Fantasy |

los ntawm Greek pantaoia - kev xav; lat. thiab ital. fantasia, German Fantasia, Fabkis fantasia, eng. fantasy, fanny, phancy, fantasy

1) Ib hom kev ntaus suab paj nruag (qee zaus suab), cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus kheej uas tau hais tawm hauv kev sib txawv ntawm cov qauv ntawm kev tsim kho rau lawv lub sijhawm, tsawg dua nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus txawv txawv ntawm kev coj noj coj ua. kev sib xyaw ua ke. Cov tswv yim hais txog F. tau txawv ntawm cov suab paj nruag thiab keeb kwm sib txawv. era, tab sis nyob rau txhua lub sij hawm cov ciam teb ntawm hom tseem fuzzy: nyob rau hauv lub 16-17 centuries. F. sib koom nrog ricercar, toccata, hauv pem teb thib 2. XVIII caug xyoo - nrog ib tug sonata, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 18. - nrog ib zaj paj huam, thiab lwm yam Ph. yog ib txwm txuam nrog cov hom thiab cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj nyob rau ntawm ib lub sij hawm. Tib lub sijhawm, txoj haujlwm hu ua F. yog qhov sib txawv ntawm "cov ntsiab lus" (cov qauv, muaj txiaj ntsig) uas ib txwm muaj rau lub sijhawm no. Qib ntawm kev faib tawm thiab kev ywj pheej ntawm F. hom yog nyob ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov muses. cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm muab: lub sij hawm ntawm ib qho kev txiav txim, nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev los yog lwm yam nruj style (19th - thaum ntxov 16th centuries, baroque art ntawm lub 17st ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 1th), cim los ntawm ib tug "luxurious flowering" ntawm F.; Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, kev xoob ntawm cov qauv tsim "khoom" (romanticism) thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab (xyoo pua 18th) yog nrog los ntawm kev txo qis ntawm cov kev xav thiab kev nce hauv lawv lub koom haum. Lub evolution ntawm hom F. yog inseparable los ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm instrumentalism raws li ib tug tag nrho: lub periodization ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm F. coincides nrog lub sij hawm dav dav ntawm Western European. suab nkauj foob. F. yog ib hom ntawv qub tshaj plaws ntawm instr. suab paj nruag, tab sis, tsis zoo li feem ntau thaum ntxov instr. hom uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov poetic. hais lus thiab seev cev. kev txav mus los (canzona, suite), F. yog raws li cov suab paj nruag tsim nyog. qauv. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm F. hais txog qhov pib. Xyoo pua 20th Ib qho ntawm nws keeb kwm yog improvisation. B. h. thaum ntxov F. npaj rau plucked instruments: ntau. F. rau lub lute thiab vihuela tau tsim nyob rau hauv ltalis (F. da Milano, 16), Spain (L. Milan, 1547; M. de Fuenllana, 1535), Lub teb chaws Yelemees (S. Kargel), Fabkis (A. Rippe), England (T. Morley). F. rau clavier thiab lub cev tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim (F. hauv Organ Tablature los ntawm X. Kotter, Fantasia allegre los ntawm A. Gabrieli). Feem ntau lawv txawv los ntawm contrapuntal, feem ntau ua raws li kev cai. kev nthuav qhia; cov F. no nyob ze rau capriccio, toccata, tiento, canzone uas tsis yog ib txwm muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab vim li cas qhov kev ua si hu ua F. (piv txwv li, F. muab hauv qab no zoo li richercar). Lub npe nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog piav qhia los ntawm kev cai hu F. ib qho improvised los yog freely tsim ricercar (kev npaj ntawm lub suab motets, varied nyob rau hauv lub instr. ntsuj plig, kuj hu ua).

F. da Milano. Fantasy rau lutes.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th F. kuj tsis yog ib qho txawv, nyob rau hauv uas dawb tuav ntawm lub suab (sib koom, tshwj xeeb, nrog rau lub peculiarities ntawm lub suab ua rau plucked instruments) ua tau mus rau ib tug chord warehouse nrog ib tug passage-zoo li kev nthuav qhia.

L. Milan. Fantasy rau vihuela.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th F. tau nrov heev hauv tebchaws Askiv. G. Purcell hais txog nws (piv txwv li, "Fantasy rau ib lub suab"); J. Bull, W. Bird, O. Gibbons, thiab lwm yam virginalists coj F. los ze zog rau cov kev cai. Daim ntawv Askiv - hauv av (nws yog qhov tseem ceeb uas qhov txawv ntawm nws lub npe - zoo nkauj - coincides nrog ib lub npe ntawm F.). Lub heyday ntawm F. nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th. txuam nrog org. suab paj nruag. F. ntawm J. Frescobaldi yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm ardent, temperamental improvisation; Lub "chromatic fantasy" ntawm Amsterdam tus tswv J. Sweelinck (combines cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug yooj yim thiab complex fugue, ricercar, polyphonic variations) ua tim khawv txog lub hnub yug ntawm ib tug monumental instrument. style; S. Scheidt ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tib kev lig kev cai, to-ry hu ua F. contrapuntal. choral kev npaj thiab choral variations. Cov haujlwm ntawm cov organists thiab harpsichordists tau npaj cov kev ua tiav zoo ntawm JS Bach. Lub sijhawm no, tus cwj pwm rau F. tau txiav txim siab txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua siab zoo, zoo siab lossis ua yeeb yam. tus cwj pwm nrog kev ywj pheej ntawm kev sib hloov thiab kev loj hlob los yog quirkiness ntawm kev hloov ntawm muses. cov duab; yuav luag obligatory improvisation. ib lub ntsiab lus uas tsim cov kev xav ntawm kev qhia ncaj qha, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua si ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev xav dhau ntawm ib qho kev txiav txim siab sib xyaw ua ke. Nyob rau hauv lub cev thiab clavier tej hauj lwm ntawm Bach, F. yog lub feem ntau pathetic thiab romantic tshaj. hom ntawv. F. nyob rau hauv Bach (raws li nyob rau hauv D. Buxtehude thiab GF Telemann, uas siv lub da capo txoj cai nyob rau hauv F.) los yog ua ke nyob rau hauv ib lub voj voog nrog ib tug fugue, qhov twg, zoo li ib tug toccata los yog prelude, nws ua hauj lwm los npaj thiab ntxoov ntxoo tom ntej. piece (F. and fugue for organ g-moll, BWV 542), or use as an intro. partita in a suite (for violin and clavier A-dur, BWV 1025), partita (for clavier a-minor, BWV 827), or, kawg, exists as ywj. prod. (F. for organ G-dur BWV 572). Nyob rau hauv Bach, kev nruj ntawm lub koom haum tsis tawm tsam lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm dawb F. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Chromatic Fantasy thiab Fugue, kev ywj pheej ntawm kev nthuav qhia yog qhia nyob rau hauv ib tug bold ua ke ntawm ntau hom nta - org. improvisation kev ntxhib los mos, recitative thiab figurative ua ntawm chorale. Tag nrho cov seem yog tuav ua ke los ntawm cov logic ntawm kev txav ntawm cov yuam sij los ntawm T mus rau D, tom qab ntawd nres ntawm S thiab rov qab mus rau T (yog li, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm daim ntawv qub ob feem yog txuas mus rau F.). Ib daim duab zoo sib xws kuj yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm Bach lwm qhov kev xav; Txawm hais tias lawv feem ntau saturated nrog imitations, lub ntsiab shaping quab yuam nyob rau hauv lawv yog kev sib haum xeeb. Ladoharmonic. lub thav duab ntawm daim ntawv tuaj yeem nthuav tawm los ntawm cov org loj heev. cov ntsiab lus uas txhawb cov tonics ntawm cov yuam sij ua.

Muaj ntau yam tshwj xeeb ntawm Bach's F. yog qee qhov kev npaj choral (piv txwv li, "Fantasia super: Komm, heiliger Geist, Herre Gott", BWV 651), cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev loj hlob uas tsis ua txhaum cov kev cai ntawm cov choral ib hom ntawv nyeem. Kev txhais lus pub dawb tsis tshua muaj qhov txawv ntawm qhov kev xav tsis thoob, feem ntau tawm ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm FE Bach. Raws li nws cov lus hais (hauv phau ntawv "Kev paub txog qhov tseeb ntawm kev ua si ntawm clavier", 1753-62), "kev npau suav yog hu ua dawb thaum muaj cov yuam sij ntau ntxiv rau hauv nws dua li hauv ib daim ntawv tsim lossis improvised hauv cov ntsuas nruj ... Dawb fantasy muaj ntau yam kev sib haum xeeb uas tuaj yeem ua si hauv chords tawg lossis txhua hom kev sib txawv… Lub tactless free fantasy yog qhov zoo rau kev qhia txog kev xav. "

Tsis meej pem lyric. fantasies ntawm WA ​​Mozart (clavier F. d-moll, K.-V. 397) ua tim khawv rau romantic. txhais hom ntawv. Hauv cov xwm txheej tshiab lawv ua tiav lawv txoj haujlwm ntev. tej daim (tab sis tsis yog mus rau lub fugue, tab sis mus rau lub sonata: F. thiab sonata c-moll, K.-V. 475, 457), recreate lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm alternating homophonic thiab polyphonic. kev nthuav qhia (org. F. f-moll, K.-V. 608; scheme: AB A1 C A2 B1 A3, qhov twg B yog fugue sections, C yog variations). I. Haydn tau qhia F. rau lub quartet (op. 76 No 6, part 2). L. Beethoven tau sib sau ua ke lub koom haum ntawm sonata thiab F. los ntawm kev tsim lub npe nrov 14th sonata, op. 27 No 2 – “Sonata quasi una Fantasia” and the 13th sonata op. 27 Tsis yog 1. Nws coj mus rau F. lub tswv yim ntawm symphony. kev loj hlob, virtuoso qualities instr. concerto, lub monumentality ntawm lub oratorio: nyob rau hauv F. rau piano, hu nkauj thiab orchestra c-moll op. 80 raws li ib zaj nkauj rau kev ua yeeb yam suab nrov (hauv C-dur nruab nrab, sau rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev hloov pauv) lub ntsiab lus, tom qab siv los ua "lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev xyiv fab" hauv qhov kawg ntawm 9th symphony.

Romantics, piv txwv li. F. Schubert (series ntawm F. rau pianoforte hauv 2 thiab 4 tes, F. rau violin thiab pianoforte op. 159), F. Mendelssohn (F. rau pianoforte op. 28), F. Liszt (org. and pianoforte. F. .) thiab lwm tus, txhawb F. nrog rau ntau yam zoo, ua kom tob txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm uas tau tshwm sim yav dhau los hauv hom ntawv no (R. Schumann, F. rau piano C-dur op. 17). Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb, txawm li cas los xij, qhov "romantic. kev ywj pheej”, tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, rau qhov tsawg kawg nkaus kev txhawj xeeb F. Nws siv ntau hom ntawv – sonata (AN Skryabin, F. rau piano hauv h-moll op. 28; S. Frank, org. F. A -dur), sonata voj voog (Schumann, F. rau piano C-dur op. 17). Feem ntau, rau F. 19th caug xyoo. Cov yam ntxwv, ntawm ib sab, yog fusion nrog dawb thiab sib xyaw ua ke (nrog rau cov paj huam), thiab ntawm qhov tod tes, nrog rhapsodies. Mn. Cov ntawv sau uas tsis muaj lub npe F., hauv qhov tseem ceeb, yog lawv (S. Frank, "Prelude, Chorale thiab Fugue", "Prelude, Aria thiab Finale"). Rus. composers qhia F. mus rau hauv lub sphere ntawm lub wok. (MI Glinka, "Venetian Night", "Hmo ntuj Review") thiab symphony. suab paj nruag: hauv lawv txoj haujlwm muaj qhov tshwj xeeb. orc. ntau hom ntawv yog cov symphonic fantasy (SV Rachmaninov, Cliff, op. 7; AK Glazunov, Hav zoov, op. 19, Hiav txwv, op. 28, thiab lwm yam). Lawv muab F. ib yam dab tsi txawv ntawm Lavxias. tus cwj pwm (MP Mussorgsky, "Hmo ntuj ntawm Bald Mountain", daim ntawv uas, raws li tus sau, yog "Lavxias teb sab thiab thawj"), ces tus nyiam oriental (MA Balakirev, sab hnub tuaj F. "Islamey" rau fp.), ces zoo heev (AS Dargomyzhsky, "Baba Yaga" rau orchestra) xim; muab nws cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb (PI Tchaikovsky, "Lub Tempest", F. rau orchestra raws li kev ua yeeb yam ntawm tib lub npe los ntawm W. Shakespeare, op. 18; "Francesca da Rimini", F. rau orchestra ntawm zaj duab xis. 1st nkauj ntawm ntuj raug txim los ntawm "Divine Comedy" los ntawm Dante, op.32).

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th F. raws li kev ywj pheej. hom ntawv tsis tshua muaj (M. Reger, Choral F. rau lub cev; O. Respighi, F. rau piano thiab orchestra, 1907; JF Malipiero, Txhua Hnub Fantasy rau orchestra, 1951; O. Messiaen, F. rau violin thiab piano; M. Tedesco, F. rau 6-txoj hlua guitar thiab piano; A. Copland, F. rau piano; A. Hovaness, F. los ntawm Suite rau piano “Shalimar”; N (I. Peiko, Concert F. rau horn thiab chamber Qee lub sij hawm neoclassical tendencies tshwm sim hauv F. (F. Busoni, "Counterpoint F."; P. Hindemith, sonatas rau viola thiab piano - hauv F, 1st ntu, hauv S., 3rd part; K. Karaev, sonata rau violin thiab piano, finale, J. Yuzeliunas, concerto rau lub cev, 1st txav). violin thiab piano; F. Fortner, F. ntawm lub ntsiab lus "BACH" rau 20 pianos, 2 solo instruments thiab orchestra), sonor-aleatoric. techniques (SM Slonimsky, "Coloristic F." for piano).

Hauv pem teb 2. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb ib hom ntawv nyeem ntawm philosophicism - lub creation ntawm ib tug neeg, improvisationally ncaj qha (feem ntau nrog ib tug nyiam los ntawm) daim ntawv - yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem, thiab nyob rau hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, ntau yam tshiab compositions (rau Piv txwv li, 4th thiab 5th pianos sonatas los ntawm BI Tishchenko) ua ke nrog F.

2) Pab txhawb. ib qho kev txhais qhia txog kev ywj pheej ntawm kev txhais lus decomp. hom: waltz-F. (MI Glinka), Impromptu-F., Polonaise-F. (F. Chopin, op. 66,61), sonata-F. (AN Scriabin, op. 19), overture-F. (PI Tchaikovsky, "Romeo thiab Juliet"), F. Quartet (B. Britten, "Fantasy quartet" rau oboe thiab hlua. trio), recitative-F. (S. Frank, sonata rau violin thiab piano, ntu 3), F.-burlesque (O. Messiaen), thiab lwm yam.

3) Feem ntau hauv 19-20 centuries. yam instr. lub orc. suab paj nruag, raws li kev siv dawb ntawm cov ntsiab lus qiv los ntawm lawv tus kheej sau los yog los ntawm cov hauj lwm ntawm lwm cov neeg sau ntawv, nrog rau cov lus dab neeg (los yog sau rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm pej xeem). Nyob ntawm qhov degree ntawm kev muaj tswv yim. reworking cov ntsiab lus ntawm F. yog tsim ib tug tshiab artistic tag nrho thiab ces mus rau paraphrase, rhapsody (ntau fantasies ntawm Liszt, "Serbian F." rau Rimsky-Korsakov lub orchestra, "F. ntawm Ryabinin lub ntsiab lus" rau piano nrog Arensky lub orchestra, "Cinematic F. ” ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub suab paj nruag farce "The Bull on the Roof" rau violin thiab orchestra Milhaud, thiab lwm yam), lossis yog ib qho yooj yim "montage" ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab nqe lus, zoo ib yam li potpourri (F. ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm classical operettas, F. ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov nkauj nrov composers, thiab lwm yam).

4) Creative fantasy (German Phantasie, Fantasie) - lub peev xwm ntawm tib neeg kev nco qab los sawv cev (sab hauv lub zeem muag, hnov) qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev muaj tiag, qhov tshwm sim ntawm keeb kwm txiav txim los ntawm cov zej zog. kev paub thiab kev ua ub no ntawm noob neej, thiab rau lub hlwb tsim los ntawm kev sib txuas thiab ua cov tswv yim no (ntawm txhua theem ntawm lub hlwb, nrog rau kev xav thiab kev xav) ntawm kev kos duab. duab. Txais nyob rau hauv owls. science (psychology, aesthetics) kev nkag siab ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev muaj tswv yim. F. yog raws li Marxist txoj hauj lwm ntawm keeb kwm. thiab cov zej zog. conditionality ntawm tib neeg kev nco qab thiab nyob rau ntawm Leninist txoj kev xav ntawm kev xav. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th muaj lwm yam kev xav txog qhov xwm ntawm creativity. F., uas tau xav txog hauv cov lus qhia ntawm Z. Freud, CG Jung thiab G. Marcuse.

References: 1) Kuznetsov KA, Suab paj nruag thiab keeb kwm portraits, M., 1937; Mazel L., Fantasia f-moll Chopin. Cov kev paub ntawm kev tsom xam, M., 1937, tib yam, hauv nws phau ntawv: Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Chopin, M., 1971; Berkov VO, Chromatic fantasy J. Sweelinka. Los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, M., 1972; Miksheeva G., Symphonic fantasies ntawm A. Dargomyzhsky, nyob rau hauv phau ntawv: Los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab thiab Soviet suab paj nruag, vol. 3, M., 1978; ib. Protopopov VV, Essays los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv instrumental ntawm 1979th - thaum ntxov xyoo pua XNUMX, M., XNUMX.

3) Marx K. thiab Engels R., On Art, vol. 1, M., 1976; Lenin VI, Materialism thiab empirio-criticism, Poln. coll. ib., 5th ed., v. 18; nws tus kheej, Philosophical Notebooks, ibid., vol. 29; Ferster NP, Creative fantasy, M., 1924; Vygotsky LS, Psychology of art, M., 1965, 1968; Averintsev SS, "Analytical Psychology" K.-G. Jung thiab cov qauv ntawm kev muaj tswv yim fantasy, hauv: Ntawm Modern Bourgeois Aesthetics, vol. 3, M., 1972; ib. Davydov Yu., Marxist historicism thiab qhov teeb meem ntawm kev kub ntxhov ntawm kev kos duab, hauv kev sau: Niaj hnub nimno bourgeois art, M., 1975; nws, Art in the social philosophy of G. Marcuse, in: Critique of modern bourgeois sociology of art, M., 1978.

TS Kyuregyan