Viola: piav qhia ntawm qhov ntsuas, muaj pes tsawg leeg, keeb kwm, suab, hom, siv

Lub forerunner ntawm lub violin thiab cello, tus neeg sawv cev nrov tshaj plaws ntawm cov suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai ntawm lub Renaissance thiab Baroque, ib tug stringed bowed suab paj nruas ntsuas, lub npe ntawm uas yog txhais los ntawm Italian li "violet paj" yog lub viola. tshwm sim nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX, nws tseem yog tus neeg koom nrog hauv baroque chamber concerts hnub no.

Cov qauv ntawm viola

Zoo li txhua tus neeg sawv cev ntawm pab pawg nkauj laus ncas, qhov ntsuas muaj lub cev nrog cov duab sloping, pronounced "lub duav", thiab obtuse kaum. Lub peg box crowning lub caj dab dav muaj ib tug qwj zoo. Cov pegs yog transverse. Resonator qhov nyob rau hauv daim ntawv "C" yog nyob rau ntawm ob sab ntawm cov hlua. Qhov sawv ntsug tuaj yeem yog tiaj lossis ntsug. Viola muaj 5-7 txoj hlua.

Lawv ua si lub chordophone thaum zaum, so ib sab phab ntsa ntawm txhais ceg lossis tso lub twj tso kua mis ntsug nrog qhov tseem ceeb rau hauv pem teb. Qhov ntev ntawm lub cev yuav txawv nyob ntawm seb hom. Qhov loj tshaj tenor viola. Nyob rau hauv lub ensemble, nws plays lub luag hauj lwm ntawm bass. Violetta - viola muaj qhov me me.

sounding

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias outwardly lub twj paj nruag zoo ib yam li lub tsev neeg violin, nws lub suab txawv heev. Tsis zoo li lub violin, nws muaj qhov muag muag, matte, velvety timbre, tus qauv zoo nkauj du, thiab lub suab tsis dhau. Yog li ntawd, lub viola poob rau hauv kev hlub nrog connoisseurs ntawm salon suab paj nruag, nobles uas zoo siab rau lawv pob ntseg nrog exquisite suab paj nruag.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub violin tau ntev tau suav tias yog "txoj kev sib tw", nws lub suab nrov, tig mus rau hauv lub suab nrov, tsis tuaj yeem sib tw nrog ntsuas, velvety tones ntawm viola. Lwm qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb yog lub peev xwm sib txawv, ua qhov zoo tshaj plaws suab nuances, siv ntau yam txuj ci.

Keeb kwm

Tsev neeg ntawm viols pib tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XNUMX. Los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, cov cuab yeej siv hlua khi, qiv los ntawm Arab ntiaj teb, tau siv dav hauv Tebchaws Europe, tau nkag mus rau hauv Spain nrog cov neeg kov yeej. Yog li ntawd, tus rebec tau muab tso rau ntawm lub xub pwg nyom, so ntawm lub puab tsaig, thiab lub lyre tau muab tso rau ntawm lub hauv caug. Viola tau muab tso rau hauv pem teb ntawm nws lub hauv caug. Qhov no yog vim qhov loj ntawm chordophone. Kev Ua Si hu ua da gamba.

Nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe ntawm lub XV-XVII centuries, lub era ntawm lub viola nyob rau hauv suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai tshwm sim. Nws suab nyob rau hauv ensembles, nyob rau hauv orchestras. Nws nyiam los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub ntiaj teb aristocratic. Suab paj nruag yog qhia rau cov me nyuam nyob rau hauv cov tsev neeg ntawm noble. Tus nto moo classic William Shakespeare feem ntau hais txog nws hauv nws cov haujlwm, tus kws kos duab Askiv nto moo Thomas Gainsborough pom kev tshoov siab hauv nws thiab feem ntau so haujlwm kom txaus siab rau cov suab paj nruag zoo.

Viola coj hauv cov qhab nia ua haujlwm. Bach, Puccini, Charpentier, Massenet sau rau nws. Tab sis lub violin ntseeg siab sib tw nrog tus muam laus. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX, nws tau tshem tawm tag nrho los ntawm theem kev hais kwv txhiaj, tawm hauv chav rau cov neeg nyiam suab paj nruag thaum ntxov rau chamber suab paj nruag. Tus kws ntaus nkauj kawg tau mob siab rau qhov ntsuas no yog Carl Friedrich Abel.

Lub tsev kawm ntawv ua yeeb yam yuav rov qab los tsuas yog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. Tus pib yuav yog Lub Yim Hli Wenzinger. Viola yuav rov qab mus rau theem kev tshaj lij thiab coj nws qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm kev saib xyuas hauv Tebchaws Europe, Amelikas, Russia, ua tsaug rau Christian Debereiner thiab Paul Grummer.

Viola hom

Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai, feem ntau dav tenor sawv cev ntawm tsev neeg. Nws feem ntau koom nrog hauv pawg thiab hauv orchestras, ua haujlwm bass thaj tsam. Kuj tseem muaj lwm hom:

• siab;
• bass thaj tsam;
• treble.

Cov cuab yeej sib txawv hauv qhov loj, tus lej ntawm cov hlua, thiab kev sib tw.

siv

Feem ntau siv rau hauv chamber kev ua tau zoo. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, viola tau txais kev txhim kho tshiab. Lub cuab yeej qub tau rov qab los ntawm theem, kawm ua si nws tau nrov hauv cov chaw khaws cia. Suab ntawm chamber concerts nyob rau hauv me me halls, lovers ntawm Renaissance thiab Baroque tej hauj lwm tuaj mloog nkauj. Koj tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​cov chordophone hauv cov tsev teev ntuj, qhov twg cov viola nrog cov nkauj qhuas Vajtswv thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm.

Ntau lub tsev khaws puav pheej thoob ntiaj teb sau tag nrho cov khoom nthuav tawm uas cov qauv qub tau nthuav tawm. Muaj xws li ib chav nyob rau hauv Sheremetiev Palace nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, nyob rau hauv lub Glinka Tsev khaws puav pheej nyob rau hauv Moscow. Cov ntawv sau tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog nyob hauv New York.

Ntawm nws cov neeg kawm, tus ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws yog Italian virtuoso Paolo Pandolfo. Nyob rau hauv 1980 nws tau sau cov sonatas ntawm Philipp Emmanuel Bach, thiab nyob rau hauv 2000 nws tau qhia lub ntiaj teb no rau cello sonatas ntawm Johann Sebastian Bach. Pandolfo sau nkauj rau viola, muab concerts nyob rau hauv lub tsev nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, sib sau ua ke tag nrho cov chav ntawm connoisseurs ntawm baroque suab paj nruag. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrov ntawm cov neeg mloog yog cov muaj pes tsawg leeg "Violatango", uas lub tshuab raj feem ntau ua raws li ib tug encore.

Nyob rau hauv Soviet Union, Vadim Borisovsky tau mloog zoo rau kev txhawb siab ntawm cov suab paj nruag tiag tiag. Ua tsaug ntau rau nws, lub qub viola suab nyob rau hauv lub concert halls ntawm Moscow conservatories.