Consonance |

Fabkis consonance, los ntawm lat. consonant - nruam, consonant suab, consonance, harmony

Kev sib koom ua ke hauv kev xaav ntawm ib txhij lub suab nrov, nrog rau kev sib txuas lus, pom tau tias yog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov suab nrov. Lub tswvyim ntawm K. yog opposite rau lub tswvyim ntawm dissonance. K. suav nrog cov ntshiab prima, octave, thib tsib, plaub, qhov loj thiab me thib peb thiab thib rau (ib qho plaub dawb huv, coj mus rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau ntses bass thaj tsam, yog txhais raws li dissonance) thiab chords tsim los ntawm cov ntu no yam tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm cov tsis sib xws (loj thiab me. triads nrog lawv cov lus thov). Qhov txawv ntawm K. thiab dissonance yog xam nyob rau hauv 4 yam: lej., lub cev. (acoustic), suab paj nruag thiab physiological thiab muz.-psychological.

Kev ua lej, K. yog qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lej yooj yim dua li kev tsis sib haum xeeb (qhov kev xav qub tshaj plaws ntawm Pythagoreans). Piv txwv li, lub sij hawm ntuj tsim los ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm cov lej vibration los yog hlua ntev: ntshiab prima - 1: 1, ntshiab octave - 1: 2, ntshiab tsib - 2: 3, ntshiab plaub - 3: 4, loj thib rau - 3. :5, qhov loj thib peb yog 4:5, qhov thib peb yog 5: 6, qhov thib rau yog 5: 8. Acoustically, K. yog xws li ib tug consonance ntawm tones, nrog Krom (raws li G. Helmholtz) overtones tsis tsim neeg ntaus los yog neeg ntaus tau hnov ​​tsis muaj zog, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau dissonance nrog lawv muaj zog neeg ntaus. Los ntawm cov ntsiab lus no, qhov sib txawv ntawm coherence thiab dissonance yog purely quantitative, thiab ciam teb ntawm lawv yog arbitrary. Raws li lub suab paj nruag-physiological qhov tshwm sim ntawm K. yog lub suab ntsiag to, mos, zoo siab ua yeeb yam ntawm cov paj hlwb ntawm cov neeg paub. Raws li G. Helmholtz, K. muab "ib qho kev zoo siab ntawm kev ua siab mos siab muag thiab zoo ib yam ntawm lub suab paj nruag."

Rau kev sib haum xeeb hauv cov suab paj nruag polyphonic, kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb mus rau K. vim nws qhov kev daws teeb meem tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb. Kev tawm ntawm qhov nro cuam tshuam nrog qhov kev hloov pauv no ua rau muaj kev txaus siab tshwj xeeb. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov lus muaj zog tshaj plaws. txhais tau tias kev sib haum xeeb, suab paj nruag. Periodic alternation ntawm dissonant nce thiab consonant recessions ntawm harmonics. voltage forms, raws li nws yog, "harmonic. ua pa” ntawm suab paj nruag, ib feem zoo ib yam li tej yam lom. rhythms (systole thiab diastole hauv contractions ntawm lub plawv, thiab lwm yam).

Suab paj nruag thiab puas siab puas ntsws, kev sib haum xeeb, nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog dissonance, yog ib qho kev qhia ntawm stability, kev thaj yeeb, tsis muaj lub siab xav, excitation, thiab kev daws teeb meem ntawm gravitation; nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm lub loj-me tonal system, qhov sib txawv ntawm K. thiab dissonance yog qualitative, nws mus txog ib tug degree ntawm ntse tawm tsam, sib piv, thiab muaj nws tus kheej. aesthetic nqi.

Qhov teeb meem ntawm K. yog thawj lub tuam tsev tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb xav suab paj nruag, hais txog cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm lub sijhawm, hom, muses. systems, suab paj nruag seev, raws li zoo raws li cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm lub polyphonic warehouse (nyob rau hauv lub dav dav - counterpoint), chord, kev sib haum xeeb, thaum kawg txuas mus rau lub keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag. Lub sijhawm keeb kwm ntawm evolution ntawm suab paj nruag (nrog txog 2800 xyoo), nrog rau tag nrho nws cov complexity, tseem tuaj yeem nkag siab tias yog ib qho kev sib koom ua ke, raws li kev loj hlob ntawm cov muses. kev nco qab, ib qho ntawm cov tswv yim tseem ceeb uas ib txwm yog lub tswv yim ntawm kev txhawb nqa tsis muaj zog - lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov muses. cov qauv. Lub prehistory ntawm K. nyob rau hauv suab paj nruag yog muses. mastering qhov piv ntawm ntshiab prima 1: 1 nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug rov qab mus rau lub suab (los yog mus rau ob, peb lub suab), to taub raws li ib tug tus kheej sib npaug zos rau nws tus kheej (raws li opposed to the original glissanding, pre-tone form of sound expression. ). Koom nrog K. 1:1, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ruaj khov. Cov theem tom ntej hauv mastering k. yog lub intonation ntawm lub thib plaub 4: 3 thiab lub thib tsib 3: 2, thiab lub thib plaub, raws li ib tug me me lub sij hawm, keeb kwm preceded lub thib tsib, uas yog yooj yim nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm acoustics (lub thiaj li hu ua epoch ntawm lub plaub). Ib lub quart, ib qho quint thiab ib qho octave uas tsim los ntawm lawv los ua tus tswj hwm ntawm hom tsim, tswj kev txav ntawm lub suab paj nruag. Qhov no theem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm K. sawv cev rau, piv txwv li, kos duab ntawm antique. Tim Nkij teb chaws (ib qho piv txwv yog Skoliya Seikila, 1st century BC). Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov Nrab Hnub nyoog (pib nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua cuaj), polyphonic hom tshwm sim (organum, gimel, thiab fauburdon), qhov twg cov qub dispersed nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ib hom ntawv ua ib txhij (parallel organum nyob rau hauv Musica enchiriadis, c. 9th caug xyoo). Nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog lig, kev loj hlob ntawm peb thiab thib rau (9: 5, 4: 6, 5: 5, 3: 8) pib li K.; hauv Nar. suab paj nruag (piv txwv li, hauv tebchaws Askiv, Scotland), qhov kev hloov pauv no tau tshwm sim, pom tau tias, ua ntej ntawm cov kws tshaj lij, koom nrog pawg ntseeg ntau dua. kev lig kev cai. Lub conquests ntawm lub Renaissance (5th-14th centuries) - universal pom zoo ntawm peb thiab thib rau raws li K. gradual internal reorganization li melodic. hom, thiab tag nrho cov ntawv sau polyphonic; nce qib ntawm tus consonant triad raws li ib tug generalizing lub ntsiab. hom consonance. Niaj hnub no (16-17 centuries) - lub siab tshaj plaws flowering ntawm peb-suab consonant complex (K. yog to taub feem ntau raws li ib tug fused consonant triad, thiab tsis raws li ib tug koom haum ntawm consonant ob-tones). Los ntawm con. 19th caug xyoo nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe dissonance yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv suab paj nruag; lub sharpness, lub zog, brilliance ntawm lub suab ntawm lub tom kawg, qhov loj complexity ntawm lub suab kev sib raug zoo ntawm nws, tig mus rau lub zog, lub attractiveness ntawm uas hloov lub yav dhau los kev sib raug zoo ntawm K. thiab dissonance.

Thawj qhov kev xav paub txog K. tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej los ntawm Antich. suab paj nruag theorists. Lub tsev kawm ntawv Pythagorean (6th-4th centuries BC) tau tsim ib qho kev faib tawm ntawm consonances, uas nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tseem nyob mus txog rau thaum xaus ntawm ancient sij hawm thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub Nrab Hnub nyoog rau ib ntev lub sij hawm. Teb chaws Europe (ntawm Boethius). Raws li cov Pythagoreans, K. yog qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus lej. Reflecting ib txwm Greek suab paj nruag. kev xyaum, cov Pythagoreans tau tsim 6 "symphonies" (lit. - "consonances", piv txwv li K.): ib quart, thib tsib, ib qho octave thiab lawv octave repetitions. Tag nrho lwm lub sijhawm tau muab cais ua "diaphonies" (dissonances), incl. peb thiab six. K. tau tsim nyog ua lej (los ntawm qhov piv ntawm qhov ntev ntawm txoj hlua ntawm ib qho monochord). Dr. qhov kev xav ntawm K. los ntawm Aristoxenus thiab nws lub tsev kawm ntawv, uas tau sib cav tias K. yog tus cwj pwm zoo dua. Ob leeg antique. cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntxiv rau ib leeg, tso lub hauv paus ntawm lub cev thiab lej. thiab suab paj nruag-psychological. theoretical ceg. suab paj nruag. Cov theorists ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog thaum ntxov qhia txog cov kev xav ntawm cov ancients. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th, nyob rau hauv lub Nrab Hnub nyoog lig, yog lub consonance ntawm peb thawj sau los ntawm science (concordantia imperfecta los ntawm Johannes de Garlandia tus Txwj Laug thiab Franco ntawm Cologne). Qhov no ciam teb ntawm consonants (sixths tau sai sai nrog rau lawv) thiab dissonances tau raug khaws cia nyob rau hauv txoj kev xav mus txog rau peb lub sij hawm. Lub triad raws li ib hom triad tau maj mam kov yeej los ntawm kev xav suab paj nruag (kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev zoo nkauj thiab tsis zoo tag nrho los ntawm W. Odington, ib. 1300; Kev lees paub ntawm triads raws li ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sib sau los ntawm Tsarlino, 1558). Ua raws li kev txhais ntawm triads li k. tsuas yog muab rau hauv cov lus qhia txog kev sib haum xeeb ntawm lub sijhawm tshiab (qhov twg k. ntawm chords hloov lub qub k. ntawm lub sijhawm). J. F. Rameau yog thawj tus muab kev ncaj ncees dav dav rau triad-K. raws li lub hauv paus ntawm suab paj nruag. Raws li txoj kev xav ua haujlwm (M. Hauptmann, G. Helmholtz, X. Rimann), K. yog conditioned los ntawm xwm. cov kev cai ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntau lub suab rau hauv kev sib koom ua ke, thiab tsuas yog ob hom consonance (Klang) tuaj yeem ua tau: 1) lub ntsiab. lub suab, sab sauv thib tsib thiab sab sauv loj thib peb (qhov loj triad) thiab 2) lub ntsiab. tone, qis thib tsib thiab qis dua loj thib peb (me triad). Lub suab ntawm ib qho loj lossis me triad daim ntawv K. tsuas yog thaum lawv xav tias yog koom nrog tib lub consonance - tog twg los T, lossis D, lossis S. acoustically consonant, tab sis teej tug mus rau txawv consonances suab (piv txwv li, d1 - f1 nyob rau hauv C-dur), raws li Riemann, tsuas yog "xav txog consonances" (ntawm no, nrog tag nrho clarity, qhov sib txawv ntawm lub cev thiab physiological yam ntawm K. , ntawm ib sab, thiab kev puas siab puas ntsws, ntawm qhov tod tes, yog qhia). Mn. theorists ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, xav txog cov niaj hnub. lawv mus. kev xyaum, hloov mus rau dissonance lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev kos duab - txoj cai ntawm dawb (tsis muaj kev npaj thiab kev tso cai) daim ntawv thov, muaj peev xwm los xaus kev tsim kho thiab tag nrho cov haujlwm. A. Schoenberg lees paub qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus ciam teb ntawm K. thiab dissonance; tib lub tswv yim tau tsim los ntawm kev nthuav dav los ntawm P. Hindemith. B. L. Yavorsky yog ib tus thawj coj tsis lees paub qhov ciam teb no. B. V. Asafiev tau thuam qhov sib txawv ntawm K.

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Yu. N. Kholopov