Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy (Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy) |

Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy

Qhov no yog Mozart ntawm lub xyoo pua puv XNUMX, lub suab paj nruag ci ntsa iab tshaj plaws, uas paub meej txog qhov tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm lub sijhawm thiab qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm txhua qhov kev sib haum xeeb. R. Schumann

F. Mendelssohn-Bartholdy yog tus kws sau nkauj German ntawm Schumann tiam, tus thawj coj, tus kws qhia, pianist, thiab kws qhia suab paj nruag. Nws ntau yam kev ua ub no yog subordinated rau lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab loj tshaj plaws - nws tau pab txhawb lub suab paj nruag lub neej ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees, ntxiv dag zog rau nws cov kev coj noj coj ua hauv teb chaws, kev kawm ntawm cov pej xeem thiab cov kws tshaj lij.

Mendelssohn tau yug los rau hauv tsev neeg nrog kev coj noj coj ua ntev. Yawg ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej composer yog ib tug philosopher nto moo; leej txiv - lub taub hau ntawm lub tsev txhab nyiaj, ib tug neeg txawj ntse, ib tug zoo connoisseur ntawm kev ua yeeb yam - muab nws tus tub kawm zoo heev. Xyoo 1811, tsev neeg tau tsiv mus rau Berlin, qhov chaw Mendelssohn tau kawm los ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv uas muaj kev hwm tshaj plaws - L. Berger (piano), K. Zelter (suab paj nruag). G. Heine, F. Hegel, TA Hoffmann, cov kwv tij Humboldt, KM Weber tau mus xyuas lub tsev Mendelssohn. JW Goethe tau mloog qhov kev ua si ntawm kaum ob xyoo pianist. Kev sib ntsib nrog tus kws sau paj huam zoo hauv Weimar tseem yog qhov zoo nkauj tshaj plaws ntawm kuv cov hluas.

Kev sib txuas lus nrog cov kws ua yeeb yam loj, ntau yam kev nyiam suab paj nruag, tuaj koom cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm University of Berlin, qhov chaw pom kev zoo siab uas Mendelssohn loj hlob tuaj - txhua tus pab txhawb rau nws txoj kev loj hlob sai thiab sab ntsuj plig. Txij li thaum muaj hnub nyoog 9 xyoos, Mendelssohn tau ua yeeb yam ntawm theem kev hais kwv txhiaj, thaum ntxov 20s. nws thawj zaug sau. Twb tau nyob rau hauv nws cov hluas, Mendelssohn cov kev kawm tau pib. Qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm JS Bach's Matthew Passion (1829) nyob rau hauv nws cov kev taw qhia tau los ua ib qho kev tshwm sim keeb kwm hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees, tau txais kev txhawb zog rau kev txhawb siab ntawm Bach txoj haujlwm. Xyoo 1833-36. Mendelssohn tuav txoj haujlwm ntawm tus thawj coj suab paj nruag hauv Düsseldorf. Lub siab xav nce qib ntawm kev ua tau zoo, kom rov ua kom rov zoo dua nrog cov haujlwm qub (oratorios los ntawm GF Handel thiab I. Haydn, operas los ntawm WA ​​Mozart, L. Cherubini) tau khiav mus rau qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm lub nroog cov tub ceev xwm, lub inertness ntawm lub German burgers.

Mendelssohn txoj haujlwm hauv Leipzig (txij li xyoo 1836) ua tus thawj coj ntawm Gewandhaus orchestra tau pab txhawb rau kev vam meej tshiab ntawm lub suab paj nruag lub nroog, twb nyob rau xyoo 100th. nto moo rau nws cov kab lis kev cai. Mendelssohn nrhiav kev nyiam cov neeg mloog rau cov haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev kos duab yav dhau los (lub oratorios ntawm Bach, Handel, Haydn, Solemn Mass thiab Beethoven's Ninth Symphony). Cov hom phiaj kev kawm kuj tau ua raws li lub voj voog ntawm keeb kwm concerts - ib hom panorama ntawm kev txhim kho suab paj nruag los ntawm Bach mus rau cov neeg sau ntawv niaj hnub Mendelssohn. Nyob rau hauv Leipzig, Mendelssohn muab concerts ntawm piano suab paj nruag, ua Bach lub cev ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub St. Thomas lub tsev teev ntuj, qhov twg lub "zoo cantor" ua hauj lwm rau 1843 xyoo dhau los. Nyob rau hauv 38, nyob rau hauv lub teg num ntawm Mendelssohn, thawj conservatory nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees tau qhib nyob rau hauv Leipzig, nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm conservatories tau tsim nyob rau hauv lwm lub nroog German. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo Leipzig, Mendelssohn txoj hauj lwm tau mus txog nws lub siab tshaj plaws flowering, kev loj hlob, kev txawj ntse (Violin Concerto, Scottish Symphony, suab paj nruag rau Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, phau ntawv kawg ntawm Cov Nkauj Tsis Muaj Lus, oratorio Elijah, thiab lwm yam). Tsis tu ncua, kev siv zog ntawm kev ua yeeb yam thiab qhia kev ua ub no maj mam ua rau lub zog ntawm tus kws sau ntawv. Kev ua haujlwm hnyav heev, kev poob ntawm cov neeg hlub (qhov kev tuag tam sim ntawm Fanny tus viv ncaus) coj kev tuag los ze zog. Mendelssohn tuag thaum muaj hnub nyoog XNUMX.

Mendelssohn tau nyiam los ntawm ntau hom thiab cov ntaub ntawv, ua tau zoo. Nrog kev txawj ntse sib npaug nws tau sau rau symphony orchestra thiab piano, hu nkauj thiab lub cev, chamber ensemble thiab lub suab, nthuav tawm qhov tseeb versatility ntawm txuj ci, siab tshaj professionalism. Thaum pib ntawm nws txoj hauj lwm, thaum muaj hnub nyoog 17 xyoo, Mendelssohn tau tsim lub overture "Ib Ib Hmo Ntuj Hmo Ntuj Npau Suav" - ib txoj hauj lwm uas ntaus nws cov neeg nrog rau cov organic conception thiab embodiment, kev loj hlob ntawm composer cov txheej txheem thiab lub freshness thiab nplua nuj ntawm kev xav. . "Lub paj tawg ntawm cov hluas tau hnov ​​​​ntawm no, zoo li, tej zaum, tsis muaj lwm txoj haujlwm ntawm tus kws sau ntawv, tus tswv tiav ua nws thawj zaug tawm hauv lub sijhawm zoo siab." Nyob rau hauv ib qho kev txav mus los, kev tshoov siab los ntawm Shakespeare's comedy, cov ciam teb ntawm tus kws sau nkauj lub ntiaj teb suab paj nruag thiab paj huam tau txhais. Qhov no yog lub teeb fantasy nrog kov ntawm scherzo, davhlau, kev ua si txawv txawv (zoo heev seev cev ntawm elves); lyrical dluab uas muab kev nyiam romantic, excitement thiab clarity, nobility ntawm kev qhia; folk-genre thiab pictorial, epic dluab. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev hais kwv txhiaj overture tsim los ntawm Mendelssohn tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag symphonic ntawm lub xyoo pua 40th. (G. Berlioz, F. Liszt, M. Glinka, P. Tchaikovsky). Thaum ntxov XNUMXs. Mendelssohn rov qab mus rau Shakespearean comedy thiab sau nkauj rau kev ua si. Cov lej zoo tshaj plaws tau ua ib qho kev sib tw orchestral, khov kho hauv kev hais kwv txhiaj repertoire (Overture, Scherzo, Intermezzo, Nocturne, Wedding March).

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntau yam ntawm Mendelssohn tej hauj lwm yog txuas nrog lub neej impressions los ntawm kev mus rau ltalis ( tshav ntuj, permeated nrog yav qab teb lub teeb thiab sov so "Italian Symphony" - 1833), raws li zoo raws li rau sab qaum teb lub teb chaws - England thiab Scotland (duab ntawm hiav txwv keeb kwm, sab qaum teb epic nyob rau hauv lub overtures "Fingal's Cave" ("Hebrides"), "Sea Silence thiab Zoo Siab Sailing" (ob leeg 1832), nyob rau hauv "Scottish" Symphony (1830-42).

Lub hauv paus ntawm Mendelssohn txoj haujlwm piano yog "Cov Nkauj Tsis Muaj Cov Lus" (48 daim, 1830-45) - piv txwv zoo ntawm cov nkauj me me, ib hom nkauj tshiab ntawm cov suab paj nruag romantic. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub spectacular bravura pianism uas yog dav nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawd, Mendelssohn tsim tej daim nyob rau hauv ib tug chamber style, nthuav tawm saum toj no tag nrho cov cantilena, melodious possibilities ntawm lub twj paj nruag. Tus kws sau nkauj kuj tau nyiam los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev hais kwv txhiaj - kev ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj, kev lom zem, kev lom zem sib raug zoo rau nws qhov kev ua yeeb yam (2 concertos rau piano thiab orchestra, Brilliant Capriccio, Brilliant Rondo, thiab lwm yam). Tus naas ej Violin Concerto nyob rau hauv E me me (1844) tau nkag mus rau classical fund ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem nrog rau concertos los ntawm P. Tchaikovsky, I. Brahms, A. Glazunov, J. Sibelius. Lub oratorios "Paul", "Eliyah", lub cantata "Thawj Walpurgis Hmo" (raws li Goethe) tau ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau keeb kwm ntawm cantata-oratorio hom. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm thawj kab lig kev cai ntawm German suab paj nruag tau txuas ntxiv los ntawm Mendelssohn's preludes thiab fugues rau lub cev.

Tus kws sau nkauj tau npaj ntau lub suab nkauj ua haujlwm rau cov neeg nyiam ua yeeb yam hauv Berlin, Düsseldorf thiab Leipzig; thiab chamber compositions (suab nkauj, suab paj nruag thiab instrumental ensembles) - rau amateur, tsev suab paj nruag-ua, nrov heev nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees txhua lub sij hawm. Kev tsim cov nkauj zoo li no, hais rau cov neeg paub txog kev ua haujlwm, thiab tsis yog rau cov kws tshaj lij xwb, tau pab txhawb rau kev siv ntawm Mendelssohn lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev muaj tswv yim - qhia cov kev nyiam ntawm cov pej xeem, nquag qhia nws mus rau cov cuab yeej cuab tam loj, zoo nkauj heev.

I. Okhalova

• Creative txoj kev →
• Symphonic creativity →
• Kev kho mob →
• Cov lus qhia →
• Piano creativity →
• «Cov nkauj tsis muaj lus» →
• Txoj hlua quartets →
• Daim ntawv teev cov haujlwm →

Qhov chaw thiab txoj hauj lwm ntawm Mendelssohn hauv keeb kwm ntawm German suab paj nruag tau raug txheeb xyuas los ntawm PI Tchaikovsky. Mendelssohn, nyob rau hauv nws cov lus, "yuav ib txwm nyob twj ywm ib tug qauv ntawm impeccable purity ntawm style, thiab tom qab nws yuav tau lees paub ib tug sharply txhais suab paj nruas tus kheej, daj ntseg ua ntej lub radiance ntawm tej geniuses xws li Beethoven - tab sis siab heev los ntawm cov neeg coob coob ntawm cov kws txawj tshuab raj. ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv German. "

Mendelssohn yog ib qho ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam uas nws lub tswv yim thiab kev siv tau mus txog qhov kev sib koom ua ke thiab kev ncaj ncees uas qee qhov ntawm nws cov neeg ua yeeb yam ntawm cov txuj ci ci ntsa iab thiab loj dua tsis tas yuav tswj kom ua tiav.

Txoj kev muaj tswv yim ntawm Mendelssohn tsis paub tam sim ntawd kev puas tsuaj thiab kev tsim kho tshiab, kev kub ntxhov thiab kev nce siab. Qhov no tsis tau txhais hais tias nws tau mus tsis xav thiab tsis muaj huab. Nws thawj tus neeg "daim ntawv thov" rau tus tswv thiab tus tsim ywj pheej - kev tshaj tawm "Ib Hmo Ntuj Hmo Ntuj Npau Suav" - yog lub hlaws ntawm cov suab paj nruag symphonic, cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab lub hom phiaj, npaj los ntawm kev cob qhia ntau xyoo.

Qhov loj ntawm cov kev paub tshwj xeeb uas tau txais los ntawm thaum yau, ntau yam kev txawj ntse kev loj hlob tau pab Mendelssohn thaum kaj ntug ntawm nws lub neej muaj tswv yim kom qhia meej txog lub voj voog ntawm cov duab uas nyiam nws, uas tau ntev ntev, yog tias tsis mus tas li, ntes nws txoj kev xav. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm ib tug captivating fairy taleas, zoo li nws tau pom nws tus kheej. Kos qhov kev ua si zoo nkauj ntawm cov duab tsis pom tseeb, Mendelssohn ua piv txwv qhia nws lub zeem muag poetic ntawm lub ntiaj teb tiag. Kev paub txog lub neej, kev paub txog ntau pua xyoo ntawm kev coj noj coj ua muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txawj ntse, qhia "kev kho" rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txhim kho kev kos duab, ua kom cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov suab paj nruag, ntxiv rau nws nrog cov kev xav tshiab thiab ntxoov ntxoo.

Txawm li cas los xij, kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Mendelssohn cov txuj ci suab paj nruag tau ua ke nrog qhov nqaim ntawm nws qhov muaj tswv yim ntau. Mendelssohn nyob deb ntawm kev mob siab rau kev xav ntawm Schumann, qhov kev zoo siab ntawm Berlioz, qhov xwm txheej thiab lub teb chaws-patriotic heroics ntawm Chopin. Kev xav muaj zog, tus ntsuj plig ntawm kev tawm tsam, kev tshawb nrhiav tsis tu ncua rau cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, nws tawm tsam qhov kev xav ntawm kev xav thiab kev sov siab ntawm tib neeg txoj kev xav, kev nruj nruj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Mendelssohn tus qauv kev xav, cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws cov suab paj nruag, nrog rau cov hom uas nws tsim, tsis mus dhau lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev kos duab ntawm romanticism.

Midsummer Night's Dream los yog Hebrides tsis muaj tsawg romantic tshaj li tej hauj lwm ntawm Schumann los yog Chopin, Schubert los yog Berlioz. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm ntau-sab suab paj nruag romanticism, nyob rau hauv uas muaj ntau yam tam sim no intersected, thaum xub thawj siab ib muag zoo li polar.

Mendelssohn adjoins tis ntawm German romanticism, uas yog los ntawm Weber. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab fantasy tus yam ntxwv ntawm Weber, lub ntiaj teb animated ntawm xwm, paj huam ntawm deb legends thiab tales, hloov tshiab thiab nthuav, shimmers nyob rau hauv Mendelssohn lub suab paj nruag nrog tshiab pom muaj yeeb yuj tones.

Ntawm ntau yam ntawm cov ntsiab lus romantic tau kov los ntawm Mendelssohn, cov ntsiab lus muaj feem xyuam nrog lub ntiaj teb ntawm kev npau suav tau txais qhov kev ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws. Tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi tsaus ntuj nti lossis dab phem nyob hauv Mendelssohn txoj kev npau suav. Cov no yog cov duab ci ntsa iab ntawm cov xwm txheej, yug los ntawm pej xeem kev npau suav thiab tawg nyob rau hauv ntau zaj dab neeg, dab neeg, los yog kev tshoov siab los ntawm epic thiab keeb kwm legends, qhov twg kev muaj tiag thiab fantasy, kev muaj tiag thiab poetic ntawv tseeb yog sib cuam tshuam.

Los ntawm pej xeem keeb kwm ntawm figurativeness - lub unobscured coloring, uas lub lightness thiab kev tshav ntuj, mos lyrics thiab ya ntawm Mendelssohn's "zoo heev" suab paj nruag yog li ib txwm sib haum xeeb.

Lub ntsiab lus romantic ntawm xwm yog tsis muaj tsawg ze thiab ntuj rau cov artist. Tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev piav qhia sab nraud, Mendelssohn qhia qee qhov "kev xav" ntawm toj roob hauv pes nrog cov tswv yim zoo tshaj plaws, evoking nws lub siab lub ntsws.

Mendelssohn, tus kws tshaj lij ntawm cov suab paj nruag toj roob hauv pes, sab laug cov nplooj ntawv zoo nkauj ntawm cov suab paj nruag hauv cov haujlwm xws li Hebrides, Ib Hmo Ntuj Hmo Ntuj Npau Suav, Scottish Symphony. Tab sis cov duab ntawm xwm, fantasy (feem ntau lawv yog inextricably woven) yog imbued nrog mos lyricism. Lyricism - qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Mendelssohn lub peev xwm - xim tag nrho nws txoj haujlwm.

Txawm hais tias nws tau cog lus rau kev kos duab yav dhau los, Mendelssohn yog tus tub ntawm nws hnub nyoog. Lub lyrical nam ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, lub lyrical keeb predetermined cov kev taw qhia ntawm nws artistic searches. Kev sib koom ua ke nrog cov qauv dav dav hauv cov suab paj nruag Romantic yog Mendelssohn qhov kev xav tsis tu ncua nrog cov cuab yeej me me. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau cov kos duab ntawm classicism thiab Beethoven, uas cultivated complex monumental forms, commensate nrog lub philosophical generalization ntawm lub neej txheej txheem, nyob rau hauv lub kos duab ntawm lub Romantics, lub forefront yog muab rau zaj nkauj, ib tug me me instrumental me me. Txhawm rau ntes qhov hloov maj mam thiab hloov pauv hloov pauv ntawm kev xav, cov ntaub ntawv me me tau dhau los ua cov organic tshaj plaws.

Kev sib raug zoo nrog kev ywj pheej niaj hnub kos duab tau ua kom "lub zog" ntawm hom tshiab ntawm kev tsim suab paj nruag, pab txhim kho qee yam kev lig kev cai rau nws. Txij li thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX, lyrical instrumental me me tau coj txoj haujlwm ntawm ib qho ntawm cov thawj coj. Cov sawv cev dav dav hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Weber, Field, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Schubert, hom khoom siv me me tau sawv qhov kev sim ntawm lub sijhawm, txuas ntxiv mus thiab txhim kho nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tshiab ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. Mendelssohn yog tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Schubert. Charming miniatures txuas nrog Schubert's impromptu - pianoforte Nkauj Tsis Muaj Lus. Cov khoom no ntxim nyiam nrog lawv lub siab dawb paug, simplicity thiab lub siab dawb paug, ua tiav ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, kev tshav ntuj tshwj xeeb thiab kev txawj ntse.

Ib qho lus piav qhia meej ntawm Mendelssohn txoj haujlwm yog muab los ntawm Anton Grigorievich Rubinshtein: “… piv nrog lwm tus kws sau ntawv zoo, nws (Mendelssohn. – VG) tsis muaj qhov tob, qhov hnyav, loj heev…”, tab sis “…tag nrho nws cov kev tsim tawm yog tus qauv ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm daim ntawv, txheej txheem thiab kev sib haum xeeb… Nws “Cov Nkauj Tsis Muaj Lus” yog cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm cov lus thiab piano ntxim nyiam… Nws “Violin Concerto” yog qhov tshwj xeeb hauv qhov tshiab, kev zoo nkauj thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ... Cov haujlwm no (ntawm Rubinstein suav nrog Ib Hmo Hmo Npau Suav thiab Fingal's Qhov tsua. – VG) ... muab nws tso rau hauv qhov sib npaug nrog cov neeg sawv cev siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev kos duab suab paj nruag ... "

Mendelssohn tau sau ntau yam haujlwm hauv ntau hom. Ntawm lawv muaj ntau yam hauj lwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv loj: oratorios, symphonies, kev hais kwv txhiaj overtures, sonatas, concertos (piano thiab violin), ib tug ntau ntawm instrumental chamber-semble suab paj nruag: trios, quartets, quintets, octets. Muaj cov suab paj nruag thiab cov suab paj nruag, thiab cov suab paj nruag rau kev ua yeeb yam. Cov khoom plig tseem ceeb tau them los ntawm Mendelssohn rau qhov nrov hom suab paj nruag; Nws tau sau ntau daim solo rau cov twj paj nruag (tsuas yog rau piano) thiab rau lub suab.

Muaj nuj nqis thiab nthuav yog muaj nyob rau hauv txhua cheeb tsam ntawm Mendelssohn txoj hauj lwm, nyob rau hauv ib yam ntawm cov npe teev. Txhua yam zoo ib yam, cov yam ntxwv zoo tshaj plaws, muaj zog ntawm tus kws sau nkauj tau tshwm sim rau lawv tus kheej hauv ob qhov chaw zoo li tsis sib txuas - hauv cov nkauj ntawm piano miniatures thiab hauv kev xav ntawm nws cov haujlwm orchestral.

V. Galatskaya

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm Mendelssohn yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tshwm sim hauv German kab lis kev cai ntawm xyoo pua 19th. Nrog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam xws li Heine, Schumann, cov tub ntxhais hluas Wagner, nws tau cuam tshuam txog kev ua yeeb yam thiab kev hloov pauv hauv zej zog uas tshwm sim ntawm ob lub kiv puag ncig (1830 thiab 1848).

Lub neej kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees, uas tag nrho cov kev ua ub no ntawm Mendelssohn yog inextricably txuas, nyob rau hauv lub 30s thiab 40s yog characterized los ntawm ib tug tseem ceeb kev txhawb siab ntawm kev ywj pheej rog. Qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm lub voj voog radical, irreconcilably tawm tsam rau lub Reactionary absolutist tsoom fwv, xav tias ntau thiab ntau qhib kev nom kev tswv cov ntaub ntawv thiab nkag mus rau hauv ntau yam spheres ntawm sab ntsuj plig lub neej ntawm cov neeg. Kev sib raug zoo accusatory tendencies nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv (Heine, Berne, Lenau, Gutskov, Immermann) tau qhia meej meej, lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm "kav paj huam" tau tsim (Weert, Herweg, Freiligrat), kev xav txog kev vam meej, tsom mus rau kev kawm txog kev coj noj coj ua hauv tebchaws (kev kawm txog cov keeb kwm ntawm German lus, mythology thiab cov ntaub ntawv teej tug mus rau Grimm, Gervinus, Hagen).

Lub koom haum ntawm thawj German suab paj nruag festivals, lub staging ntawm lub teb chaws operas los ntawm Weber, Spohr, Marschner, cov tub ntxhais hluas Wagner, kev tshaj tawm ntawm kev kawm suab paj nruag journalism nyob rau hauv uas cov kev tawm tsam rau kev vam meej art twb waged (Schumann cov ntawv xov xwm nyob rau hauv Leipzig, A. Marx's nyob rau hauv Berlin) - tag nrho cov no, nrog rau ntau lwm qhov tseeb zoo sib xws, tau hais txog kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws tus kheej-consciousness. Mendelssohn nyob thiab ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm kev tawm tsam thiab kev txawj ntse ferment, uas tshuav ib tug cwj pwm imprint ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees nyob rau hauv lub 30s thiab 40s.

Nyob rau hauv kev tawm tsam ntawm qhov nqaim ntawm lub voj voog burgher ntawm kev txaus siab, tawm tsam kev poob ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev kos duab, cov neeg ua yeeb yam loj hlob ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tau xaiv txoj kev sib txawv. Mendelssohn pom nws lub sijhawm teem tseg hauv kev txhawb siab ntawm cov hom phiaj siab ntawm cov suab paj nruag classic.

Indifferent rau nom tswv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev tawm tsam, txhob txwm tsis quav ntsej, tsis zoo li ntau ntawm nws contemporaries, riam phom ntawm suab paj nruas journalism, txawm li cas los xij, Mendelssohn yog ib tus kws qhia ntawv zoo.

Tag nrho nws cov haujlwm ntau yam ua tus sau, tus neeg xyuas pib, pianist, organizer, tus kws qhia ntawv tau raug tsim los ntawm kev kawm cov tswv yim. Nyob rau hauv kev ywj pheej kos duab ntawm Beethoven, Handel, Bach, Gluck, nws tau pom lub siab tshaj plaws qhia ntawm sab ntsuj plig kab lis kev cai thiab tawm tsam nrog inexhaustible zog los tsim lawv cov hauv paus ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub suab paj nruas lub neej ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees.

Mendelssohn qhov kev xav tau nce qib tau txiav txim siab qhov xwm txheej ntawm nws txoj haujlwm. Tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm cov suab paj nruag zoo nkauj ntawm bourgeois salons, nrov theem thiab kev lom zem ua yeeb yam, Mendelssohn cov hauj lwm nyiam nrog lawv qhov hnyav, kev coj dawb huv, "purity ntawm style" (Tchaikovsky).

Ib qho zoo kawg nkaus ntawm Mendelssohn lub suab paj nruag yog nws muaj dav. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub composer nyob ib tug tshwj xeeb txoj hauj lwm ntawm nws contemporaries. Mendelssohn txoj kev kos duab sib raug zoo rau kev ua yeeb yam ntawm ib puag ncig kev ywj pheej (tshwj xeeb yog German). Nws cov ntsiab lus, cov duab thiab ib hom ntawv tau zoo sib xws nrog cov kab lis kev cai tam sim no German. Cov hauj lwm ntawm Mendelssohn dav xav txog cov duab ntawm lub teb chaws poetic folklore, qhov tseeb Lavxias teb sab paj huam thiab ntaub ntawv. Nws ruaj khov rau cov suab paj nruag hom uas tau muaj nyob ntev hauv German kev ywj pheej ib puag ncig.

Cov hauj lwm zoo nkauj ntawm Mendelssohn muaj kev sib txuas nrog cov kab lis kev cai qub hauv tebchaws uas rov qab los tsis yog rau Beethoven, Mozart, Haydn, tab sis ntxiv mus, rau hauv qhov tob ntawm keeb kwm - mus rau Bach, Handel (thiab txawm Schutz). Niaj hnub no, nrov nrov "leaderthafel" txav tau tshwm sim tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ntau lub choirs ntawm Mendelssohn, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv ntau yam instrumental compositions, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, nyob rau hauv lub npe nrov "Cov nkauj tsis muaj Glories". Nws tau nyiam txhua hnub los ntawm German nroog suab paj nruag - romance, chamber ensemble, ntau hom suab paj nruag hauv tsev. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov niaj hnub niaj hnub hom txawm nkag mus rau hauv cov hauj lwm ntawm tus composer, sau nyob rau hauv ib tug monumental-classicist yam.

Thaum kawg, Mendelssohn tau pom kev txaus siab rau pej xeem nkauj. Nyob rau hauv ntau yam hauj lwm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv romances, nws nrhiav mus kom ze rau lub intonations ntawm German lus dab neeg.

Mendelssohn txoj kev ua raws li cov kev cai classicist coj nws reproaches ntawm conservatism los ntawm ib sab ntawm lub radical hluas composers. Lub caij no, Mendelssohn nyob deb kawg nkaus los ntawm ntau tus epigones uas, nyob rau hauv lub guise ntawm kev ncaj ncees rau classics, littered lub suab paj nruag nrog mediocre rehashings ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm ib tug bygone era.

Mendelssohn tsis ua raws li cov classics, nws tau sim ua kom lawv cov qauv siv tau thiab qib siab. Ib tus kws sau nkauj zoo tshaj plaws, Mendelssohn tsim cov duab romantic hauv nws cov haujlwm. Nov yog "suab paj nruag lub sijhawm", uas qhia txog lub xeev ntawm tus kws kos duab lub ntiaj teb sab hauv, thiab cov duab hloov maj mam, sab ntsuj plig ntawm xwm thiab lub neej. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv Mendelssohn cov suab paj nruag tsis muaj ib qho cim ntawm mysticism, nebula, yog li tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm German romanticism. Hauv kev kos duab ntawm Mendelssohn txhua yam yog qhov tseeb, ua siab ntev, tseem ceeb.

Schumann hais txog Mendelssohn cov suab paj nruag hais tias "Txhua qhov chaw koj nqis mus rau hauv av, ntawm kev vam meej hauv German av." Kuj tseem muaj qee yam Mozartian hauv nws qhov zoo nkauj, pob tshab.

Cov suab paj nruag style ntawm Mendelssohn yeej yog tus kheej. Lub suab nkauj meej txuam nrog txhua hnub nkauj style, ib hom ntawv nyeem thiab seev cev, nyiam txhawb kev loj hlob, thiab thaum kawg, sib npaug, polished cov ntaub ntawv coj Mendelssohn cov suab paj nruag los ze zog rau kev kos duab ntawm German classics. Tab sis txoj kev xav classicist yog ua ke hauv nws txoj haujlwm nrog kev nyiam romantic. Nws cov lus harmonic thiab instrumentation yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv colourfulness. Mendelssohn tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob ze rau cov chav tsev ib yam ntawm German romantics. Nws xav nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub suab ntawm ib tug tshiab piano, ib tug tshiab orchestra.

Nrog rau tag nrho qhov hnyav, kev nom kev tswv, thiab kev ywj pheej ntawm nws lub suab paj nruag, Mendelssohn tseem tsis tau ua tiav qhov muaj tswv yim tob thiab lub hwj chim tus yam ntxwv ntawm nws cov thawj coj zoo. Lub petty-bourgeois ib puag ncig, tawm tsam uas nws tau tawm tsam, tawm ntawm qhov pom ntawm nws tus kheej ua haujlwm. Rau feem ntau, nws tsis muaj kev mob siab rau, kev ua yeeb yam tiag tiag, nws tsis muaj kev xav thiab kev xav hauv lub siab, thiab muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Daim duab ntawm tus hero niaj hnub no, nrog rau nws lub neej nyuaj siab thiab kev xav, tsis tau xav txog hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws sau ntawv. Mendelssohn feem ntau ntawm txhua tus nyiam ua kom pom qhov kaj ntawm lub neej. Nws cov suab paj nruag feem ntau yog egiac, rhiab heev, nrog ntau cov hluas tsis saib xyuas playfulness.

Tab sis tawm tsam cov keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm kev nruj, kev tsis sib haum xeeb uas txhawb kev kos duab nrog kev tawm tsam kev sib hlub ntawm Byron, Berlioz, Schumann, lub suab paj nruag ntawm Mendelssohn hais txog qee yam kev txwv. Tus kws sau paj huam tsis yog tsuas yog lub zog xwb, tab sis kuj yog qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm nws thaj chaw socio-keeb kwm. Qhov no duality predetermined lub peculiar txoj hmoo ntawm nws muaj tswv yim cuab yeej cuab tam.

Nyob rau hauv nws lub neej thiab rau qee lub sij hawm tom qab nws tuag, pej xeem lub tswv yim yog inclined mus ntsuam xyuas tus composer raws li ib tug tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tshuab raj ntawm lub post-Beethoven era. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua, ib tug disdainful cwj pwm ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm Mendelssohn tshwm sim. Qhov no tau txhawb nqa zoo heev los ntawm nws cov epigones, uas nws ua haujlwm ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm Mendelssohn cov suab paj nruag degenerated rau hauv kev kawm, thiab nws cov ntsiab lus lyrical, gravitating rau rhiab heev, rau hauv kev ncaj ncees sentimentality.

Thiab tseem, ntawm Mendelssohn thiab "Mendelssohnism" ib qho tsis tuaj yeem muab qhov sib npaug, txawm hais tias ib tus neeg tsis tuaj yeem tsis lees paub qhov kev xav zoo ntawm nws daim duab. Qhov loj ntawm lub tswv yim, classical perfection ntawm daim ntawv nrog lub freshness thiab novelty ntawm artistic txhais tau tias - tag nrho cov no ua rau Mendelssohn txoj hauj lwm muaj feem xyuam rau tej hauj lwm uas tau ruaj khov thiab tob rau hauv lub neej ntawm cov neeg German, mus rau hauv lawv lub teb chaws kab lis kev cai.

V. Konen

• Creative txoj kev ntawm Mendelssohn →