsuas yog "kab rov tav dimension" yam tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo ntsug. Nyob rau hauv nruj unison monodich. cov qauv (Gregorian chant, Znamenny chant) ib leeg taub hau. suab paj nruag ntaub thiab F. zoo ib yam. Kev nplua nuj monodic. F. txawv, piv txwv li, suab paj nruag ntawm sab hnub tuaj. cov neeg uas tsis paub polyphony: hauv Uzbek. and taj. Makome hu nkauj dubbed instr. ensemble nrog kev koom tes ntawm drums ua usul. Monodic. warehouse thiab F. yooj yim dhau mus rau hauv qhov tshwm sim nruab nrab ntawm monody thiab polyphony - mus rau hauv ib qho kev nthuav qhia heterophonic, qhov uas unison hu nkauj nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev ua tau zoo yuav nyuaj decomp. melodic-textural xaiv.

Lub essence ntawm polyphony. warehouse - kev sib raug zoo tib lub sijhawm. suab paj nruag. cov kab yog cov ywj pheej. txoj kev loj hlob ntawm uas (ntau dua los yog tsawg ywj siab ntawm consonances tshwm sim raws ntsug) constitutes lub logic ntawm lub muses. daim ntawv. Nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag polyphonic Cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub suab qhia ib qho kev nyiam rau kev ua haujlwm sib luag, tab sis lawv tuaj yeem ua tau ntau yam. Ntawm qhov zoo ntawm polyphonic F. creatures. ceev thiab sparseness ("viscosity" thiab "transporency") yog ib qho tseem ceeb, rau-rye yog tswj hwm los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm polyphonic. cov suab (tus tswv ntawm cov qauv nruj txaus siab sau rau 8-12 lub suab, khaws cia ib hom F. yam tsis muaj kev hloov pauv hauv sonority; Txawm li cas los xij, hauv pawg neeg nws yog ib qho kev cai los teeb tsa qhov zoo nkauj polyphony nrog lub teeb ob lossis peb lub suab, rau Piv txwv li, Crucifixus nyob rau hauv pawg neeg ntawm Palestrina). Palestrina tsuas yog piav qhia, thiab hauv kev sau dawb, cov txheej txheem polyphonic tau siv dav. thickening, thickening (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum kawg ntawm daim) nrog kev pab ntawm nce thiab txo, stretta (fugue hauv C-dur los ntawm 1st ntim ntawm Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier), kev sib txuas ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib txawv (coda ntawm qhov kawg ntawm Taneyev's symphony hauv c-moll). Hauv qhov piv txwv hauv qab no, cov ntaub ntawv thickening vim qhov ceev ceev ntawm cov lus qhia thiab cov ntaub ntawv loj hlob ntawm 1st (peb caug-ob) thiab thib 2 (chords) cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntsiab lus yog cov yam ntxwv:

JS Bach. Fugue hauv D-dur los ntawm 1st ntim ntawm Well-Tempered Clavier (bars 23-27).

Rau polyphonic F. yog ib qho ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm tus qauv, qhov tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm lub suab, thiab cov suab nrov tas li. Ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm polyphonic P. - fluidity; polyphony. F. yog qhov txawv los ntawm kev hloov kho tas li, tsis muaj cov lus rov hais dua thaum tuav tag nrho thematic. kev sib koom siab. Txhais tus nqi rau polyphonic. F. muaj suab nrov. thiab thematic ratio ntawm votes. Nrog rau tib lub sijhawm, ib qho choral F. tshwm hauv txhua lub suab. Qhov F. no tsis zoo ib yam rau chord-harmonic, txij li lub zog ntawm no yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev xa tawm ntawm cov suab paj nruag. kab hauv txhua lub suab, thiab tsis yog los ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo. verticals, piv txwv li:

F. d'Ana. Ib qho excerpt los ntawm motet.

Cov ntaub ntawv rov qab yog polyphonic. F., raws li tag nrho cov metrorhythm. kev ywj pheej ntawm lub suab, raws li nyob rau hauv lub mensural canons (saib piv txwv nyob rau hauv v. Canon, kem 692); feem ntau hom complementary polyphonic. F. yog txiav txim siab thematically. thiab suab paj nruag. zoo li lawv tus kheej. suab (nyob rau hauv imitations, canons, fugues, thiab lwm yam). Polyphonic F. tsis suav nrog lub suab nrov. stratification thiab tsis sib npaug ntawm cov suab: contrapuntal lub suab txav nyob rau hauv luv luv lub sij hawm tsim lub keeb kwm yav dhau rau cov tseem ceeb cantus firmus (nyob rau hauv masses thiab motets ntawm lub 15th-16th centuries, nyob rau hauv Bach lub cev choral kev npaj). Nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag tom qab lub sij hawm (19th thiab 20th centuries), polyphony ntawm txawv cov ntsiab lus tsim, tsim txawv txawv picturesque F. (piv txwv li, textured interweaving ntawm cov leitmotifs ntawm hluav taws, txoj hmoo, thiab Brünnhilde npau suav ntawm qhov xaus ntawm Wagner's opera Lub Valkyrie. ). Ntawm cov phenomena tshiab ntawm suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg: F. linear polyphony (lub zog ntawm harmonically thiab rhythmically uncorrelated suab, saib Milhaud's Chamber Symphonies); P., txuam nrog complex dissonant duplication ntawm polyphonic. suab thiab tig mus rau hauv polyphony ntawm txheej (feem ntau nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm O. Messiaen); "dematerialized" pointillistic. F. hauv op. A. Webern thiab qhov opposite polygon. hnyav orc. counterpoint los ntawm A. Berg thiab A. Schoenberg; polyphonic F. aleatory (hauv V. Lutoslavsky) thiab sonoristic. teebmeem (los ntawm K. Penderecki).

O. Messiaen. Epouvante (Rhythmic canon. Piv txwv No 50 los ntawm nws phau ntawv "The Technique of My Musical Language").

Feem ntau, lo lus "F." siv rau cov suab paj nruag harmonica. lub tsev khaws khoom. Nyob rau hauv ib tug immeasurable ntau yam ntawm harmonic hom. F. Thawj thiab yooj yim tshaj plaws yog nws txoj kev faib ua homophonic-harmonic thiab chordal tsim nyog (uas yog suav tias yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm homophonic-harmonic). Chordal F. yog monorhythmic: txhua lub suab tau teeb tsa hauv lub suab ntawm tib lub sijhawm (thaum pib ntawm Tchaikovsky's overture-fantasy Romeo thiab Juliet). Nyob rau hauv homophonic harmonic. F. kev kos duab ntawm cov suab paj nruag, ntses bass thaj tsam thiab cov suab sib ntxiv tau sib cais kom meej (thaum pib ntawm Chopin's c-moll nocturne). Cov nram qab no yog qhov txawv. harmonic kev nthuav qhia hom. consonances (Tyulin, 1976, ch. 3rd, 4th): a) harmonic. ib qho piv txwv ntawm chord-figurative hom, sawv cev rau ib lossis lwm hom kev nthuav qhia ntawm chord suab (prelude C-dur los ntawm 1st ntim ntawm Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier); b) suab paj nruag. figuration – repetition of a sound or chord (poem D-dur op. 32 No 2 by Scriabin); c) sib. duplicates, np. hauv octave nrog orc. kev nthuav qhia (ib minuet los ntawm Mozart's symphony nyob rau hauv g-moll) los yog ib tug ntev ob npaug rau ib tug thib peb, thib rau, thiab lwm yam., ua ib tug "tape zog" ("Musical Moment" op. 16 No 3 los ntawm Rachmaninov); d) ntau hom suab paj nruag. figurations, lub essence ntawm uas yog nyob rau hauv kev taw qhia ntawm melodic. kev sib haum xeeb. suab - teeb meem ntawm chord figuration los ntawm kev hla thiab pab. suab (etude c-moll op. 10 No 12 los ntawm Chopin), melodicization (choir thiab orchestra nthuav qhia lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thaum pib ntawm 4th painting "Sadko" los ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov) thiab polyphonization ntawm lub suab (qhia rau "Lohengrin" los ntawm Wagner), melodic-rhythmic "revitalization" org. point (4th painting "Sadko", tus naj npawb 151). Qhov muab systematization ntawm harmonic hom. F. yog feem ntau. Nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag, muaj ntau yam kev kawm tshwj xeeb, cov tsos ntawm uas thiab cov kev siv yog txiav txim los ntawm stylistic. cov qauv ntawm no suab paj nruag-keeb kwm. eras; yog li ntawd, keeb kwm ntawm F. yog sib cais los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, orchestration (ntau qhov dav, instrumentalism), thiab kev ua tau zoo.

Harmonic. warehouse thiab F. keeb kwm ntawm polyphony; Piv txwv li, Palestrina, uas zoo kawg nkaus xav tau kev zoo nkauj ntawm soberness, tuaj yeem siv cov duab ntawm cov chords tshwm sim los ntawm ntau qhov kev ntsuas nrog kev pab los ntawm complex polyphonic (canons) thiab chorus nws tus kheej. txhais tau tias (hla, duplications), qhuas kev sib haum xeeb, zoo li ib tug jeweler nrog ib lub pob zeb (Kyrie los ntawm pawg Pope Marcello, tuav 9-11, 12-15 - tsib counterpoint). Rau lub sijhawm ntev hauv instr. prod. composers ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th chorus yees. F. kev sau ntawv nruj tau pom tseeb (piv txwv li, hauv org. Hnia. Ya Sweelinka), thiab cov kws sau ntawv tau txais cov ntsiab lus nrog cov tswv yim yooj yim thiab kos duab sib xyaw ua ke. thiab polyphonic. F. (ex ua. J. Frescobaldi). Lub luag haujlwm qhia txog F. intensifies nyob rau hauv ntau lawm. 2nd poj niam txiv neej 17 in. (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, spatial-textural juxtapositions ntawm solo thiab tutti hauv Op. A. Corelli). Nkauj I. C. Bach yog cim los ntawm kev loj hlob siab tshaj ntawm F. (chaconne d-moll rau violin solo, "Goldberg Variations", "Brandenburg Concertos"), thiab hauv qee qhov virtuoso Op. (“Chromatic Fantasy and Fugue”; Fantasy G-dur for organ, BWV 572) Bach ua textural discoveries, tom qab siv los ntawm romantics. Lub suab paj nruag ntawm Viennese classics yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm kev sib haum xeeb thiab, raws li, qhov tseeb ntawm cov qauv textured. Cov kws sau nkauj tau siv cov ntsiab lus yooj yim thiab ua raws li cov qauv ntawm kev txav mus los (piv txwv li, cov duab xws li cov kab lus lossis arpeggios), uas tsis cuam tshuam nrog tus cwj pwm ntawm F. raws li lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb (saib, piv txwv li, qhov nruab nrab ntawm 4th variation los ntawm 1st txav ntawm Mozart's sonata No 11 A-dur, K.-V. 331); nyob rau hauv kev nthuav qhia thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntsiab lus los ntawm Allegri sonatas, motivic kev loj hlob tshwm sim nyob rau hauv parallel nrog textural txoj kev loj hlob (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab thiab kev sib txuas qhov chaw ntawm 1st txav ntawm Beethoven's Sonata No 1). Nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, feem ntau ntawm cov Romantic composers, muaj kev zam. ntau yam F. - qee zaum lush thiab ntau txheej, qee zaum xis nyob hauv tsev, qee zaum zoo heev quirky; muaj zog textural thiab stylistic sib txawv tshwm sim txawm nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm ib tug tswv (cf. sib txawv thiab muaj zog F. sonatas hauv h-moll rau piano. thiab impressionistically refined kos duab fp. ua si "Grey Clouds" los ntawm Liszt). Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. - tus kheej ntawm cov duab kos duab: kev txaus siab rau qhov txawv tshaj plaw, tshwj xeeb, tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev kos duab ntawm kev nyiam romantic, ua rau nws tsis lees paub cov duab hauv F. Cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb tau pom rau ntau qhov kev xaiv octave ntawm lub suab paj nruag (Liszt); lub sijhawm los txhim kho F. musicians pom, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm dav harmonies. cov duab (incl. h nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug txawv txawv daim ntawv raws li nyob rau hauv lub kawg fp. sonata b-moll Chopin), qee zaum tig yuav luag rau hauv polyphonic. kev nthuav qhia (lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib sab hauv kev nthuav qhia ntawm 1st ballad rau piano. Chopin). Textured ntau yam txhawb kev txaus siab ntawm cov neeg mloog hauv wok. thiab instr. Lub voj voog ntawm cov khoom me me, nws mus rau qee qhov txhawb nqa cov suab paj nruag hauv hom ncaj qha nyob ntawm F. - etudes, variations, rhapsodies. Niam Hlob Siab Zoo. tes, muaj polyphonization ntawm F. feem ntau (qhov kawg ntawm Frank's violin sonata) thiab harmonica. cov duab tshwj xeeb (8-ch. canon hauv kev taw qhia rau Wagner's Rhine Gold). Rus. musicians nrhiav tau ib qhov chaw ntawm sonorities tshiab nyob rau hauv textural tswv yim ntawm sab hnub tuaj. suab paj nruag (saib, tshwj xeeb, Balakirev's "Islamei"). Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. achievements ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam ntawm F. - ntxiv dag zog rau nws cov kev nplua nuj motivic, thematic. concentration (R. Wagner, kuv. Brahms): hauv qee qhov Op. qhov tseeb, tsis muaj ib qho kev ntsuas uas tsis yog-thematic. khoom siv (eg symphony hauv c-moll, piano. Taneyev Quintet, Rimsky-Korsakov's lig operas). Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm tus kheej F. yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm P.-kev sib haum xeeb thiab F.-timbre. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov tshwm sim yog tias nyob rau hauv ib qho xwm txheej, kev sib haum xeeb, raws li nws tau, dhau mus rau Ph., kev nthuav qhia tsis tau txiav txim siab ntau npaum li cas los ntawm lub suab muaj xws li los ntawm kev ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj: kev sib raug zoo ntawm "pem hauv ntej" ntawm chord. nrog rau ib leeg, nrog rau cov npe ntawm lub piano, nrog lub orchestra coj qhov tseem ceeb. pab pawg; Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj tsis yog qhov siab, tab sis qhov kev ntxhib los mos filling ntawm chord, piv txwv li e. coj li cas. Piv txwv ntawm F.-kev sib haum xeeb muaj nyob hauv Op. M AP Mussorgsky (piv txwv li, "Lub moos nrog chimes" los ntawm txoj cai thib 2. opera "Boris Godunov"). Tab sis feem ntau, qhov tshwm sim no ntau dua ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th: F.-kev sib haum xeeb feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm . A. N. Scriabin (thaum pib ntawm qhov rov tshwm sim ntawm 1st ntu ntawm 4th fp. sonatas; ua 7fp. sonatas; xeem chord fp. paj huam "Rau nplaim taws"), K. Debussy, S. AT. Rachmaninov. Hauv lwm qhov xwm txheej, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm F. thiab kev sib haum xeeb txiav txim siab lub timbre (fp. ua si "Skarbo" los ntawm Ravel), uas yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais nyob rau hauv orc. cov txheej txheem ntawm "sib txuas cov duab zoo sib xws", thaum lub suab tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev sib dhos. variants ntawm ib tug textured daim duab (ib tug txheej txheem paub ntev, tab sis brilliantly tsim nyob rau hauv cov qhab nia ntawm I. F.

Nyob rau hauv qhov kev thov ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. sib txawv ntawm kev hloov kho F. coexist. Raws li feem ntau cov qauv sib txawv tau sau tseg: kev ntxiv dag zog rau lub luag haujlwm ntawm F. feem ntau, suav nrog polyphonic. F., nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog lub predominance ntawm polyphony nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. (tshwj xeeb, raws li kev kho dua tshiab ntawm F. ntawm yav dhau los eras nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov neoclassical kev taw qhia); ntxiv rau tus kheej ntawm cov txheej txheem textural (F. yog qhov tseem ceeb "tsim" rau txhua txoj haujlwm tshiab, ib yam li ib tus neeg daim ntawv thiab kev sib haum xeeb yog tsim rau lawv); nrhiav pom - nrog rau kev sib haum xeeb tshiab. cov qauv – dissonant duplications (3 etudes op. 65 los ntawm Scriabin), qhov sib txawv ntawm tshwj xeeb complex thiab "refinedly yooj yim" F. (1 feem ntawm Prokofiev lub 5th piano concerto), thiab improvisational drawings. hom (Tsis muaj 24 "kab rov tav thiab ntsug" los ntawm Shchedrin's "Polyphonic Notebook"); ua ke ntawm thawj textural nta ntawm nat. nkauj kho siab kawg. thiab orc. txheej txheem prof. art-va (cov yeeb yuj ci "Symphonic Dances" Pwm. Comp. P. Rivilis thiab lwm yam haujlwm); nruam thematization ntawm F. c) tshwj xeeb, hauv serial thiab serial tej hauj lwm), ua rau tus kheej ntawm thematism thiab F.

Kev tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag tshiab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Cov khoom lag luam tsis yog ib txwm muaj, tsis hais txog kev sib haum xeeb lossis polyphonic, txiav txim siab txog ntau yam ntawm Ph.: cov khoom seem hauv qab no. qhia qhov tsis sib xws uas yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov suab paj nruag no, qhov tsis sib xws ntawm F. - sau npe stratification (kev ywj pheej), dynamic. thiab articulation. kev sib txawv:

P. Boulez. Piano Sonata No 1, pib ntawm 1st txav.

Tus nqi ntawm F. nyob rau hauv kos duab ntawm suab paj nruag. avant-garde yog coj mus rau logic. txwv, thaum F. yuav luag ib leeg xwb (nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej hauj lwm los ntawm K. Penderetsky) los yog kev koom ua ke. Lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov tseeb composer txoj hauj lwm (vocal. Stockhausen's "Stimmungen" sextet yog ib qho kev ntxhib los mos-timbre variation ntawm ib qho B-dur triad). F. improvisation nyob rau hauv muab suab los yog suab nrov. hauv - main. txais kev tswj hwm aleatorics (op. V. Lutoslavsky); lub teb ntawm F. suav nrog ib tug uncountable txheej ntawm sonoristic. inventions (ib phau ntawm sonoristic cov tswv yim - "Coloristic fantasy" rau lub Opera Slonimsky). Rau hluav taws xob thiab pob zeb ua suab paj nruag tsim yam tsis muaj kev lig kev cai. cov cuab yeej thiab txhais tau tias ntawm kev tua, lub tswv yim ntawm F., thaj, tsis muaj feem xyuam.

F. pov tseg txhais tau tias. shaping possibilities (Mazel, Zuckerman, 1967, pp. 331-342). Kev sib txuas ntawm daim ntawv thiab daim ntawv yog qhia nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias kev khaws cia ntawm ib tug muab cov qauv ntawm daim ntawv pab txhawb kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev tsim kho, nws cov kev hloov pauv txhawb kev dismemberment. F. tau ua haujlwm ntev los ua qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev hloov pauv hauv sec. ostinato thiab neostinatny variational cov ntaub ntawv, nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv qee kis loj dynamic. lub sijhawm ("Bolero" los ntawm Ravel). F. muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab hloov qhov tsos thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm muses. duab (ua lub leitmotif nyob rau hauv lub thib 1, nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob thiab code ntawm lub thib ob ib feem ntawm lub 2th piano sonata los ntawm Scriabin); textural hloov feem ntau yog siv nyob rau hauv reprises peb-tsav daim ntawv (4nd ib feem ntawm lub 2th piano sonata ntawm Beethoven; nocturne c-moll op. 16 los ntawm Chopin), nyob rau hauv lub refrain nyob rau hauv lub rondo (kawg ntawm lub piano sonata No. 48 ntawm Beethoven). Lub luag haujlwm ntawm F. yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov ntawv sonata (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog orc. compositions), nyob rau hauv uas cov ciam teb ntawm seem yog txiav txim los ntawm ib tug hloov nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua thiab, yog li ntawd, F. thematic. khoom. F. qhov kev hloov pauv dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb. txhais tau tias ntawm kev faib daim ntawv nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm lub xyoo pua 25th. ("Pacific 20" los ntawm Honegger). Hauv qee qhov kev sib xyaw tshiab, daim ntawv hloov pauv mus rau kev txiav txim siab rau kev tsim kho ntawm daim ntawv (piv txwv li, hauv cov ntawv hu ua rov ua dua raws li qhov hloov pauv ntawm ib qho kev tsim kho).

F. hom yog feem ntau txuas nrog def. hom (piv txwv li, seev cev suab paj nruag), uas yog lub hauv paus rau kev sib txuas hauv kev tsim khoom. Cov yam ntxwv sib txawv uas muab cov suab paj nruag ua kom zoo nkauj tsis meej pem (piv txwv ntawm qhov zoo li no hauv Chopin lub suab paj nruag: piv txwv li, Prelude No. 20 c-moll - kev sib xyaw ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm chorale, lub ntees tuag thiab lub passacaglia). F. khaws cov cim ntawm ib lossis lwm qhov keeb kwm lossis ib tus neeg muses. style (thiab, los ntawm koom haum, era): thiaj li hu. guitar accompaniment enables SI Taneev los tsim ib tug hloov maj mam stylization ntawm Lavxias teb sab thaum ntxov. elegies nyob rau hauv romance "Thaum, whirling, Autumn nplooj"; G. Berlioz nyob rau hauv lub thib 3 ib feem ntawm lub symphony "Romeo thiab Julia" los tsim ib lub teb chaws. thiab keeb kwm xim skillfully reproduces lub suab ntawm madrigal ib cappella ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th; R. Schumann sau cov suab paj nruag tiag tiag hauv Carnival. portraits F. Chopin thiab N. Paganini. F. yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub suab paj nruag. kev piav qhia, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev ntseeg hauv rooj plaub uas k.-l. tsheb khiav. Nrog kev pab los ntawm F. pom kev pom tseeb ntawm cov suab paj nruag tiav (qhia rau Wagner's Gold of the Rhine), tib lub sijhawm. tag nrho ntawm kev paub tsis meej thiab kev zoo nkauj ("Kev qhuas ntawm cov suab puam" los ntawm "Cov Zaj Dab Neeg ntawm Invisible City of Kitezh thiab Maiden Fevronia" los ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov), thiab qee zaum ntawm kev tshee hnyo ("lub plawv dhia hauv kev zoo siab" hauv MI Glinka txoj kev hlub. “Kuv Nco Txog Ib Lub Sijhawm Zoo”).

References: Sposobin I., Evseev S., Dubovsky I., Xyaum kawm txog kev sib haum xeeb, ntu 2, M., 1935; Skrebkov SS, Phau ntawv ntawm polyphony, ntu 1-2, M.-L., 1951, 1965; nws tus kheej, Kev Ntsuam Xyuas ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag, M., 1958; Milstein Ya., F. List, part 2, M., 1956, 1971; Grigoriev SS, On the melody of Rimsky-Korsakov, M., 1961; Grigoriev S., Muller T., Textbook of polyphony, M., 1961, 1977; Mazel LA, Zukkerman VA, Analysis of music works, M., 1967; Shchurov V., Nta ntawm polyphonic kev ntxhib los mos ntawm cov nkauj ntawm South Russia, nyob rau hauv sau: Los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab thiab Soviet suab paj nruag, M., 1971; Zukkerman VA, Analysis of music works. Variation form, M., 1974; Zavgorodnyaya G., Ib co nta ntawm kev ntxhib los mos nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm A. Onegger, "SM", 1975, Tsis muaj 6; Shaltuper Yu., Ntawm cov style ntawm Lutoslavsky nyob rau hauv lub 60s, nyob rau hauv: Teeb meem ntawm Suab paj nruag Science, vol. 3, M., 1975; ib. Tyulin Yu., Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm cov suab paj nruag zoo nkauj thiab cov duab melodic. Suab paj nruag zoo nkauj, M., 1976; Pankratov S., Nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm kev ntxhib los mos ntawm Scriabin lub piano compositions, nyob rau hauv: Cov teeb meem ntawm polyphony thiab tsom xam ntawm suab paj nruas tej hauj lwm (Txoj kev mus rau lub Gnesins State Musical thiab pedagogical lub koom haum, qhov teeb meem 20), M., 1976; nws, Cov Ntsiab Cai ntawm textured dramaturgy ntawm Scriabin's piano compositions, ibid.; Bershadskaya T., Lectures on harmony, L., 1978; Kholopova V., Faktura, M., 1979.

VP Frayonov