Bard |

Eng., Ib. thiab Gaelic. bard, os celtsk. bardo yog ib tug singer

Folk singer-narrator ntawm ancient Celtic pab pawg neeg, cf. xyoo - prof. kws sau paj lug ntawm lub tsev hais plaub princely, ch. arr. hauv Ireland, Wales thiab Scotland. Tseem muaj cov chaw vagrant. Hauv tebchaws Ireland, bastards koom ua ke hauv guilds uas cuam tshuam rau zej zog. lub neej. Tus thawj epic ntawm B. – nat. keeb kwm ntawm Celtic kab lis kev cai. Nws tau tsim nyob rau thawj centuries AD. e. thiab tseem tsis tau hloov pauv rau yuav luag 15 centuries. Nrog rau lub ancient prose. dabneeg, los ntawm 10th c. ntawm tib yam kev kawm, ch. arr. heroic txoj kev npaj, ballad nkauj tshwm sim uas tsis poob lawv poetic. qhov tseem ceeb (Lavxias teb sab ntawm cov qauv ntawm B. cov paj huam tau ua los ntawm S. Ya. Marshak). B.'s repertoire kuj suav nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua, kev ntseeg, thiab kev thuam. nkauj, elegies, eclogues, thiab lwm yam. B. hu nkauj, nrog lawv tus kheej ntawm ib qho cuab yeej zoo ib yam li lub lyre kruite (crwth) los yog mole, thawj plucked, thiab ces bowed, tom qab ntawm ib tug 3-txoj hlua tilinka. Txawm hais tias cov nkauj ntawm B. cov nkauj tsis tau khaws cia, nws tus cwj pwm tuaj yeem txiav txim siab poetically. nkauj nta; Thaj, qee yam ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm B. cov nkauj tau suav nrog hauv Nar. kev hu nkauj. B.'s suit proved to mean. cuam ​​tshuam rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws suab paj nruag thiab paj huam. kev muaj tswv yim. Nyob rau nruab nrab hnub nyoog, B. raug tsim txom los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm; nyob rau hauv poj huab tais Elizabeth, lawv raug txim tuag rau inciting Irish ntxeev siab tawm tsam England. Nrog rau qhov poob ntawm feudal-patriarchal system, B. vaj tse ploj mus. Turlow O'Carolen (1670-1738) yog qhov kawg B.. Nyob rau sab hnub poob Europe. lit-re txhais tau tias. Lub luag haujlwm tau ua los ntawm kev ua raws li B. cov paj huam (Ossian's Songs los ntawm J. MacPherson thiab lwm tus).

GI Navtikov