Veljo Tormis (Veljo Tormis) |

Veljo Tormis

Ua kom cov cuab yeej cuab tam thaum ub nkag siab thiab nkag mus rau tus txiv neej niaj hnub no yog qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm tus neeg sau hnub no hauv nws txoj haujlwm nrog cov dab neeg. V. Tormis

Lub npe ntawm Estonian composer V. Tormis yog inseparable los ntawm niaj hnub Estonian choral kab lis kev cai. Tus tswv zoo tshaj no tau ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txhim kho cov suab paj nruag choral niaj hnub thiab qhib qhov kev nthuav tawm tshiab hauv nws. Ntau yam ntawm nws cov kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev sim, kev pom thiab kev tshawb pom tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv thaj av muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm Estonian pej xeem nkauj, uas nws yog tus kws tshaj lij thiab cov neeg sau.

Tormis tau txais nws txoj kev kawm suab paj nruag thawj zaug ntawm Tallinn Conservatory (1942-51), qhov chaw nws tau kawm cov khoom nruab nrog (nrog E. Arro, A. Topman; S. Krull) thiab kev sib xyaw nrog (V. Kappa), thiab tom qab ntawd ntawm Moscow Conservatory ( 1951- 56) nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm kev muaj pes tsawg leeg (nrog V. Shebalin). Muaj tswv yim nyiam ntawm yav tom ntej composer tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm lub suab paj nruag lub neej uas nyob ib ncig ntawm nws los ntawm thaum yau. Tormis txiv los ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb (Kuusalu, ib cheeb tsam ntawm Tallinn), nws tau ua haujlwm hauv ib lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Vigala (West Estonia). Yog li ntawd, Velho nyob ze rau choral hu nkauj txij thaum yau, nws pib ua si lub cev thaum ntxov, khaws chorales. Cov hauv paus hniav ntawm nws tus kws sau ntawv caj ces rov qab mus rau cov kab lis kev cai ntawm Estonian suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai, pej xeem thiab kev tshaj lij.

Niaj hnub no Tormis yog tus sau ntau yam haujlwm, ob qho tib si choral thiab instrumental, nws sau nkauj rau kev ua yeeb yam thiab xinesmas. Txawm hais tias, tau kawg, sau nkauj rau pawg hu nkauj yog qhov tseem ceeb rau nws. Cov txiv neej, poj niam, sib xyaw, cov menyuam yaus hu nkauj, tsis muaj kev sib tham, nrog rau kev sib tham - qee zaum tsis zoo (piv txwv li, shamanic drums lossis tape recording) - nyob rau hauv ib lo lus, tag nrho cov muaj peev xwm ntawm suab hnub no, sib txuas suab thiab instrumental timbres, tau pom. daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv lub artist lub studio. Tormis mus txog hom thiab hom suab paj nruag choral nrog lub siab qhib, tsis tshua muaj kev xav thiab kev ua siab loj, rov xav txog cov hom kab ke ntawm cantata, lub voj voog choral, siv cov hom tshiab ntawm xyoo 1980th hauv nws txoj kev. - choral paj huam, choral ballads, choral scenes. Nws kuj tau tsim tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov thawj sib xyaw hom: lub cantata-ballet "Estonian Ballads" (1977), lub theem ntawm cov laus rune nkauj "Cov poj niam Ballads" (1965). Lub opera Swan Flight (XNUMX) dais lub thwj cim ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm choral suab paj nruag.

Tormis yog ib tug neeg txawj ntse lyricist thiab philosopher. Nws muaj lub zeem muag pom kev zoo nkauj hauv qhov xwm txheej, hauv tib neeg, hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm tib neeg. Nws cov epic loj thiab epic-dramatic tej hauj lwm yog hais txog cov ntsiab lus loj, thoob ntiaj teb, feem ntau cov keeb kwm. Nyob rau hauv lawv, tus tswv nce mus rau philosophical generalizations, ua tiav lub suab uas muaj feem xyuam rau lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no. Lub voj voog choral ntawm Estonian Calendar Songs (1967) tau mob siab rau lub ntsiab lus nyob mus ib txhis ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm xwm thiab tib neeg lub neej; Raws li cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, Ballad txog Maarjamaa (1969), cantatas Lub Spell of Iron (recreating the rite of the spell of ancient shamans, give a person power over the tools, 1972) and Lenin's Words (1972), as zoo li Memories of the Plague » (1973).

Tormis's suab paj nruag yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev pom tseeb, feem ntau picturesqueness thiab pictorialism, uas yuav luag ib txwm imbued nrog kev puas siab puas ntsws. Yog li, nyob rau hauv nws cov choirs, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv tej yam me me, toj roob hauv pes sketches yog nrog los ntawm lyrical tawm tswv yim, raws li nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg Landscapes (1964), thiab vice versa, lub siab heev qhia ntawm subjective yaam puab paub yog pumped los ntawm cov duab ntawm tej yam ntuj tso ntsiab, xws li nyob rau hauv Hamlet's. Nkauj (1965).

Cov lus suab paj nruag ntawm Tormis tej hauj lwm yog ci ntsa iab niaj hnub thiab qub. Nws cov txheej txheem virtuoso thiab ingenuity tso cai rau tus neeg sau kom nthuav dav ntau yam ntawm kev sau ntawv choral. Cov hu nkauj kuj txhais tau tias yog ib qho polyphonic array, uas yog muab lub zog thiab monumentality, thiab vice versa - raws li ib tug saj zawg zog, mobile instrument ntawm chamber sonority. Cov ntaub choral yog polyphonic, los yog nws nqa cov xim sib haum xeeb, radiates ib qho kev sib haum xeeb uas tsis muaj kev sib haum xeeb, los yog, nws zoo li ua pa, shimmer nrog qhov sib txawv, hloov pauv hauv qhov tsis tshua muaj thiab ntom, pob tshab thiab ntom. Tormis tau qhia rau hauv nws cov tswv yim sau los ntawm cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no, sonorous (timbre-xim), nrog rau cov teebmeem spatial.

Tormis txaus siab kawm cov txheej txheem qub tshaj plaws ntawm Estonian suab paj nruag thiab paj huam dab neeg, ua hauj lwm ntawm lwm haiv neeg Baltic-Finnish: Vodi, Izhorians, Vepsians, Livs, Karelians, Finns, hais txog Lavxias teb sab, Bulgarian, Swedish, Udmurt thiab lwm yam lus dab neeg, kos duab. cov khoom siv los ntawm lawv rau lawv txoj haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv no lub hauv paus, nws "Kaum Peb Estonian Lyrical Folk Songs" (1972), "Izhora Epic" (1975), "Northern Lavxias teb sab Epic" (1976), "Ingrian Yav tsaus ntuj" (1979), lub voj voog ntawm Estonian thiab Swedish nkauj "Duab. Los ntawm yav dhau los ntawm Island Vormsi" (1983), "Bulgarian Triptych" (1978), "Viennese Paths" (1983), "XVII Nkauj ntawm Kalevala" (1985), ntau yam kev npaj rau pawg hu nkauj. Kev nkag mus rau hauv cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg tsis tsuas yog txhawb nqa Tormis cov lus suab paj nruag nrog av intonation, tab sis kuj qhia txog kev ua nws (textural, harmonic, compositional), thiab ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib cuag nrog cov qauv ntawm cov suab paj nruag niaj hnub.

Tormis muab qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb rau nws qhov kev thov rau cov lus dab neeg: "Kuv txaus siab rau cov cuab yeej cuab tam suab paj nruag ntawm txawv eras, tab sis feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov, cov txheej thaum ub uas muaj nqi tshwj xeeb ... worldview, tus cwj pwm rau universal muaj nuj nqis, uas yog Ameslikas thiab ntse qhia nyob rau hauv lus dab neeg ".

Cov hauj lwm ntawm Tormis yog ua los ntawm cov thawj coj Estonian ensembles, ntawm lawv cov Estonian thiab Vanemuine Opera Houses. Estonian State Academic Txiv neej Choir, Estonian Philharmonic Chamber Choir, Tallinn Chamber Choir, Estonian TV thiab xov tooj cua hu nkauj, ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov hluas hu nkauj, nrog rau cov hu nkauj los ntawm Finland, Sweden, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, lub teb chaws Yelemees.

Thaum tus thawj coj hu nkauj G. Ernesaks, tus txwj laus ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Estonian composer, hais tias: "Lub suab paj nruag ntawm Veljo Tormis qhia txog tus ntsuj plig ntawm cov neeg Estonian," nws muab lub ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb rau hauv nws cov lus, xa mus rau lub hauv paus zais cia, siab ntawm sab ntsuj plig tseem ceeb ntawm Tormis's art.

M. Katunyan